Potential of winged bean pods and their products in Papua New Guinea

Three winged bean varieties (UPS 31, 121 and 122) were grown in randomised blocks in the UPNG Agriculture Garden under two levels of nitrogren fertilizer and harvested at weekly intervals until maturity. While whole pods reached their maximum length, width and limit of suitability as a green vegetable by 21 days after anthesis, the crude fat, protein and fibre contents continued to increase further on a fresh weight basis with the ratio of pod case to seed fat and protein decreasing on a dry weight basis. The reverse was true when fibre was considered. There was a very small effect from increased N fertilizer level on fat, protein and fibre contents. There was little difference in nutrient content between varieties except that UPS 31 contained more fibre. UPS 122 showed the greatest pod length, number of seeds per pod and seed weight, followed by UPS 121, then UPS 31; the same order was apparent when ripe seed fat and protein yields were considered. The potential of winged bean as a vegetable, grain legume and oilseed crop is discussed in terms of projected commercial outlay and nutritional advantages.     

Chemical composition, digestibility and antinutritional factors content of two wild legumes: Styphonolobium burseroides and Acacia bilimekii

The chemical composition, digestibility and toxin contents of two wild legumes: Styphnolobium burseroides and Acacia bilimekii, collected in a semi-arid zone of Mexico, were determined. Both legumes had a high fiber content. The seeds of Styphnolobium burseroides had a low protein content (14%), and the pod a high content of reducing sugars. However the seeds of Acacia bilimekii had a high protein concentration (35%). The seed proteins were low in sulphur amino acids and tryptophan in both legumes but were rich in lysine. Trypsin inhibitors and lectins were present in low concentrations; alkaloids and cyanogenic glucosides were not detected. The in vitro digestibility for monogastric animals was low but the same test with ruminal juice showed a high digestibility for both legumes. Based on their chemical composition and digestibility, these legumes could be a good alternative source in the feeding of ruminants.     

韩国小豆引种试验研究

通过对从韩国引进的6个小豆品种进行引种试验,分别对其生育期、产量和产量构成因素(单株荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重)以及粗蛋白含量等性状进行了研究,初步获得了有价值的数据,为进一步筛选适合湖南栽培的小豆品种提供了重要依据.     

Nutritional and chemical evaluation of raw seeds ofCanavalia gladiata (Jacq) DC. and C.ensiformis DC: The under utilized food and fodder crops in India

In India, the seeds ofCanavalia gladiata andC. ensiformis have traditionally been eaten by the aborigines, but they are less popular among the civilized people. The data on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of these seeds are not readily available. The proximate composition, mineral composition, the contents of total (true) proteins, seed protein fractions, profile of seed protein amino acids and certain antinutritional factors were analysed and reported in the present study. The seeds ofC. ensiformis contain more crude protein, crude lipid and minerals like Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Mn than doesC. gladiata. Both albumins and globulins together constitute the major bulk of seed proteins. In both the species ofCanavalia investigated, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, isoleucine+leucine, tyrosine+phenylalanine and lysine are the major amino acids of seed proteins. The presence of certain antinutritional factors (total free phenols, tannins, lectins, L-DOPA, trypsin inhibitor activity) is also reported for both species ofCanavalia.     

Chemical composition of seeds and oil of Xylopia aethiopica grown in Nigeria

The chemical composition and mineral constituents of Xylopia aethiopica, which is valued as a spice in Nigeria, were determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the seed oil. The seeds had the following chemical compositions moisture (8.43 g/100 g), ash (5.89 g/100 g), crude lipid (9.58 g/100 g), crude protein (12.45 g/100 g) crude fiber (8.66 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (63.65 g/100 g). Calcium and potassium were the major minerals in the seed. The extracted lipid was examined for fatty acid composition. Linoleic (45.1 g/100 g) and oleic (26.5 g/100 g) acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic acid (18.0 g/100 g) was the major saturated acid. The iodine value of 97 g/100 g indicates that the seed oil is a non-drying type.     

