Soil temperature,gas exchange and nitrogen status of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings

Five-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were subjected to three simulated growing seasons in controlled environment chambers. Plants were acclimated to a soil temperature of 16 degrees C during the first and third growing seasons, but were allocated at random to soil temperature treatments of 9, 13, 18 and 21 degrees C during the second growing season. Low soil temperature during the second growing season depressed stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate (A) per unit of projected leaf area, although intercellular CO2 concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments. At all soil temperatures, total chlorophyll concentration first decreased and then increased, although the rate of increase and the final concentration increased with soil temperature, which may explain the effect of soil temperature on A. Neither chlorophyll a/b ratio nor leaf nitrogen concentration was significantly affected by soil temperature. Treatment differences disappeared during the third simulated growing season when plants were again acclimated to a soil temperature of 16 degrees C.     

Delayed soil thawing affects root and shoot functioning and growth in Scots pine

In boreal regions, soil can remain frozen after the start of the growing season. We compared relationships between root characteristics and water relations in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings subjected to soil frost treatments before and during the first week of the growing period in a controlled environment experiment. Delayed soil thawing delayed the onset of sap flow or totally blocked it if soil thawing lagged the start of the growing period by 7 days. This effect was reflected in the electrical impedance of needles and trunks and in the relative electrolyte leakage of needles. Prolonged soil frost reduced or completely inhibited root growth. In unfrozen soil, limited trunk sap flow was observed despite unfavorable aboveground growing conditions (low temperature, low irradiance, short photoperiod). Following the earliest soil thaw, sap flow varied during the growing season, depending on light and temperature conditions, phenological stage of the plant and the amount of live needles in the canopy. The results suggest that delayed soil thawing can reduce tree growth, and if prolonged, it can be lethal.     

Growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings is limited by elevated atmospheric vapour pressure deficits

There is an ongoing debate about how European beech might be affected by a future drier climate. While numerous studies have examined the effects of soil drought on beech growth and development, studies investigating the effects of elevated atmospheric water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) are lacking. By increasing VPD in climate and open-top chamber experiments, with moisture in the rooting medium near optimum, we tested the hypothesis that increased VPD negatively affects the growth and development of European beech saplings. In the climate chambers, a reduction in relative air humidity by 40% resulted in a 68% reduction in productivity. Similarly, in the open-top chamber experiment conducted on the forest floor, biomass declined by 30% when relative air humidity was 15% lower. The reduction in biomass was mainly a consequence of a dramatically reduced leaf growth of beech in the elevated VPD treatments. Our results show that growth and development of beech saplings strongly depend not only on soil moisture but also on the prevailing VPD level. We conclude that the vapour pressure deficit is a widely ignored factor which influences the growth and vitality, and possibly also the distribution of European beech. Future forest management schemes under an altered climate should take this factor into account.     

Acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration to simulated climatic warming in northern and southern populations of Acer saccharum: laboratory and field evidence

Physiological acclimation and genotypic adaptation to prevailing temperatures may influence forest responses to future climatic warming. We examined photosynthetic and respiratory responses of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) from two portions of the species' range for evidence of both phenomena in a laboratory study with seedlings. A field study was also conducted to assess the impacts of temperature acclimation on saplings subjected to an imposed temperature manipulation (4 degrees C above ambient temperature). The two seedling populations exhibited more evidence of physiological acclimation to warming than of ecotypic adaptation, although respiration was less sensitive to short-term warming in the southern population than in the northern population. In both seedling populations, thermal compensation increased photosynthesis by 14% and decreased respiration by 10% in the warm-acclimated groups. Saplings growing in open-top field chambers at ambient temperature and 4 degrees C above ambient temperature showed evidence of temperature acclimation, but photosynthesis did not increase in response to the 4 degrees C warming. On the contrary, photosynthetic rates measured at the prevailing chamber temperature throughout three growing seasons were similar, or lower (12% lower on average) in saplings maintained at 4 degrees C above ambient temperature compared with saplings maintained at ambient temperature. However, the long-term photosynthetic temperature optimum for saplings in the field experiment was higher than it was for seedlings in either the 27 or the 31 degrees C growth chamber. Respiratory acclimation was also evident in the saplings in the field chambers. Saplings had similar rates of respiration in both temperature treatments, and respiration showed little dependence on prevailing temperature during the growing season. We conclude that photosynthesis and respiration in sugar maple have the potential for physiological acclimation to temperature, but exhibit a low degree of genetic adaptation. Some of the potential for acclimation to a 4 degrees C increase above a background of naturally fluctuating temperatures may be offset by differences in water relations, and, in the long term, may be obscured by the inherent variability in rates under field conditions. Nevertheless, physiologically based models should incorporate seasonal acclimation to temperature and permit ecotypic differences to influence model outcomes for those species with high genetic differentiation between regions.     

