An analysis on quality, colour, tissue texture, total soluble solid content, titratable acidity and pH of Santol fruits (Sandoricum koetjape Burm. F.) Merr. Pui Fai cultivar, grown in Northern Thailand

This laboratory experiment was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Technology, Mahasarakham University, Northeast Thailand during June to October 2007. The experiment aimed to search for the most appropriate harvesting age of fruits of Santol orchard plants with respect to colour, tissue texture, total soluble solid content, titratable acidity and pH of Santol fruits. A Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Each replication consisted of 10 fruits, thus a total of 160 fruits were used. The Santol fruits were harvested at different ages, i.e., 100, 115, 130 and 145 days after full bloom of flowers and these harvested ages were used as treatments, i.e., 100 for T1 (Control), 115 for T2, 130 for T3 and 145 for T4. The results showed that the most appropriate harvesting date for high quality Santol fruits was found with T4, i.e., 145 days after full bloom of flowers where Santol fruits of T4 gave the highest mean values of fruit length, diameter, fresh weight fruit(-1) of 10.71 cm, 9.31 cm and 399.76 g, respectively. Yellowness of skin colour of fruits was evenly distributed. Total soluble solid content of pericarp, flesh tissue and seeds were highest for T4 with mean values of 13.93, 15.05 and 18.260 brix, respectively. Flesh texture density highly decreased with an increase in numbers of days after full bloom of flowers. Titratable acidity content in fruits was highly decreased with an increase in numbers of days after full bloom of flowers whereas a reverse was found with pH of fruit juices.     

套袋对Irwin芒果实的影响

研究了不同果袋对Irwin芒果实外观、自然常温贮藏性能、果皮色素及果实品质的影响。结果表明,采用盛大果袋套果后,果实外观品质最佳,在自然常温贮藏后,果实的转黄指数较高,烂果率最低,失重率也较低,提高了果实的耐贮性。盛大果袋果的叶绿素a和b含量均最低,花青苷和类黄酮含量较高,使果皮在青熟时呈现暗红色,完熟时呈现鲜红色。当果实达到完熟时品质最佳,盛大果袋果的维生素C和可滴定酸含量显著低于对照,可溶性总糖和可溶性固形物与其它处理差异不显著,可食率显著高于不套袋果。     

Changes in some enzyme activities and browning rate of apricots during storage

Samples of two apricot cultivars grown in central Hungary were picked at canning maturity and stored for ten days at 5°C and 85% relative humidity in normal atmosphere. The initial rate of enzymatic browning (BA), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities as well as o-dihydroxy phenol (ODP) concentration of the fruit flesh were assayed at picking and after five and ten days of storage. During storage, BA decreased and POD activity increased. PPO activity and ODP concentration varied irregularly: the trends of the variations differed with cultivar but were similar for the two characteristics.(Cegled Research Station of the Research Institute of Fruits and Ornamental Plants, Budapest, Hungary), Cegled     

Correlation of Rutin Accumulation with 3-O-Glucosyl Transferase and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activities During the Ripening of Tomato Fruit

In tomato, the predominant flavonoid is quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin). In this study, we aim to investigate the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the quercetin-3-O-glucosyl transferase (3-GT) reactions in the formation of rutin during tomato fruit ripening. Tomatoes of the Moneymaker variety at different development stages (green, breaker, turning, pink, red, and deep red) were divided into flesh and peel fractions. In each sample, both the content of rutin and the enzymatic activities for PAL and 3-GT were recorded. The highest activities of PAL were recorded in the peel of turning fruit (3,000 μkat/mg fresh weight). In fruit flesh, maximal activity was observed in red fruit (917.3 μkat/mg). For both tissues, PAL activity strongly decreased at the final (deep red) fruit stage. The activity of 3-GT in peel peaked in the turning fruit stage (50.7 pkat/mg), while in flesh maximal activity (33.4 pkat/mg) was observed in green fruit, which rapidly declined at the turning stage. Higher levels of rutin were detected in the tomato peel compared to the flesh part with the highest level being found at the green stage. The relation of PAL and 3-GT activities to rutin content is also evaluated.     

