施肥技术对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

在每hm^2施鱼粉有机-无机复混肥1500kg的大田生产条件下，采用随机区组设计，设置5种施肥技术处理，研究其对甘蔗农艺性状、生理生化特性、蔗茎产量及品质等方面的生长效应。结果表明：D处理蔗茎产量和含糖量最高，D处理与A处理的蔗茎产量差异达显著水平，含糖量差异达极显著水平；D处理与B、C、E处理间的含糖量差异达显著水平；其他处理间差异不显著。     

云南蔗区播期与水氮耦合对甘蔗产量和糖分影响

播期调控和水氮优化管理是提高作物产量和品质的有效措施。德宏是云南甘蔗主产区之一,属于典型的湿润蔗区,然而播期和水氮管理对该区甘蔗生产的耦合效应尚不明确。该文基于云南德宏蔗区瑞丽甘蔗试验站的大田分期播种试验数据评估了APSIM-Sugar(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator-Sugar)模型的适应性,并应用验证后的模型进行了播期和水氮耦合对甘蔗大田生产影响的情景模拟,通过比较不同耦合方式下的蔗茎产量、蔗茎含糖量、水分和氮肥利用效率等指标差异,分析了云南德宏蔗区雨养和灌溉条件下的最优播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明:APSIM-Sugar模型能够较准确的模拟云南德宏蔗区甘蔗代表品种(ROC22和YZ0551)在典型播期下的蔗茎产量和含糖量变化趋势,模拟相对均方根误差在10%以内,决定系数R~2大于0.9。播期调控和水氮优化能够为德宏蔗区的甘蔗生产提供积极影响,雨养条件下采用春植或冬植有利于甘蔗稳产和水氮高效利用,灌溉条件下采用秋植或春植有利于甘蔗高产和水氮高效利用。云南德宏等湿润蔗区旱地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,冬植蔗12月下旬播种,施用纯氮60 kg/hm~2,可获得95～100t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于19%)。水浇地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,施用纯氮120 kg/hm~2,配合伸长期灌水360 mm,可获得近120 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于17%);秋植蔗10月下旬播种,施用纯氮180 kg/hm~2,配合分蘖期和伸长期灌水720 mm,可获得近170 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于18%)。研究结果可为在云南湿润蔗区进行甘蔗生产的播期调控和水氮优化提供依据,为甘蔗高产高效种植管理决策提供参考。     

富镧稀土对甘蔗品种新台糖1号经济性状的效应

甘蔗品种新台糖１号在分蘖期叶面喷施４５ｍｇ／Ｌ富镧稀土,最终使小区有效茎数、茎长、茎径和单茎重都有所提高,获得了显著的增产效果;而且促进了甘蔗的蔗糖积累,使甘蔗蔗糖分和蔗汁重力纯度明显提高,还原糖分降低,明显提高了甘蔗品质。在供试的３个富镧稀土产品中,以９７％Ｌａ２Ｏ３的效果最好,其甘蔗产量和公顷含糖量显著高于对照（水）和生产上广泛使用的＂常乐＂稀土。     

甘蔗组织中过氧化物酶活性及其与生长和工艺成熟的关系初探

甘蔗幼苗中的过氧化物酶活性主要分布在叶片中。甘蔗+1叶的过氧化物酶活性在分蘖初期有一高峰,随后剧降,在旺盛伸长的时期几乎不表现,11月份后随着气温下降,生长减慢,酶活性重新出现高峰。这时蔗茎大量积累糖分,进入工艺成熟期。在早熟品种和中国原种中,植株矮小的基因型过氧化物酶活性较高,在工艺成熟期,早熟品种的酶活性也较中晚熟品种的高。     

仙游县甘蔗生产的气象条件初步分析

一、甘蔗伸长期与气象条件的关系促进甘蔗伸长(或产量)的因素是复杂的,在这复杂的因子中,光温条件对甘蔗的影响是主要的。只有在较高气温和较多日照时数下,蔗茎才能长得又长又粗,有较高的产量和含糖量。一定的光照在不同的温度条件下,所形成的光合物质是不等量的,所以     