Aeroponic production of Acacia mangium saplings inoculated with AM fungi for reforestation in the tropics

Aeroponics, a soilless plant culture method, was used to produce Acacia mangium saplings associated with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. A. mangium seedlings were first grown in multipots and inoculated with Endorize, a commercial AM fungal inoculum. They were then, either transferred to aeroponic systems or to soil. Aeroponics was found to be a better system than soil, allowing the production of tree saplings twice as high as those grown in soil. Moreover, compared to plants grown in soil, aeroponically grown saplings inoculated with AM fungal inoculum exhibited significantly different rates of mycorrhization, resulting in an increase in phosphorus and chlorophyll in plant tissues. Our results suggest that the aeroponic system is an innovative and appropriate technology which has the potential to produce in large quantities, tree saplings associated with soil micro-organisms, such as AM fungi, for reforestation of degraded land in the humid tropics.     

Acid mist and soil Ca and Al alter the mineral nutrition and physiology of red spruce

We examined the effects and potential interactions of acid mist and soil solution Ca and Al treatments on foliar cation concentrations, membrane-associated Ca (mCa), ion leaching, growth, carbon exchange, and cold tolerance of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) saplings. Soil solution Ca additions increased foliar Ca and Zn concentrations, and increased rates of respiration early in the growing season (July). Soil Al treatment had a broad impact, reducing foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, P and Zn, and resulting in smaller stem diameters, sapling heights and shoot lengths compared with soil treatments with no added Al. Aluminum treatment also reduced respiration when shoots were elongating in July and decreased net photosynthesis at the end of the growing season (September). Three lines of evidence suggest that Al-induced alterations in growth and physiology were independent of foliar Ca status: (1) Ca concentrations in foliage of Al-treated saplings were within the range of sufficiency established for red spruce; (2) mCa concentrations were unaffected by Al treatment; and (3) no Al x Ca interactions were detected. Acid mist treatment increased foliar Fe and K concentrations and increased leaching of Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Al from foliage. Leaching losses of Ca were more than twice those of the element with the next highest amount of leaching (Zn), and probably led to the reductions in mCa concentration and membrane stability of acid-treated saplings. Acidic mist resulted in enhanced shoot growth, and consistent reductions in foliar cold tolerance in the fall and winter. Of the few significant interactions among treatments, most involved the influence of mist pH and Al treatment on foliar nutrition. In general, reductions in cation concentration associated with Al addition were greater for pH 5.0-treated saplings than for pH 3.0-treated saplings. We propose that H(+)-induced leaching of mCa from mesophyll cells is the mechanism underlying acid-induced reductions in foliar cold tolerance of red spruce.     

不同断根处理对云南拟单性木兰苗木生长影响的研究

不同断根处理对云南拟单性木兰苗木生长影响的研究结果表明:切断苗木的侧根会对苗龄为5年生的云南拟单性木兰苗木地上部分的生长产生负效应而有利于促进新侧根的萌发,其影响程度与断根的强度有关。其苗木经断根处理后新根萌发较快,50天左右有新的侧根生出,其中以切断云南拟单性木兰大苗的全部侧根于切口喷200 mg.L-1的ABT生根粉的A处理的生根效果最好。断根3个月后每株苗木萌发的新侧根平均数为138.8根,根长≥5 cm的侧根平均数为38.4根,侧根深度达32 cm,最长侧根长度14.4 cm,其苗木的新根萌发已经较为充分,可以出圃种植而能保证有高的成活率。     

不同光照条件对有柄石韦的形态和生理特性的影响

为了解有柄石韦对光照条件的要求,以便将其更好地应用于园林绿化之中,分别设置了自然光强(CK组,9 000 lx)、重度强光(40 000 lx)、轻度强光(24 000 lx)、轻度弱光(4 000 lx)、弱光(800 lx)等5个胁迫处理,就其对有柄石韦的形态及光合生理特性的影响情况进行了试验,并采用DDS-11c型电导率仪、SPAD-502便携式叶绿素仪、美国产的LI-COR6400光合测定仪分别对不同光强胁迫处理后有柄石韦的相对电导率、叶绿素相对含量、相对含水量、光合荧光参数进行了测定。结果表明:在试验所设计的光照强度范围内,有柄石韦均可正常生长,而在光强为9 000 LUX的光照条件下其生长势最好;不同光强的胁迫处理对有柄石韦的相对电导率、叶绿素相对含量、相对含水量、光合荧光参数均有显著影响。     