SO2释放剂对龙眼贮藏效果及采后生理的影响

用适量SO2释放剂处理龙眼（DimocarpuslonganaLour．）果实,显著地提高了果实的好果率,降低了果实的呼吸强度和果皮PPO（多酚氧化酶）活性,从而减少了果实的营养消耗,抑制了果皮捣变,改善果实外观。SO2处理刺激了果皮SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性升高并使之保持在较高水平,但同时也导致果皮MDA（丙二醛）含量持续升高。     

Carotenoids,Phenolic Profile,Mineral Content and Antioxidant Properties in Flesh and Peel of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> Fruits during Two Maturation Stages

Carotenoids and phenolic profile, antioxidant activity as well as concentrations of selected macronutrients (K, N, Mg, Ca and Na) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Mn) in flesh and peel of peach fruit were recorded at two harvest dates. Predominant mineral was potassium, followed by calcium, magnesium and sodium. The concentration of most micronutrients was greater in the peel than in the flesh especially in early season. The concentration of most elements in flesh and peel decreased during fruit maturation. Total carotenoids content varied with respect to the cultivar. β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were the major carotenoids in both tissues and flesh contain the lowest amounts. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were detected in both peel and flesh, with chlorogenic acid and catechin being the predominant components. Peel extracts showed markedly higher antioxidant activities, when estimated by ABTS or DPPH assays, than the flesh counterparts, consistent with the observed higher phenolic content. Overall, total phenolics levels increased at full ripening stage in both peel and flesh. The results found herein provide important data on carotenoids, phenolic and macro- and micronutrient changes during fruit growth, and emphases peach fruit as a potential functional food.     

芒果种质资源果实重要经济性状多样性分析

对南亚热带作物研究所芒果种质资源圃内的芒果栽培品种的果实内、外的主要经济性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,在芒果的果实大小、果实形状、果皮颜色、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、可食率、果肉质地、果肉颜色、纤维、香味等方面均存在丰富的遗传多样性.在丰富的遗传多样性中,具有小果型、椭圆形（包括长椭圆、宽椭圆形）、质地中等细滑、清香等性状的品种较多.     

西施柚果发育过程中金属营养元素生理研究

研究西施柚果实发育过程K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe共7种金属营养元素的含量与分布、吸收规律及其与活性氧代谢的相关性.结果表明:(1)4～6月、6～8月和8～10月分别是果皮迅速生长期、果肉迅速生长期和果实转色成熟期.(2)果皮和果肉中K、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe的含量均随果实的发育总体呈递减规律(果皮中Ca的含量相反),但7种元素的吸收总量则不断增加.K含量位居7种元素之首.K、Zn、Fe以果肉居多,Ca、Mg、Mn主要分布在果皮,Cu在果皮果肉中的含量相当.(3)7种元素的累积主要集中在6～8月果肉迅速增长期,K、Ca和Fe在10月果实成熟期也有较大的吸收.K的吸收率与单果重增长率呈极显著正相关,Ca和Fe与单果重、Mg和Cu与果肉直径呈显著正相关.(4)7种元素中K与其它元素的相关性显著率较高,Ca和Cu以负相关为主.(5)Mn和K与活性氧代谢指标相关性较显著,其次是Zn、Fe和Mg,Ca和Cu均不显著.     

程序降温处理对黄皮果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

以‘无核’黄皮果实为实验材料,研究程序降温(LTC)处理对黄皮果实贮藏品质及采后生理的影响。将采后黄皮果实分别经LTC Ⅰ(12℃,4 d)、LTC Ⅱ(8℃,4 d)、LTC Ⅲ(12℃,2 d后转至8℃,2 d)处理后,转至低温(3.0±0.5)℃贮藏12 d,每4 d测定各项品质和生理指标。结果表明:与对照相比,程序降温处理有效减轻了黄皮果实的褐变,促进了可溶性固形物(TSS)和维生素C含量的积累,促进了可滴定酸(TA)的降解,减少丙二醛(MDA)的积累,维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,抑制过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,同时保持较高的总酚和类黄酮含量,从而延缓了果实采后衰老速度,有利于减轻黄皮果实褐变和提高贮藏品质,其中以LTC Ⅱ处理的保鲜效果最为显著。     

不同荔枝品种采后果皮褐变与多酚氧化酶关系的研究

以无核荔枝、妃子笑、紫娘喜3个荔枝品种为试材,研究了不同耐贮性荔枝品种果实采后果皮多酚氧化酶活性与果皮褐变之间的关系,结果表明,在相同贮藏阶段,3个荔枝品种中无核荔枝褐变指数最高,妃子笑次之,紫娘喜最低。不同处理条件下妃子笑、紫娘喜果皮PPO酶活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,常温贮藏时无核荔枝果皮PPO活性逐渐下降,低温贮藏则先下降后上升再下降。果实贮藏前期,PPO结合酶、游离酶与总酶活性以无核荔枝最高,妃子笑次之,紫娘喜最低。新采收果实中,紫娘喜果皮PPO同工酶仅2条带,妃子笑3条,而无核荔枝有4条。不同处理对同工酶带数无影响,但低温减少了无核荔枝某些阶段果皮PPO同工酶带数。不同品种荔枝果皮褐变进程差异与果实贮藏前期果皮PPO酶活性差异及同工酶带数有关。     