Proximate composition, extraction, characterization and comparative assessment of coconut (Cocos nucifera) and melon (Colocynthis citrullus) seeds and seed oils

Proximate composition, extraction, characterization and comparative assessment of Cocos nucifera and Colocynthis citrullus seeds and seed oils were evaluated in this work using standard analytical techniques. The results showed the percentage (%) moisture, crude fibre, ash, crude protein, lipids and total carbohydrate contents of the seeds as 7.51 and 4.27, 7.70 and 5.51, 1.02 and 2.94, 10.57 and 11.67, 47.80 and 50.42 and 32.84 and 29.47 while the calorific values were 553.99 and 567.32 Kcal/100 g for C. nucifera and C. citrullus, respectively. The two seed oils were odourless and at room temperature (30 degrees C) liquids, with a pale yellow to yellowish colouration. Lipid indices of the seed oils indicated the Acid Values (AV) as 2.06-6.36 mg NaOH g(-1) and 2.99-6.17 mg NaOH g(-1), Free Fatty Acids (FFA) as 1.03-3.18 and 1.49-3.09%, Saponification Values (SV) as 252.44-257.59 and 196.82-201.03 mg KOH g(-1), Iodine Values (IV) as 9.73-10.99 and 110.93-111.46 mg of I2 g(-1) of oil and Peroxide Values (PV) as 0.21-0.21 and 1.53-2.72 mg O2 kg(-1) for soxhlet-mechanical extracted C. nucifera and C. citrullus seed oils, respectively. The studied characteristics of the oil extracts in most cases compared favourably with most conventional vegetable oils sold in the Nigeria markets; however, there were some observed levels of significant differences in the values at p < or = 0.05. These results suggest that the seeds examined may be nutritionally potent and also viable sources of seed oils judging by their oil yield. The data also showed that the seed oils were edible inferring from their low AV and their corresponding low FFA contents. Industrially, the results revealed the seed oils to have great potentials in soap manufacturing industries because of their high SV. They were also shown to be non-drying due to their low IV which also suggested that the oils contain few unsaturated bonds and therefore have low susceptibility to oxidative rancidity and deterioration as confirmed by their low PV which also serves as indicators of the presence or high levels of anti-oxidants in the oils.     

抗青枯病花生资源的种子大小 及主要品质性状的遗传分化

以123份不同类型的抗青枯病花生种质为材料,对荚果大小、种子大小、出仁率、蛋白质、含油量和脂肪 酸等性状遗传分化进行了研究。研究结果表明,在我国抗青枯病花生资源中,高油酸种质资源较多,这些资源的荚 果及种仁大小,油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸含量性状均存在丰富的遗传变异;但是,高 含油量资源较少,而且在含油量、蛋白质含量和出仁率方面的遗传多样性不丰富。根据12个与种子品质相关性状 信息, 123份抗青枯病资源被分成2组5亚组13个品种群,这些品种(群)与已被广为利用的骨干抗病亲本协抗青 和台山三粒肉之间存在很大的遗传分化。     

油菜结实特性与库源关系的研究

以4个油菜品种的结实特性研究表明，开花后20d内油菜角果体积和表面积急剧增长，角果和籽粒干重随成熟进程而增加，籽粒干重在开花25d后增重加热，40d左右超过果皮干重。具有生殖生长优势品种的单位角果皮面积的生产力（PPA）和单位角果皮表面积负担的籽粒数（SNPA）较高。果皮与种子的生理代谢进程不同，二者的全氮，叶绿素以及可溶性糖含量的动态变化与角果形态及干物质积累转化进程有明显的相关性。初花期去叶处理可使4个品种明显减产，去叶对分枝产量的影响大于主花序，主要减少分枝的每角粒数；去短叶的减产幅度大于去无柄叶。     

钼硼对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了施钼或硼对浙春３号大豆农艺性状,产量及氮磷钾吸收的影响,结果表明,施钼或硼明显促进了大豆干物质积累量的增长和对氮磷钾的吸收,促进了大豆株高和底荚高的增长,增加了大豆的百粒重,总荚数和单株籽粒重,提高了大豆产量。大豆植株Ｎ和Ｐ２Ｏ５含量粒期之前呈明显下降的趋势,鼓粒期之后有所回升;Ｋ２Ｏ５含量的波动幅度较大,大豆产量与底荚高和百粒重呈极显著正相关,与经济系数呈负相关,与株高、     

Crude protein content and aminoacid composition of seeds: variability and correlations

The main crop species (cereals, legume seeds and oilseeds) are reviewed with respect to their seed proteins. In the first section, a few points dealing with available analytical methods and nitrogen conversion factors are briefly discussed. The average crude protein contents of different cultivated species of grain are compared. The variability of seed protein content within a same species (phenotypic variations and biochemical mutations) is also discussed. The same kind of survey is then devoted to seed aminoacid composition in a second section. The analytical problems which are involved are summarized. The average aminoacid compositions of the main species are compared and the variations occurring within the same species are described, for the phenotypic ones as well as for some mutants. A last section concerns the relationships between aminoacid composition and protein content. The significance of these relations and their practical consequences are indicated.     