Mortality of planted <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> Parlat. saplings subject to coldness during winter and soil types in region of seasonal soil frost

To assess and improve methods for the development of coastal forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan, this study examined the factors affecting mortality of planted Pinus thunbergii Parlat. saplings in a region with seasonal soil frost. The needles of pine saplings at the study site turn red in late spring, suggesting xylem embolism, which can lead to death. Sapling mortality was strongly correlated with the degree of cold just after planting and with the occurrence of repeated severe winters. Volcanic ash soil had been supplied to improve the soil nutrients, and the volcanic ash soil always thawed later than the original coastal sand. Saplings in volcanic ash were significantly more damaged than those in original coastal sand. This suggests that hydraulic stress caused by cuticular transpiration under frozen soil conditions during spring may also accelerate damage due to embolisms. Hence, volcanic ash soil should not be applied to soils in regions with seasonal soil frost. A covering of woodchips can help prevent frost from reaching greater soil depths, and, indeed, fewer saplings at the study site died in areas with such coverage. Planting location can also affect pine sapling mortality. For example, shading caused by wood fencing may affect the soil freezing profile during winter; therefore, planting close to a fence should also be avoided in regions with seasonal soil frost. These findings should be used to improve the development of forests in regions with seasonal soil frost.     

低温胁迫对桉树光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以人工低温处理尾叶桉和邓恩桉幼苗,研究其对两种桉树光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:低温处理后两种桉树叶绿素含量下降,光合和叶绿素荧光参数光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点、羧化效率、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降,Fo值和CO2补偿点上升,而Ci则先上升后下降。进一步的分析表明,在持续低温胁迫的初始阶段,羧化酶活性的下降是导致两种桉树Pn降低的主要因素为非气孔因素,而随着低温处理持续时间延长至48h时,叶绿素含量出现显著下降,羧化酶效率继续下降,此时气孔限制因素也逐渐成为Pn的降低的主要因素之一。两种桉树叶绿素荧光参数的变化差异表明,非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术有望用来快速筛选不同抗寒能力的桉树品种。从各个参数的变化可以看出,低温胁迫处理对尾叶桉的影响明显要大于对邓恩桉的影响。     

Does nitrogen fertilization impact nonstructural carbohydrate storage in evergreen Podocarpus macrophyllus saplings?

Nonstructural carbon(NSC),which represents the relationship between the carbon source and carbon sink,is an important factor that reflects the functions and performance of a tree.However,little is known regarding the timeseries responses of NSC storage in evergreen species to different nitrogen(N) fertilization regimes.This study,which was based on a pot experiment,examined the response of the NSC(soluble sugars and starch) storage to different N addition intensities [light N addition(LN):6.5 g N m~(-2) a~(-1);moderate N addition(MN):13.0 g N m~(-2) a~(-1);and heavy N addition(HN):26.0 g N m~(-2) a~(-1))] in saplings of the evergreen species Podocarpus macrophyllus.Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate(P_n) under MN was significantly higher than that under LN,but was comparable to that under HN.Moreover,saplings subject to MN had a significant higher leaf biomass than that to LN and HN.These results indicated that the C supply via photosynthesis under MN was greater than that under LN and HN.The NSCs reserve under MN was considerable with that under LN,which suggested that saplings in MN group consumed higher and stored lower properties of NSCs than those in LN group.However,saplings under HN stored higher properties of NSCs than those under MN considering that no difference in NSCs pools was found between the two treatments.The leaf N concentrations were found in the increasing sequence of LN MN HN,whilst the leaf chlorophyll concentration under HN was obviously lower than that under MN.The growth rate under MN was higher than that under LN and HN.We concluded that the NSCs allocation between consumption and reserve in P.macrophyllus saplings depended on soil N availability,and an excessive N addition to soil favors the storage rather than the consumption of NSCs by plants.     

三种榆树幼苗对水分胁迫的生理响应

在人工模拟干旱的条件下,研究了自美国引种培育的岩榆、南方岩榆和国产白榆1 a生幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、电导率和叶绿素含量的变化情况,同时调查水分胁迫后期幼苗的存活率.结果表明:水分胁迫初期,3种榆树幼苗的叶片RWC、质膜透性、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈增加趋势;水分胁迫中期(第24天)白榆、南方岩榆的叶绿素总量呈现最大值,后开始缓慢下降,而岩榆仍继续上升至第30天后才开始下降,但各种幼苗叶片叶绿素a/b均增加.自然干旱初中期的RWC下降缓慢,后期失水迅速,白榆失水速率明显快于岩榆、南方岩榆.水分胁迫后期白榆叶片出现萎蔫,叶缘叶尖枯黄均早于南方岩榆、岩榆,萎蔫枯黄总数也最多,其次分别是南方岩榆、岩榆.因此,岩榆最耐干旱,南方岩榆次之,白榆较不耐旱.     