火龙果果实发育期间营养元素含量的变化

以红肉火龙果新品种‘紫红龙’为试验材料,研究果实发育期间鳞片、果皮、果肉中N（氮）、P（磷）、K（钾）、Ca（钙）、Mg（镁）、Fe（铁）、Zn（锌）、Mn（锰）、Cu（铜）、B（硼）营养元素含量的变化。结果表明：火龙果花后3 d鳞片和果肉K含量维持较高水平,之后呈下降趋势,果皮K含量在果实成熟时最高。在整个果实发育期间,K含量比其他营养元素的含量高。火龙果花后3 d果肉的Ca含量最高,在果实发育中,呈明显的下降趋势。从10种营养元素在鳞片、果皮和果肉生长发育中的变化规律来看,在幼果期,果实中多种元素的含量均处于最高水平,此后,随着幼果的快速增大,矿质元素含量逐渐下降。直至果实成熟期,各种矿质元素含量趋于稳定。     

泰国水果干出口机遇与挑战

农业在泰国国民经济中占有重要地位，农产品是泰国外汇收入的主要来源之一。近年来，随着人们生活和饮食习惯的改变，水果干市场发展较为迅速，为了提高泰国水果干在国际市场中的竞争力，通过研究泰国水果干国内外市场现状，采用了SWOT分析法，对泰国水果干的优势、劣势、机会与威胁进行分析，提出相关政策建议。     

甘薯多酚氧化酶保守区的cDNA克隆及序列分析

多酚氧化酶是植物体内广泛存在的铜结合酶,催化一元酚或多元酚氧化生成“黑色素”,是引起果蔬等农产品褐变的主要原因。通过对已克隆的植物多酚氧化酶基因的分析,设计了一对简并引物,ＰＣＲ扩增了甘薯多酚氧化酶保守区的ｃＤＮＡ,序列分析结果表明,该ｃＤＮＡ含有５９１个核苷酸,编码１９７个氨基酸,与已发表的其它植物的多酚氧化酶保守区的ｃＤＮＡ具有很高的同源性。     

Effects of fruit dipping in hydrochloric acid then rinsing in water on fruit decay and browning of longan fruit

The objective of this study was to find alternative methods for the control of pericarp browning in longan fruits (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) cv. Daw in order to replace the use of sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Experiments were conducted by dipping fruits in 1.5 N HCl solution (pH 0.21) for 20 min followed by draining. The effects of subsequent rinsing in water were also investigated. Untreated fruits and SO₂ fumigated fruits were used as controls. Fruits from each treatment were then packaged in commercial perforated plastic baskets and stored at 3 ± 1 °C, 85% RH for 60 days. It was found that dipping the fruits in HCl controlled disease development compared with the untreated fruits. In addition, dipping the fruits in HCl as well as fumigating with SO₂ gave the best control of pericarp browning. After 5 days, the pericarp of untreated fruits became brown. Dipping fruits in HCl without rinsing reduced pericarp and juice pH and increased titratable acidity which lowered eating quality. Sensory analysis was carried out to determine aril color as well as appearance, firmness, flavor and taste. Dipping in 1.5 N HCl for 20 min and rinsing exhibited higher efficacy than dipping for 0, 10 or 15 min in controlling fruit decay and maintaining fruit color and eating qualities during 7 days storage at 25 °C following 45 days storage at 5 ± 1 °C. Therefore, dipping in 1.5 N HCl for 20 min, followed by rinsing in water can be considered for commercial application in extending shelf life, decreasing fruit decay and maintaining fruit quality of longan fruits.     

“乌叶”与“兰竹”荔枝果实的耐贮性比较

比较研究福建省主栽荔枝品种"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下的耐贮性差异.结果表明:"乌叶"荔枝果实比"兰竹"耐贮藏,"乌叶"好果率显著高于"兰竹",而果实失重率、果皮褐变指数和果皮褐变度均显著低于"兰竹"果实;"乌叶"荔枝果肉的可溶性固形物(TSS)、维生素C和总糖含量比"兰竹"果实高:贮藏期间,荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量不断下降,但"乌叶"果实的降低速度比"兰竹"果实慢;在同一贮藏时间.荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量高于"兰竹"果实.     