大豆农艺性状及抗病毒性的双列杂交分析

本文应用4个有差异的抗病毒品种按不完全双列杂交配制6个组合,对10个性状的遗传进行了分析,结果表明均符合加性——显性模型。遺传阵列方差(Vr)和协方差(Wr)的估算表明,D82—198带有较多控制抗病等级、单株荚数、单株粒重和完全粒重的显性基因;merit含有控制完全粒率、褐斑粒率和百粒重的显性基因较多。并估算了诸性状的广义遗传力、狭义遗传力和平均显性程度等遗传参数,感病等级和褐斑粒率的广义遗传力分别为97.7％和83.1％。     

Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Adansonia digitata</Emphasis>) Fruit and Seed Protein Solubility

The baobab seed and pulp were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral content, and amino acid composition. The seed oil and protein were evaluated for their fatty acid profile and protein solubility. The seed was found to be a good source of energy, protein, and fat. Both the kernel and the pulp contain substantial quantities of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Amino acid analyses revealed high glutamic and aspartic acid contents and the sulfur-containing amino acids as being the most limited amino acid. The fatty acid profile showed that oleic and linoleic were the major unsaturated fatty acids, whereas palmitic was the major saturated acid. Of the several solvents tested to solubilize the seed protein, 0.1 M NaOH was found to be the most effective. The protein was more soluble at alkaline than acidic pH, with the lowest solubility at pH 4.0.     

Characterization of biodiesel and bio-oil from Sterculia striata (chicha) oil

This work describes the mechanical and solvent extraction of Sterculia striata seed oil. It was determined that the seeds contain up to 41% in oil, which has an unusual composition. Indeed, up to 50% of the fatty acid contain cyclopropenoid ring. The oil was used as raw material to produce bio-oil and biodiesel and their physical-chemical properties were evaluated. Some of the studied physical-chemical properties of the S. striata biodiesel are in acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, showing a promising economic exploitation of this raw material in semi-arid regions. It was also observed that the cyclopropenoid ring remains after transesterification and is decomposed during pyrolysis.     

大豆每荚粒数的遗传分析

应用四粒英比率高的长叶品种黑农３６与遗传背景不同的５个圆叶品系（种）配制５个组合。对亲本,Ｆ１代和Ｆ２代群体的每荚粒数进行了调查和统计分析,结果表明：长叶品种以三、四粒荚为主,平均荚粒数为２．９４。     

多效唑对蔓性千斤拔种子产量和干物质生产特性的影响

探讨多效唑对蔓性千斤拔种子产量和干物质生产的调控效应,以为其高产种子生产技术体系建立提供理论依据和技术指导。试验设计4种多效唑浓度处理,比较其对蔓性千斤拔种子产量和干物质生产特性的差异。结果表明,低浓度的多效唑处理对蔓性千斤拔种子产量有较显著的正效应,而高浓度的多效唑处理则有一定的负效应,与CK比较,低浓度多效唑处理(50 mg/L)的种子产量(1318. 5 kg/hm^2)显著提高了17. 3%,但在收获指数上与CK无显著差异,其优势主要来自于千粒重和单株粒重,分别比CK显著增加了8. 31%和20. 6%;同时具有较高的物质生产性能,其后期叶片的SPAD值比CK明显增加3. 44%～4. 67%,其单株总的干物质积累量显著增加了20. 48%。相关分析显示,单株种子粒重与单株总粒数和果荚数呈显著正相关(r=0. 6126和0. 5657),与结实率呈明显的负相关(r=-0. 5361);通径分析表明,各产量构成因子对单株粒重的直接作用大小为单株粒数>结实率>千粒重>单株果荚数,其中单株粒数的贡献率最大,为0. 4918,其次为结实率的0. 2677。     

Influence of herbicides on the chemical composition of radish (raphanus sativus L.) roots

The influence of 5 pre-emergence herbicides viz. nitrofen, alachlor, simazine, linuron and diuron was studied on the chemical composition of radish roots. The herbicides showed a significant influence on crude fibre, fat, crude protein, reducing and total carbohydrates in comparison with the weeded control. The % dry matter and total mineral contents were not influenced. The roots from the unweeded control showed a higher percentage of crude protein and carbohydrates but a lower percentage of crude fibre and fat than the weeded control.     