Springtime resumption of photosynthesis in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

Photosynthesis in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) was measured in the field at two locations in New Brunswick, Canada from late winter to late spring in 2004 and 2005. No photosynthesis was detectable while the soil remained below 0 degrees C throughout the rooting zone. In both years, photosynthesis began once soil temperature rose to 0 degrees C. In potted seedlings in growth chambers, there was no photosynthesis at an air temperature of 10 degrees C if the pots were frozen. These findings suggest that, once air temperatures permit photosynthesis, it is the availability of unfrozen soil water that triggers the onset of photosynthesis. In the field, full recovery of photosynthetic capacity following the onset of soil thaw was dependent on air temperature and took 5 weeks in 2005, but 10 weeks in 2004. There were two substantial frost events during the recovery period in 2004 that may explain the extended recovery period. In 2005, recovery was complete after the accumulation of 200 growing degree days above 0 degrees C after the start of soil thaw.     

模拟酸雨对元宝枫幼苗生理及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探明元宝枫的生理及叶绿素荧光参数对模拟酸雨胁迫的响应特征,以2年生元宝枫幼苗为研究对象,采用pH值分别为5.6、4.0、3.0、2.0的模拟酸雨处理0、15、30d后,分别测定了叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、质膜透性等生理指标及叶绿素荧光参数。试验结果表明:1)pH值为4.0的酸雨处理初期,元宝枫叶片未出现伤害症状,处理后期叶片上出现了极少量的斑点,而pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨胁迫下元宝枫叶面均出现了明显的伤斑,且随着酸雨胁迫时间的持续,酸害指数不断增大;2)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)逐渐减少,尤其在pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理下叶片的SPAD含量均显著低于对照;3)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和质膜透性均呈上升趋势,但胁迫时间不同,各处理与对照间的差异显著性也不同;4)随着酸度的增大,元宝枫叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PIabs)、以单位面积为基础的性能指数(PIcs)均逐渐变小。当胁迫时间分别为0和15d时,pH值为4.0的酸雨处理下叶片的Fv/Fm值和PIabs与对照间均无显著差异,在pH值分别为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理下叶片的Fv/Fm值和PIabs均显著低于对照。研究结果表明:轻度酸雨(pH值为4.0)胁迫下,元宝枫植株渗透调节物质、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数的变化均不大,而其他处理尤其在重度酸雨(pH值为2.0)处理下,元宝枫植株的生长发育受到了严重的影响。     

Leaf gas exchange and growth of flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive tree species under low soil redox conditions

Seedlings of Taxodium distichum L., Quercus lyrata Walt. and Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell. were grown for 22 days in a rhizotron system providing two soil redox potential regimes, +170 mV (low Eh) and +560 mV (high Eh). Leaf chlorophyll concentration and gas exchange, root alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, root and leaf ethylene production, and growth and biomass partitioning were measured. In response to the low Eh soil treatment, stomatal conductance was reduced in Q. falcata and Q. lyrata but not in T. distichum, whereas net photosynthesis was reduced significantly in all species; however, net photosynthesis in T. distichum began to recover within 2 weeks of treatment initiation. Within each treatment, mean stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were significantly greater in T. distichum than in the oak species. Leaf chlorophyll concentration was not affected by the soil treatments. All species showed significant reductions in root and leaf dry weights in response to the low Eh soil condition. The low Eh soil treatment resulted in increased root ADH activity and ethylene production in T. distichum, but had no effect on root ADH activity and ethylene production in the oak species.     

Changes in physiological attributes of ponderosa pine from seedling to mature tree

Plant physiological models are generally parameterized from many different sources of data, including chamber experiments and plantations, from seedlings to mature trees. We obtained a comprehensive data set for a natural stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and used these data to parameterize the physiologically based model, TREGRO. Representative trees of each of five tree age classes were selected based on population means of morphological, physiological, and nearest neighbor attributes. Differences in key physiological attributes (gas exchange, needle chemistry, elongation growth, needle retention) among the tree age classes were tested. Whole-tree biomass and allocation were determined for seedlings, saplings, and pole-sized trees. Seasonal maxima and minima of gas exchange were similar across all tree age classes. Seasonal minima and a shift to more efficient water use were reached one month earlier in seedlings than in older trees because of decreased soil water availability in the rooting zone of the seedlings. However, carbon isotopic discrimination of needle cellulose indicated increased water-use efficiency with increasing tree age. Seedlings had the lowest needle and branch elongation biomass growth. The amount of needle elongation growth was highest for mature trees and amount of branch elongation growth was highest for saplings. Seedlings had the highest biomass allocation to roots, saplings had the highest allocation to foliage, and pole-sized trees had the highest allocation to woody tissues. Seedlings differed significantly from pole-sized and older trees in most of the physiological traits tested. Predicted changes in biomass with tree age, simulated with the model TREGRO, closely matched those of trees in a natural stand to 30 years of age.     

