5年生种植人参对小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参原粉、水提物和醇提物长期应用对小鼠学习记忆的影响,为人参的食用提供实验依据。方法正常成年昆明小鼠140只,雌雄各半,体重18~22g,随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只,连续灌胃给药3个月后进行东莨菪碱致学习记忆获得障碍实验。结果与模型组比较,人参醇提物大剂量小鼠第1天的到达平台潜伏期、游程有缩短的趋势,但无统计学意义,第4天的游程明显缩短(P〈0.05),其他指标无明显变化。人参原粉小、中、大剂量组,人参水提物小、中、大剂量组,人参醇提物小、中剂量组第1天至第5天到达平台的潜伏期、游程、朝向角、游泳速度无明显变化,第6天小鼠在1.5min内穿越平台的次数、穿越有效区的次数、平台停留距离、平台区的逗留时间、有效区停留距离、有效区停留时间、平台停留距离/总路程比、在平台区的逗留时间/总时间、有效区停留距离/总路程、有效区停留时间/总时间均无明显变化。结论长期食用5年生种植人参原粉、水提物及醇提物对小鼠东莨菪碱致学习记忆获得障碍无明显的改善作用。     

The beneficial effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease in rat: a behavioral analysis

BACKGROUND: Progressive cognitive decline is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which can be modeled by beta-amyloid injection into specific regions of brain. Since epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potent antioxidant agent which its role against oxidative stress and inflammation has been shown in prior studies, we tried to determine whether EGCG administration protects against beta-amyloid-induced memory and coordination impairment in rats. METHODS: Animals (male Wistar rats) were divided into four groups: sham operated, EGCG-pretreated sham operated (sham+EGCG), untreated lesion (lesion), and EGCG-pretreated lesion (lesion+EGCG). Animals in lesion, lesion+EGCG, and sham+EGCG groups received sterile saline or saline plus EGCG (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally one day pre-surgery and every other day for three weeks. The lesion was induced one day after EGCG pretreatment by injection of 4 microl of sterile saline or water containing 2 nmol/microl beta-amyloid (1-40) into the hippocampal fissure. For behavioral analysis, psychomotor coordination (PMC) index and spontaneous alternation behavior were assessed using Rota-rod Treadmill and Y-maze, respectively at the third week post-lesion. RESULTS: We found that beta-amyloid (1-40) injection into hippocampus can decrease these behavioral indexes in lesion group in comparison with sham group which is similar to behavioral changes in AD. On the other hand, pretreatment with EGCG can improve the PMC index and spatial Y-maze alternation in the lesion+EGCG group in comparison with lesion group. CONCLUSION: We concluded that EGCG can be effective in restoring beta-amyloid-induced behavioral derangements in rats regarding coordination and memory abilities.     

不同光照条件下大豆体内异黄酮的含量与分布

用ＨＰＬＣ检测了不同光照处理大豆组织中异黄酮的含量。结果显示：幼苗子叶异黄酮含量大大高于叶片和根中的含量;光照处理后,子叶中异黄酮的含量降低,而叶片和根中的异黄酮含量上升;异黄酮含量较低的品种,幼苗光照后子叶中异黄酮含量上升较多。幼苗子叶中的异黄酮以大豆甙和染料木甙及其丙二酰衍生物为主,叶片中主要含有染料木甙及其丙二酰衍生物,根中异黄酮组分以丙二酰大豆甙为主;异黄酮组分因品种不同显示出一定差异。     

Study of changes in some pathophysiological stress markers in different age groups of an animal model of acute and chronic heat stress

BACKGROUND: This study demonstrates the changes in six different pathophysiological parameters such as body weight, body temperature, fecal pellet count, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, plasma corticosterone level and emergence of hemorrhagic peptic ulcer spots due to exposure to high environmental heat in three different age groups of freely moving rats. METHODS: Each age group of rats was sub divided into three groups: (i) acute heat stress-subjected to a single exposure for four hours in the Biological Oxygen Demand incubator at 38 degrees C; (ii) chronic heat stress-exposed for 21 days daily for one hour in the incubator at 38 degrees C, and (iii) handling control groups. The data were recorded for the analyses of the changes in different parameters just after the heat exposure from acute stressed rats and on 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th and 21st day on chronic stressed rats for body temperature, body weight, fecal pellets count. For the analysis of changes in three other parameters, BBB permeability, plasma corticosterone level and peptic ulcer spots following chronic exposure to high environmental heat, data were recorded on 22nd day for the analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (ANOVA-1) of the observations demonstrates a significant increase in body temperature, fecal pellet count, BBB permeability (except in adult group), plasma corticosterone level and emergence of hemorrhagic peptic ulcer spots in all three different age group of rats due to exposure to acute heat stress. However, chronic heat was found responsible for the significant reduction in body weight in weaning and young rats, increase in body temperature, number of fecal pellets excreted (in early days of chronic stress) and number of peptic ulcer spots in all three age groups of rats. At the same time, BBB extravasations were not observed in rats except very mild in weaning group. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that the acute as well as chronic exposure to hot environment significantly alters the physiology of different organs of the body.     