吉林省黑土区玉米子粒营养元素的品质效应研究

利用吉林省黑土区62个玉米样点数据,通过相关分析、通径分析、决策分析相结合的方法探讨玉米子粒中10种营养元素与其品质的关系。相关分析表明,P、Mg和Mn与粗蛋白呈极显著正相关,与粗脂肪呈显著负相关;Fe与粗蛋白和粗淀粉呈显著正相关;K与粗淀粉呈极显著负相关;另外,粗蛋白和粗脂肪呈极显著负相关。通径分析和决策分析表明,Mn、P、Mg和Fe对粗蛋白有较大的正向影响作用;P和Mg对粗脂肪有较大的正向影响作用;Mn对粗脂肪起限制作用;K对粗淀粉有较大的正向影响作用,Fe次之。 B、Ca、Mo、Se和Zn这5种元素对玉米粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及粗淀粉含量的影响均不明显。     

黄淮海地区夏大豆农艺性状的遗传变异、相关及主成分分析

以黄淮海地区87个大豆常规栽培品种为材料,对12个产量相关的农艺性状进行了遗传变异、相关及主成分分析。结果表明:在所有供试品种中,变异系数最大的是有效分枝数,最小的是生育期;亚有限型夏大豆底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重的变异系数(18.38%～27.56%)较大;有限型夏大豆株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数(21.02%～28.04%)较大。在亚有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与有效分枝数呈极显著负相关,与生育期呈显著负相关。在有限型夏大豆品种中,产量与茎粗呈极显著正相关,与底荚高度呈显著正相关,与其它农艺性状相关性不显著。亚有限和有限结荚习性的大豆性状主成分分析中,前4个主成分对变异的累计贡献率分别为79.92%和79.50%。对以亚有限和有限型为主的黄淮海地区夏大豆在进行单株选择时,应根据其不同的结荚习性而有所侧重。对于亚有限型品种,应选择株高和生育期适中,有效分枝数较少,而每荚粒数、百粒重均较大的品种。对于有限型品种,应选择茎基部较粗,株高和底荚高度较高,主茎节数较多,单株荚数、单株粒数较多的品种。     

春油菜高光效结角层结构的研究

通过对内蒙古海拉尔地区春油菜结角层的研究,分析了结角层中角果组成,分布及其性状的变化,结果表明:1、春油菜结角层较薄,PAI较小,提高产量主要是控制下位分枝的生长,改善结角层内部的光照条件,形成一个高光效的结角层结构。群体直立不倒,各枝序排列有序。2、提高结角层生产力的关键是在结角层的纵向上提高千粒重、横向上增加角粒数。3、各枝序的生产力与它们的结角起止高度密切相关。     

Chemical composition of the underutilized legume Cassia hirsuta L.

Seven accessions of the underutilized legume, Cassia hirsuta L., seeds collected from seven different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India, were analyzed for proximate composition, total proteins, protein fractions, mineral profiles and selected antinutritional factors. Crude protein ranged from 15.52 to 20.74%, crude lipid 3.77–7.04%, crude fiber4.68–6.92%, ash 3.98–6.42% and carbohydrates 62.45–70.16%. Energyvalues of the seeds were 1549–1634 kJ/100 g (DM), which are comparable to those of other legumes. Data on seed protein fractions revealed thatglobulins constituted the bulk of the seed protein as in most legumes. Mineralcontents of the seeds showed greater variation. Potassium was the mostabundant mineral (1029–1786 mg/100 g), whereas manganese was low (2.1–2.2 mg/100 g). Antinutritional factors such as total free phenolics,tannins, L-DOPA and lectins were analyzed. The results of the studydemonstrated that the accessions of C. hirsuta seeds collectedfrom Tamil Nadu, India, could be good sources of some important nutrientsfor humans.