宿根蔗平茬技术应用效果分析

为了探讨宿根蔗平茬对甘蔗出苗的影响,就甘蔗品种“GT42”进行了宿根蔗平茬的试验。研究结果表明:宿根蔗平茬后能提高甘蔗发株率、分蘖率,增加甘蔗有效茎,提高产量和含糖量,对甘蔗株高、茎径影响不明显;平茬+腐殖酸处理与平茬处理效果相当。     

10个甘蔗新品种在崇左蔗区的比较试验

甘蔗品种比较试验是对特定区域甘蔗品种丰产性、稳产性和适应性的一种重要测试手段。通过对10个品种一年新植两年宿根进行比较试验,分析各参试品种的主要农艺性状、蔗茎产量、蔗糖分及含糖量、抗逆性,发现综合性状表现良好的品种是海蔗22号、桂糖06-2081、桂糖08-1180、福农09-2201等4个品种。研究结果可为崇左蔗区甘蔗新品种引进、示范和推广提供参考依据。     

机械种植不同行距对甘蔗农艺与经济性状的影响

为了探寻机械种植下甘蔗对行距适应性的最佳模式,使农机与农艺相结合,为促进甘蔗高产提供科学依据,以柳城05/136为供试甘蔗品种,于2015年1月开始下种,采用机械种植作业,设4个不同行距(1.1、1.3、1.5、1.7 m)处理,调查甘蔗农艺性状、产量指标及品质等指标并进行分析。结果表明,机械种植下不同行距处理,在出苗数、株高、伸长量、根系活力指标中,1.1m处理均高于其他处理,且随行距加宽呈现递减的趋势,而叶绿素含量1.7 m处理在生长前期显著高于其他处理。产量品质指标方面,各处理茎长及茎径之间并无显著性差异,而有效茎数及产量存在显著性差异,1.1 m产量最高,且品质较好。对于甘蔗品种柳城05/136,在1.1 m行距种植表现出较大优势,可应用到甘蔗机械化生产中。     

不同种植模式对甘蔗根际土壤生物学特性的影响

甘蔗多年单一化的宿根栽培导致甘蔗产量下降，而套种豆科作物能较明显地提高宿根蔗产量。本研究以赣蔗18 的新植栽培、 宿根栽培和宿根/大豆套种栽培的甘蔗根际土壤为对象，结合土壤微生物区系、 土壤酶活性，甘蔗基本农艺性状及其产量、 质量指标，揭示宿根蔗套种大豆的增产机制及生物学意义。结果表明，不同种植模式下甘蔗蔗糖含量基本一致，但宿根蔗套种大豆由于茎径粗大而较宿根连作表现出明显的产量优势。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤酶活性有显著差异，套种明显提高了宿根蔗根际土壤酶活性，尤其是与碳、 氮、 磷循环相关的蔗糖酶、 脲酶、 酸性磷酸单酯酶。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量有显著性差异，单一宿根连作甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例降低，而宿根蔗套种大豆根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例提高，使甘蔗根际土壤微生物从真菌型向细菌型转变。总之，单一的宿根连作可导致根际土壤总微生物量及酶活性下降，引起土壤微生物介导的营养循环受阻，从而使甘蔗产量下降，而宿根蔗套种大豆模式对根际土壤微生物区系具有明显的改善作用，宿根蔗具有明显的产量优势。     

国家甘蔗品种生产示范试验初报

本文报道了来自福建、广西、广东、云南四省（区）１０个甘蔗品种在广西的生产试验结果。试验结果表明：桂糖８０、闽糖８６／０５两品种的蔗茎产量,甘蔗蔗糖分含火糖量表现突出。桂糖８９／５蔗茎产量为９２．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２４．８％和１３８．５％;含糖量达１４．４１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２;分别为ＣＫ１、ＣＫ２的１２７．５％和１３８．４％。闽糖８６／０５新宿根蔗茎平均产量为８３．９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,分     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni,Mn, V,and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.