不同杀菌剂对花生叶斑病的防效及公害研究

大田试验表明,多菌灵、百菌清和农抗120交替使用对花生叶部病害有明显的防治效果,而不同杀菌剂的组配方式对防治效果影响不大;当多菌灵、百菌清或农抗120单独使用时,多菌灵和百菌清的效果明显好于农抗120;花生病叶率、病情指数和有效叶面积与荚果产量相关极显著,在新药剂试验初期,用上述指标直接评价农药的防效更经济;杀菌剂对土壤中真菌有一定的影响,而对细菌和放线菌影响不明显,因此不会对土壤带来明显的公害.全生育期喷施3次杀菌剂,在花生收获前一个月停止用药,对花生籽仁不会产生明显的污染.     

不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白在配制酱油中的应用

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,对不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白在配制酱油中的应用进行了研究。首先通过单因素试验确定了酶解大豆蛋白的工艺参数,然后对添加不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白配制酱油的质量进行了研究,研究结果表明:酶解温度为50℃、pH为7.0、酶解时间为5h条件下的大豆分离蛋白酶解产物最适合应用到配制酱油中。     

鹿茸多肽对氢溴酸东莨菪碱致小鼠学习记忆功能障碍的改善作用研究

目的观察鹿茸多肽具有对氢溴酸东莨菪碱(SCOP)致小鼠学习记忆功能障碍的改善作用。方法 60只小鼠随机分为6组,空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、鹿茸多肽低剂量组、鹿茸多肽中剂量组及鹿茸多肽高剂量组,连续灌胃给药21d。通过Morris水迷宫和跳台实验,测试小鼠学习能力变化。通过生化检测法测定谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果水迷宫实验结果表明,与模型组相比,阳性对照组及鹿茸多肽低、中、高剂量组小鼠逃避潜伏期和总路程明显缩短(P0.05),跳台实验结果表明,与模型组相比,阳性对照组及鹿茸多肽低、中、高剂量组小鼠潜伏期明显增加,错误次数明显减少(P0.05)。给予鹿茸多肽后,能够降低MDA含量,升高GSH、SOD活性。结论鹿茸多肽具有改善小鼠学习记忆功能障碍的作用。     

棉花喷施不同药剂对黄萎病的预防效果

试验结果表明:在棉花生育期间喷施几次不同的药剂对黄萎病都有一定的防效,但预防效果各不相同,预防效果在5.35%～49.55%.防效最好的是甲基托布津(49.55%),其次是多菌灵(44.24%);预防效果最差的是棉花保苗王(5.35%),其次是白糖 大蒜(14.17%).因此,在棉花生育期间喷施几次甲基托布津或多菌灵等杀菌剂对预防黄萎病仍是一项切实有效的重要措施.     

大豆皮成分检验及饲料应用效果

在查阅了大量的相关资料和总结实验情况基础上，对豆皮的质量指标进行了分析检验，提出了大豆皮做为肉牛和奶牛添加饲料的可能性，同时也指出了对猪、禽做为添加饲料的不可能性，旨在充分开发利用大豆皮这一丰富资源，促进畜牧业发展。     

Delivery of epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC) to hippocamp in Alzheimer's disease rat model