Effects of soil drought on photosynthetic traits and antioxidant enzyme activities in Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings

Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors in vegetation recovery and reconstruction in the semi-arid area of loess hilly regions. Leaf photosynthesis in Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., a common tree grown in this region, decreases under water stress, but the mechanism responsible is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on photosynthesis and the relationship between photosynthetic variables and soil water contents to help us better understand the photophysiological characteristics of H. rhamnoides under water stress and guide cultivation in the loess hilly region. Here,gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of 3-year-old saplings of H.rhamnoides grown in pots were tested under eight soil water conditions. When soil water content(RWC) was between 38.9 and 70.5 %, stomatal limitation was responsible for the reduced net photosynthetic rate(PN).When RWC was lower than 38.9 %, nonstomatal limitation was the main factor restricting PN. Moderate water stress improved the water use efficiency(WUE) of the leaf.Water stress significantly influenced fluorescence variables and the antioxidant enzyme system. When RWC was between 38.9 and 70.5 %, nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ) increased and then decreased, indicating that thermal energy dissipation was a significant photoprotection mechanism. Antioxidant enzymes were activated when RWC ranged from 48.3 to 70.5 %; under severe water stress(RWC \ 38.9 %), the antioxidant enzyme system was damaged, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes declined, and membranes were damaged. In the semiarid loess hilly region, RWC between 58.6 and 70.5 % was the economic water threshold value that maintained higher WUE and PN, and the maximum soil water deficit level that could sustain H. rhamnoides was RWC of 38.9 %.     

Factors influencing germination and establishment of Eucalyptus pauciflora near the alpine tree line

Factors affecting seed germination, seedling establishment and growth to reproductive maturity in Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. at the tree line in southeastern Australia were investigated. Timing of germination was determined principally by temperature but could be strongly modified by soil water. Mortality of germinants was heaviest during the first growing season (dependent on soil water) and the first winter (dependent on the depth and duration of snow cover). Neither plant nor soil treatments with insecticide or fungicide had an overriding or consistent effect on germination or seedling establishment. The probability of reaching the sapling stage was greater for planted seedlings than for plants germinated on site, indicating the dependence of survival on accumulated reserves. There was no clear indication of a general decrease in survival with increasing altitude, because of an interplay between elevation and site factors including competing vegetation, snow depth and period of snow cover. Five-year-old saplings planted up to 200 m above the tree line produced reproductive structures and viable seed between the ages of 13 and 18 years. The relevance of the results to an understanding of the location of the present tree line is discussed.     

Carbon budget of Pinus sylvestris saplings after four years of exposure to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration

To study the responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a commercially important tree species in Europe, to future increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), we grew saplings for 4 years in the ground in open-top chambers in ambient or ambient + 400 micromol mol(-1) CO2, without supplemental addition of nutrients and water. Carbon (C) budgets were developed for trees in both CO2 treatments based on productivity and biomass data obtained from destructive harvests at the end of the third and fourth years of treatment, and simulations of annual gross photosynthesis (P(tot)) and maintenance respiration by the model MAESTRA. Simulated P(tot) was enhanced by elevated [CO2], despite significant down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity. The subsequent increase in C uptake was allocated primarily to tissues with limited longevity (needles and fine roots), which explains why the measured annual increment in woody biomass did not differ between CO2 treatments. Thus, our results suggest that accelerated stem growth only occurs in the first 2 years in the presence of elevated [CO2] and that forest rotations will not be shortened significantly in response to increasing [CO2]. In elevated [CO2], a higher proportion of available C was allocated below ground, resulting in altered biomass distribution patterns. In trees of equal size, measured ratios of fine root/needle biomass and belowground/aboveground biomass were almost twice as large in the elevated [CO2] treatment. Although there are uncertainties in scaling from saplings to mature canopies, the data indicate that, in nutrient-limited Scots pine forests, elevated [CO2] is unlikely to accelerate tree growth significantly, but is likely to increase C inputs to soil.     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。