采后钙处理对奉节脐橙褐变及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

奉节脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)是重庆鲜食柑橘的重要品种之一,但容易发生果皮褐变,严重影响生产的经济效益。为了降低脐橙果皮褐变的发生,提高果实的耐贮性和商品价值,本研究以奉节脐橙果实为材料,分别用1%CaCl2、2%CaCl2、1%Ca(NO3)2、2%Ca(NO3)2配合施保功、2,4-D处理,分析其对果皮褐变及膜脂过氧化作用相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:钙处理能有效降低褐变指数、相对电导率和丙二醛含量,提高膜脂过氧化保护酶活性,从而降低果皮褐变率;氯化钙处理效果优于硝酸钙处理。1%CaCl2浸果处理的效果最好,贮藏110d后,褐变指数比对照降低了27.5%。     

采后荔枝果皮褐变的研究

以“淮枝”荔枝果料为材料，研究了荔枝在室温下的果皮褐变及其某些生理化学反应，结果表明：前期果皮褐变主要是由于果皮的迅速失水，导致果皮ｐＨ值的提高，从而引起花色素苷的褪色或变色，使得果皮迅速变褐，适当的保湿包装可延缓这一过程，人为是降低果皮的ＰＨ值可使已褐变的果皮全部或部分地恢复红色。后期褐变主要是由于酚类物质的酶促或非酶促反应形成的黑色物质的累积，人力行降低果皮的ＰＨ值不能使其恢复红色。     

高温胁迫下SmCCoAOMT正调控茄子果皮着色

咖啡碱-辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶（caffeoyl-CoA-O methyltransferase, CCoAOMT）是木质素合成途径的关键酶,但其在逆境胁迫中也发挥重要作用。根据茄子基因组数据设计引物克隆了CCoAOMT,命名为SmCCoAOMT,其最大阅读框为564 bp,编码187个氨基酸,相对分子质量为20.95 ku。生物信息学分析发现SmCCoAOMT与其他植物的CCoAOMT序列同源性高达90.67%,同时具有CCoAOMT的全部保守序列。对其在不同果皮颜色茄子品种及35 ℃高温下果实不同发育时期的表达进行了qRT-PCR分析,结果表明SmCCoAOMT在果皮颜色深的茄子品种中的相对表达量高于在果皮颜色浅的品种中的表达量,说明SmCCoAOMT的表达量与茄子果色呈正相关;与常温对照相比,在花后10和20 d时,高温胁迫下SmCCoAOMT的表达量都显著下降,尤其是在花后10 d时,表达量仅为对照的9.23%,说明SmCCoAOMT表达量显著下调可能是导致果皮颜色变浅的原因之一。结果推测SmCCoAOMT在高温胁迫下茄子果皮颜色变浅的过程中起正调控作用。     

能量供应对‘南岛无核’荔枝果实采后能量代谢及衰老的影响

以‘南岛无核’荔枝果实为材料,研究促进和抑制能量水平条件下,荔枝果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸、失水、果皮细胞膜损伤、能量产生及其关键酶活性与衰老的关系。结果表明:2,4-二硝基苯酚（DNP）解偶联剂抑制了能量供应,可促进荔枝果皮失水,加速果皮细胞膜损伤,能荷下降快,明显促进了荔枝果实衰老。而外源ATP处理降低了果皮失水和细胞膜损伤,果实贮藏期间保持了相对较高的能荷,延缓了荔枝果实采后衰老。DNP的解偶联作用使线粒体制造ATP受阻,直接诱导了贮藏前期细胞色素C氧化酶（COX）、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性增强,贮藏后期这些ATP关键酶活性下降,对延缓果实衰老不利。而外源ATP处理,果实贮藏前期COX活性较低,贮藏后期COX、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性增强,均对延缓荔枝果实衰老具有积极作用。总之,荔枝采后贮藏后期energy charge（EC）下降、ATP供应不足是导致荔枝果实衰老的重要因素,适当提高贮藏后期果实电子传递与氧化磷酸化过程中COX、H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase等ATP相关酶的活性,对抑制荔枝果皮衰老、延长贮藏期更有利。     

荔枝果实复合保鲜剂的筛选及其常温保鲜效果的研究

为了筛选出有利于荔枝贮藏的复合保鲜剂,以‘井岗红糯’荔枝果实为试验材料,通过正交试验研究了不同浓度的油菜素内酯（brassinolide, BL）和曲酸（kojic acid, KA）配比对采后荔枝果实的保鲜效果。结果表明,在25 ℃贮藏条件下,对荔枝果实的最佳保鲜配方为：油菜素内酯40 μmol/L、曲酸35 mmol/L,浸泡时间为3 min,该复合保鲜剂配方能较好地抑制荔枝果实褐变和腐烂,降低果皮相对电导率、果皮pH和果皮丙二醛（malonaldehyde, MDA）含量,延缓果肉总可溶性固形物（total soluble solids, TSS）和维生素C（vitamin C, VC）含量的下降,维持较高的果皮色度L ^*值、a ^*值、C ^*值和花色苷含量,抑制了多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）及漆酶（laccase, Lac）的活性。