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neuronal loss in hippocamp. Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC) can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transplanting EPI-NCSC into AD rat model. Methods: Two weeks after induction of AD by injection of Amyloid-β 1-40 into CA1 area of rat hippocamp, Y-maze and single-trial passive avoidance tests were used to show deficit of learning and memory abilities. EPI-NCSC were obtained from the vibrissa hair follicle of rat, cultured and labeled with bromodeoxyuridine. When Alzheimer was proved by behavioral tests, EPI-NCSC was transplanted into CA3 area of hippocamp in AD rat model. The staining of EPI-NCSC markers (nestin and SOX10) was done in vitro. Double-labeling immunofluorescence was performed to study survival and differentiation of the grafted cells. Results: We showed that transplanted EPI-NCSC survive and produce many neurons and a few glial cells, presenting glial fibrillary acidic protein. Total number of granule cells in hippocamp was estimated to be more in the AD rat model with transplanted cells as compared to AD control group. We observed that rats with hippocampal damage made more errors than control rats on the Y-maze, when reward locations were reversed. Conclusion: Transplanted cells were migrated to all areas of hippocamp and the total number of granule cell in treatment group was equal compared to control group. Transplantation of EPI-NCSC into hippocamp might differentiate into cholinergic neurons and could cure impairment of memory in AD rat model.Key Words: Alzheimer’s disease, Cholinergic neuron, Hair follicle     

Motor disorders and impaired electrical power of pallidal EEG improved by gallic acid in animal model of Parkinson's disease

The aim of this study was evaluation the effect of Gallic acid on movement disorders and pallidal electrical power in animal model of Parkinson's Disease (PD). PD is clinically characterized by development of motor disturbances, such as bradykinesia, resting tremors, rigidity and a later loss ofpostural reflexes. Oxidative stress is a hallmark factor where the oxidation of dopamine generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and an unbalanced production ROS induces neuronal damage, therefor leading the neuronal death. Gallic Acid (GA) and its derivatives are present in the plant kingdom and acts as a potent antioxidant. Wistar male rats divided into seven groups randomly with 8 in each. Animals in all groups except control received 8 microg/2 microL 6-hydroxydopamine dissolved in normal saline contains 0.01% ascorbate or vehicle in right Medial Forbrain Bundle (MFB) and a bipolar wire electrode was implanted in the left globus pallidus nucleus of all animals under stereotaxic surgery. Two weeks later PD was approved by contralateral rotation signs induced by apomorphine and then movements and electrical power of pallidal were evaluated. Motor functions and pallidal electrical power were impaired and GA could improve motor dysfunctions and gamma wave power in parkinsonian rats' significantly with higher dose of GA (200 mg kg(-1)). Present result showed that GA may act as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger to reverse motor disorders and pallidal gamma wave power after 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in brain.     

The effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the population dynamics of four animal species in a Danish landscape

Background  

Variation in carrying capacity and population return rates is generally ignored in traditional studies of population dynamics. Variation is hard to study in the field because of difficulties controlling the environment in order to obtain statistical replicates, and because of the scale and expense of experimenting on populations. There may also be ethical issues. To circumvent these problems we used detailed simulations of the simultaneous behaviours of interacting animals in an accurate facsimile of a real Danish landscape. The models incorporate as much as possible of the behaviour and ecology of skylarks Alauda arvensis, voles Microtus agrestis, a ground beetle Bembidion lampros and a linyphiid spider Erigone atra. This allows us to quantify and evaluate the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the population dynamics of the four species.     

5年生种植人参对小鼠记忆巩固及再现的影响

目的观察5年生种植人参原粉、水提物和醇提物长期应用对小鼠学习记忆的影响,为人参的食用提供实验依据。方法正常成年昆明小鼠140只,雌雄各半,体重18~22g,随机分为10组,即:对照组,5年生种植人参原粉小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参水提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,5年生种植人参醇提物小、中、大剂量(0.25、0.5、1.0g生药/kg)组,每组14只,连续灌胃给药3个月后进行亚硝酸盐致记忆巩固障碍实验及乙醇致记忆再现障碍实验。结果在亚硝酸盐致记忆巩固障碍和乙醇致记忆再现障碍跳台实验中,与模型组比较,人参原粉小、中、大剂量组,人参水提物小、中、大剂量组,人参醇提物小、中及大剂量组第二天的错误次数及第二天的错误潜伏期无明显变化。结论长期食用5年生种植人参原粉、水提物及醇提物对小鼠亚硝酸盐致记忆巩固障碍及乙醇致记忆再现障碍无明显的改善作用。     

Early detection of immunization: a study based on an animal model using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Vaccines require a period of at least three months for clinical trials, hence a method that can identify elicitation of immune response a few days after the first dose is a necessity. Evolutionary variable selections are modeling approaches for proper manipulation of available data which were used to set up an animal model for classification of time dependent 1HNMR metabolomic profiles and pattern recognition of fluctuations of metabolites in two groups of male rabbits. One group of rabbits was immunized with human red blood cells and the other used as control. Blood was obtained every 48 h from each rabbit for a period of six weeks and the serum monitored for antibodies and metabolites by 1HNMR spectra. Evaluation of data was carried out using orthogonal signal correction followed by principal component analysis and partial least square. A neural network was also set up to predict immunization profiles. A distinct separation in patterns of significant metabolites was obtained between the two groups, just a few days after the first and the second dose. These metabolites were used as targets of neural networks where each sample was used as test, validation and training and their quantitative influence predicted by regression. This model could be used for prediction of immunization in rabbits a few days after the first dose with 96% accuracy. Similar animals and human vaccine trials would assist greatly in reaching early conclusions in advance of the usual two month immunization schedule; resulting in an appreciable saving of cost and time.     

The effect of grazing by cattle on animal performance and floristic composition in Nardus-dominated swards

Four groups of six spring-calving beef cows and their calves were allocated to two replicated grazing treatments on a Nardus stricta-dominated hill pasture in the UK during six consecutive summer grazing seasons. Treatments were applied by continuous variable stocking to maintain a sward height of either 4–5 cm (short) or 6–7 cm (tall) between tussocks of N. stricta. Cows on both treatments ingested a greater proportion of N. stricta than was present in the sward. The short treatment reduced the herbage intake of cows proportionally by 0·35 (P < 0·001) and reduced herbage digestibility by 0·03 (P < 0·01) compared with the tall treatment. Cows lost 0·02 kg d^?1 live weight on the short treatment but gained 0·27 kg d^?1 live weight on the tall treatment (s.e.d. 0·077; P < 0·001). Calf liveweight gains were 0·60 and 0·86 (s.e.d. 0·034; P < 0·001) kg d^?1 for the short and tall treatments respectively. The greatest liveweight gains for both cows and calves occurred during the first 5–6 weeks of the grazing season and differences between treatments increased over the season. Cattle on the short treatment consistently grazed a higher proportion of N. stricta tillers more closely than those on the tall treatment, and the percentage cover of N. stricta declined more rapidly on the short treatment. After 6 years of grazing there was a considerably greater (P < 0·001) proportion of very small tussocks, i.e. less than 140 cm² basal area, on the short treatment than on the tall treatment. The percentage cover of broad- and fine-leaved grasses also declined, in contrast to previous studies. This may have been due to lower soil fertility on the site of the current experiment. It is concluded that high levels of utilization of N. stricta are incompatible with high levels of individual animal performance in lactating cows, although short periods in early summer may give acceptable performance. Lower levels of utilization such as that achieved on the 6–7 cm treatment resulted in moderate levels of animal performance and also gradually reduced the cover of N. stricta, although it took longer for the effect to be established.     

Applied shared log-normal frailty Cox-proportional hazard model to evaluating the effect of vitamin A on the rat passive avoidance memory

In this research, the Cox-proportional hazard model is used to investigate the effect of various values of vitamin A (3000, 4500 and 6000 IU kg(-1)) and sesame oil on the passive avoidance memory of rats by shuttle box. Present results confirm that various values of vitamin A do not improve the passive avoidance memory of rats (p < 0.05). We found that the animals are clustered (p < 0.001) and applying shared log-normal frailty for clustering improves present results (p < 0.05) such that sesame oil improves the passive avoidance memory task (p < 0.05). Therefore we should consider clustering in the analysis of biological data or we should use cloned animals.     

Effect of glycerol cross-linking and PDI on the shape memory effect and mechanical properties of polyurethane

A series of shape memory polyurethane (PU) copolymers synthesized from 1,4-phenyldiisocyanate (PDI), poly(tetramethyleneglycol) (PTMG), 1,4-butanediol (BD) as a chain extender, and glycerol as a cross-linking agent were tested for the mechanical properties and the shape memory effect at the temperature 20 °C above melting temperature (T _m), and were compared with other PUs synthesized from 4,4′-methylene-bis-phenyldiisocyanate (MDI), PTMG, and BD. Mechanical properties and shape memory effect were improved substantially by adopting both PDI and glycerol. Interestingly, enthalpy of melting and T _m were not affected by the glycerol content. Vibration and shock absorption ability was investigated by measuring both loss tan δ and storage modulus with dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA).