陇东优质高产绒山羊选育的研究

通过对陇东绒山羊的选育和提高,组建了陇东优质高产绒山羊群,其成年公母羊产绒量分别为693.75±135.29 g和493.46±93.78 g,和陇东绒山羊新品系公母羊相比,产绒量显著提高（P〈0.05）;公母羊羊绒细度分别为15.03±0.85μm和14.56±0.76μm,和陇东绒山羊相比,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;公母羊羊绒的自然长度分别为5.89±0.63 cm和5.26±0.37cm,和陇东绒山羊相比,差异显著（P〈0.05）。因此,陇东优质高产绒山羊产绒量高,羊绒纤维细、长、延伸性好,属优质山羊绒,符合国际羊绒精纺要求并达到了同类纤维理想水平。     

中蒙绒山羊主要生产性能比较分析

为比较分析内蒙古二郎山绒山羊与蒙古国棕色绒山羊主要生产性能的差异,每个品种选取60只绒山羊进行生产性能测定,并利用SAS软件和Excel进行统计分析。结果表明,二郎山绒山羊平均体斜长、胸围及产绒量极显著高于蒙古国棕色绒山羊（P〈0.01）,在平均绒细度和体重上,二郎山绒山羊显著高于蒙古国棕色绒山羊（P〈0.05）;2个品种绒山羊体高、体斜长、胸围与体重相关关系极显著（P〈0.01）,相关关系最大的是胸围;2个品种绒细度与产绒量之间呈正相关,但不显著（P〉0.05）,二郎山绒山羊绒长度与产绒量相关关系极显著（P〈0.01）。另外,2个品种绒山羊的体高、体斜长与绒长度之间存在负相关;蒙古国棕色绒山羊的胸围与绒长度之间也存在负相关。综合性能上,二郎山绒山羊品种优势比蒙古国棕色绒山羊明显。     

陇东绒山羊专门化新品系培育的研究

对陇东绒山羊的选育和提高,组建了陇东绒山羊绒长绒多型和绒细绒密型专门化新品系,其产绒量两品系公母羊分别为586．32±121．39g、467．48±95．16g和579．28±113．26g、456．13±80．78g,和陇东绒山羊公母羊相比,产绒量有一定提高,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）;羊绒细度两品系公母羊分别为14．95±0．83μm、14．89±0．86μm和14．68±0.79μm、14．45±0．81μm,和陇东绒山羊相比,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

硫营养补饲对陇东绒山羊产绒量的影响

硫营养元素在绒山羊代谢过程中是限制绒山羊绒纤维生长的主要因素,绒毛纤维中硫含量影响绒毛的纺织性能。针对陇东地区牧草含硫量低的问题,通过对陇东绒山羊生绒旺季补饲硫营养,观察绒纤维品质和产量,结果表明:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别补饲0.25%蛋氨酸、0.25%硫酸钠、0.3%硫酸钠,产绒量分别为513.67±109.36g、538.76±135.29g、570.69±125.83g,对照组产绒量为418.83±98.29g,试验各组比对照组分别增绒22.64%、28.64%和36.26%,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组比对照组差异显著(p<0.05),试验Ⅲ组比对照组差异极显著(p<0.01)。因此适当补饲硫营养对提高陇东绒山羊产绒量有显著影响,提高了绒产量和绒品质。     

燕山绒山羊体尺、体重、绒厚与产绒量的相关回归分析

为探究燕山绒山羊体尺、体重、绒厚与产绒量的相互关系,对燕山绒山羊各体尺指标、抓绒后体重、绒厚与产绒量进行相关分析、通径分析和回归分析,并建立最优回归方程.结果 表明,体长(X1)、体高(X2)、胸围(X.)、绒厚(X5)、抓绒后体重(X6)与产绒量(Y)均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),绒厚对产绒量的直接作用最大(0....     

陇东绒山羊主要体尺与产绒性能关系的测定分析

试验测定陇东绒山羊主要体尺、体重及产绒量,并做了相关回归分析。结果表明,成年公羊体长、体重、绒长与产绒量呈中等正相关(r为0.5112、0.5876、0.5434),相关关系均极显著(P<0.01),胸围与产绒量呈弱正相关(r为0.2765),相关关系显著(P<0.05);角间距与产绒量呈弱负相关(r为-0.2291),相关关系不显著(P>0.05)。成年母羊体重、绒长与产绒量呈中等正相关(r分别为0.3079、0.4968),相关关系均极显著(P<0.01);胸围与产绒量呈弱正相关(r为0.2136),相关关系极显著(P<0.01);角间距与产绒量呈弱负相关(r为-0.218),相关关系显著(P<0.05);体长与产绒量呈弱正相关(r为0.1407),相关关系显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,注重选择绒山羊的绒长、体长、体重及胸围等经济性状,可以提高产绒量。     

陇东绒山羊主要经济性状遗传力估测

试验测定了陇东绒山羊的主要经济性状,采用父系半同胞相关法估测了遗传力。结果表明,陇东绒山羊周岁母羊产绒量、体重、体高、体长、胸围、管围、羊绒直径、绒层厚度、羊绒伸直长度的遗传力分别为0．4129、0．3871、0．3732、0．3128、0．3468、0．2873、0．4013、0．3916、0．3908,为陇东绒山羊的科研育种提供了一定的科学依据。     

光控增绒技术在彩色绒山羊中的应用效果研究

[目的]评价光控增绒技术在蒙古国不同彩色绒山羊品种上的应用效果。[方法]从蒙古国5个省选取7个彩色绒山羊品种,将选自相同地区、相同品种的绒山羊分为试验组和对照组,利用绒山羊光控增绒专利技术(一种绒山羊增绒的饲养方法)对试验组绒山羊进行处理,测定并比较各品种试验组和对照组绒山羊的绒厚度、绒产量、绒细度等指标。[结果]2015—2017年测定的7个品种试验组羊只的绒厚度与产绒量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);2017年测定的3个品种试验组羊只的绒细度与对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。[结论]光控增绒技术适用于蒙古国彩色绒山羊(红山羊和黑山羊品种)生产,该技术在不改变绒细度的前提下增绒效果显著。     

出生类型和年龄对陇东绒山羊主要经济性状的影响

以2012～2017年陇东绒山羊育种核心群母羊测定(调查)资料,运用最小二乘方差法分析出生类型和年龄对主要经济性状的影响。结果表明:出生类型对产绒量和出生重有极显著影响(P<0.01),对断奶重有显著影响(P<0.05),对绒长度、绒直径和抓绒后体重无显著影响(P>0.05);年龄对产绒量、绒长、绒直径和抓绒后体重均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。产绒高峰期在2～4岁,5岁时体重最大,2～6岁是生长发育及产绒的理想利用时期。     

陕北白绒山羊皮肤毛囊形态结构及其特征参数与产绒性状的相关性分析

试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构及其特征参数与产绒性状间的相关性,为绒山羊绒毛生长的分子调控机理研究及皮肤毛囊性状在绒山羊选育中的应用提供参考。通过制作陕北白绒山羊皮肤组织切片,用显微照相系统观察皮肤毛囊形态特征,统计分析皮肤和毛囊的特征参数,并用SPSS 17.0软件分析特征参数与产绒性状各指标的相关性。结果显示,陕北白绒山羊毛囊成群分布且以三元型毛囊群为主,占总毛囊群的85.80%;产绒量与体重、绒长度、S/P值、次级毛球宽度均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与次级毛囊密度呈显著正相关(P0.05),与表皮厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05);绒长度与产绒量、次级毛球宽度均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与体重、S/P值、次级毛囊直径均呈显著正相关(P0.05),与表皮厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05);绒细度与S/P值呈显著负相关(P0.05);S/P值影响绒细度,而体重、绒长度、S/P值、次级毛囊密度(绒密度)显著影响产绒量(P0.05)。综合分析认为,S/P值可以作为陕北白绒山羊选种工作中的一个重要性状指标,在育种工作中选择高S/P值个体,不仅能够提高产绒量,而且能够提高绒长度、降低绒细度,解决产绒量和绒品质同时提高的矛盾。     

不同水平发酵豆粕对肉鸡肠黏膜结构的影响

有研究表明,鱼粉在鸡日粮中配比过高会引起胃肠组织糜烂,严重时导致死亡。豆粕因含有较多的抗营养因子,直接饲喂会导致动物(尤其是幼龄动物)腹泻,生长缓慢、停滞甚至死亡。发酵豆粕是利用现代生物工程发酵技术,以优质豆粕为主要原料,将大豆蛋白降解为小分子蛋白、     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Intestinal villus histological alterations in broilers fed dietary dried fermented ginger

To evaluate the effect of dietary dried fermented ginger (DFG) on intestinal villous histological alteration and growth performance, 64 Marshall Chunky male broilers were divided into four groups, each with four replicates of four chickens. Birds were fed the basal commercial mash diet supplemented with DFG at 0 (control), 5, 10 and 20 g/kg for 42 days. With increasing dietary DFG levels, feed intake tended to decrease and significantly decreased in the 20 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05). Weight gain was higher in all the DFG groups, with the highest in the 10 g/kg DFG group (p < 0.05), resulting in an improved feed efficiency in all the DFG groups. Intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in all the intestinal segments were higher in all the DFG groups than in the control group. Protuberated cells and cell clusters were found in all the DFG groups, suggesting that the intestinal villi and cells might be hypertrophied. The present results indicate that dietary DFG can be used as a natural feed additive to induce broiler growth performance as a result of stimulation of morphological maturation and in consequence intestinal function.     

Age-related intestinal monosaccharides transporters expression and villus surface area increase in broiler and layer chickens

In the chicken small intestine, glucose is mainly transported by the apically located sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and the basolaterally located glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Fructose is transported by the apically located glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) and similarly by GLUT2. During the early post-hatching period, the intestinal villus surface area (VSA) should be considered as an important factor related to the monosaccharide absorption capacity. Our objective here was to study intestinal monosaccharide absorption by analyzing the effects of age, diet, and breed on monosaccharide transporters and the VSA. The mRNA expression patterns of SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5 genes in broiler and layer chickens were measured from the day of hatching to day 28 using the absolute quantitative real-time PCR. Both the intestinal mRNA expression levels of these genes and the VSA were affected by age. The mRNA expression levels of SGLT1 and GLUT2 were significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 and then decreased from day 3 to day 28. The expression levels of GLUT5 decreased from day 1 to day 7. The broiler chickens VSAs were significantly larger than those of the layer chickens from days 7 to 28. The effect of diet on the gene expression patterns of these monosaccharide transporters and the VSA were not significant. Our results suggest that the expression levels of these monosaccharide transporters are increased rapidly at the beginning of intestinal growth to meet the demands for monosaccharides to support the fast growth of the chick before day 7. As intestinal maturation and VSA increased, the expression levels of these monosaccharide genes decreased to a certain expression level to maintain the intestinal transport capacity and the absorption balance of all other nutrients.     

Intestinal villus recovery in chickens refed semi-purified protein-, fat-, or fibre-free pellet diets

1. To determine which macronutrient, protein, fat, or fibre is most effective at inducing structural recovery of intestinal villi after feed withdrawal, male layer chickens were allotted to the following groups: intact control (IC), 3-d feed withdrawal (F), ad libitum refeeding of a formula mash diet (AFM), or force-feeding of a formula (FFP) or semi-purified well-balanced (FSP), protein-free (FSPP), fat-free (FSPF), or fibre-free (FSPFi) pellet diets for one day after 3-d feed withdrawal. 2. After refeeding, the formula diet groups increased in villus height and apparent area. However, not all of the semi-purified groups recovered to the levels of the formula diet groups in all light microscopic variables, except in terms of a further decrease in cell mitosis in the FSPP group compared to the F group. Of the semi-purified groups, the FSPFi group tended to be the highest for all variables. This result suggests that the semi-purified diets did not induce villus recovery faster than the formula diet, especially in the case of the protein-free pellet diet. 3. After refeeding, a smooth surface of villus tip in the F group changed to a rough surface, with cell protuberances in the AFM group. This morphological recovery was clearer in the FFP group. Compared with the FFP group, the semi-purified groups had cell protuberances which extended further into the intestinal lumen, and more cell clusters. Among the semi-purified groups, epithelial cells were smaller in the FSPP and larger in the FSPFi than in the other groups. This result suggests that the semi-purified diet can induce a quicker cell recovery than the formula diet but that the protein-free diet is the slowest. 4. The present study demonstrates that protein is the most important nutrient for the recovery of intestinal villi after feed withdrawal.     

Intestinal villus histological alterations in piglets fed dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid

To investigate the effects of dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid (CWVC, 4 : 1) on intestinal villus histology, piglets were fed 0, 1, 3 and 5% dietary CWVC diets for 30 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were measured during the experimental period. At the end of the experiments, intestinal villus height, epithelial cell area and cell mitosis were examined using light microscopy (LM), and the duodenal villus tip surface was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Feed efficiency tended to be improved in the CWVC group. The 3% CWVC group showed the highest value, followed by 1% CWVC group of most LM parameters in most intestinal parts, but the 5% CWVC group showed the almost similar value compared with the control. In addition, on the duodenal villus tip surface, the 3% CWVC group showed a clearer cell outline, larger cells and cells protuberated further into the lumen than those of the 1% CWVC group. However, the 5% CWVC group showed faint SEM features than the 1% CWVC group. The present trend of improved feed efficiency after feedings of dietary CWVC demonstrates that the CWVC could be incorporated into piglet diets up to 3% level, and that the CWVC might activate intestinal functions both at villus and cellular levels.     

Chorionic villus sampling for sex determination in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Chorionic villus sampling was undertaken on an anesthetized gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to determine the fetal sex in the first trimester of pregnancy. The tissue samples were subject to sex determination by polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and cell culture with cytogenetic analysis. Polymerase chain reaction testing was found to be the most accurate and rapid method of sex determination on this tissue sample.     

Effect of experimentally-induced villus atrophy on adhesion of K88ac-positive Escherichia coli in just-weaned piglets

Three- to four-week-old, just-weaned piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus and the next day with K88ac+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Histological examination of caudal jejunum and ileum of piglets killed 2-3 days after virus challenge (1-2 days after ETEC infection) revealed severe villus atrophy especially in the jejunum compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Four-5 days after TGE virus infection villus length increased and after 7 days it was near normal. Villi scraped from jejunal and ileal mucosa of the piglets were incubated in vitro with K88ac+ E. coli and the number of bacteria adhering to 250 micron villus brush border was counted. Attachment of bacteria to villi of piglets killed 2-3 days after TGE virus infection was significantly decreased in comparison with adhesion to villi of non-infected piglets or of piglets killed 7 days after the virus infection. Correlation between in vitro adhesion and villus height was 0.6649 (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that the experimentally-induced villus atrophy was attended with a temporarily diminished susceptibility of villus enterocytes to adhesion of K88ac+ E. coli.     

Development of villus atrophy in the small intestine of sheep infected with Trichostrongylus rugatus

Pairs of sheep infected with 120 000 larvae of Trichostrongylus rugatus were killed at intervals from 2 to 56 days after infection (DAI). Worms were located in tunnels in the epithelium of villi or upper intestinal crypts at all stages of development. Villus atrophy developed progressively until 16 DAI, when surface microtopography, characterised by subtotal villus atrophy, stabilised. Most severe lesions were in the first 3 m of small intestine where the density of nematodes was highest. Discontinuities in the epithelium and effusion of inflammatory cells and tissue fluids into the lumen were rare. No effects of infection on body-weight gain, appetite or serum total protein and albumin were evident in the first 20 days of infection. However, it was concluded that T. rugatus fundamentally resembled T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus in the response it elicited in the intestine of sheep, and must be considered potentially pathogenic.     

不同水平的植物乳杆菌代谢产物对肉鸡生长性能、粪微生物菌群及绒毛形态的影响

本试验在日粮中添加不同水平的植物乳杆菌代谢产物,研究其对肉鸡生长性能、粪微生物菌群、挥发性脂肪酸含量及小肠绒毛形态的影响。选择健康、体重一致的1日龄AA肉鸡576只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复24只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮+80 mg/kg新霉素,处理组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4和0.5%不同水平的植物乳杆菌代谢产物。试验共进行42 d。结果显示:0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组较对照组、0.1%、0.3%和0.5%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组显著提高了42 d肉鸡末重、总增重和平均日增重(P <0.05),0.1%和0.3%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组较0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组显著提高了肉鸡饲料转化率(P <0.05)。对照组较各植物乳杆菌代谢产物组显著提高了粪中大肠杆菌含量(P <0.05),与0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组相比,对照组、0.1%、0.2%和0.5植物乳杆菌代谢产物组显著降低了粪中乙酸含量(P <0.05),0.1%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组较0.3%、0.4%和0.5%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组显著提高了粪中丁酸含量(P <0.05)。0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组总挥发性脂肪酸含量最高,显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度显著高于其他各组(P <0.05),0.2%和0.3%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组十二指肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组、0.1%和0.5%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组(P <0.05),0.2%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组空肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组、0.1%和0.5%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组(P <0.05)。0.1%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组回肠绒毛高度最高(P <0.05)。对照组和0.1%组植物乳杆菌代谢产物十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度显著高于0.4%和0.5%植物乳杆菌代谢产物组(P <0.05),但对照组回肠隐窝深度最低(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮添加植物乳杆菌代谢产物可以改善肉鸡生长性能,降低粪中大肠杆菌含量,提高小肠绒毛高度和粪中挥发性脂肪酸含量,其中日粮添加0.2%和0.4%植物乳杆菌代谢产物对肉鸡增重、饲料转化率和绒毛高度的影响最佳。     

复合益生菌对育肥猪生长性能、肠绒毛形态及肝脏脂代谢的影响

本研究旨在评估日粮补充以枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌和酵母菌组成的复合益生菌对育肥猪生长性能、小肠绒毛形态及肝脏脂代谢相关指标的影响.试验将208头体重接近的18周龄三元育肥猪随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复26头.对照组育肥猪饲喂基础日粮,处理组育肥猪饲喂基础日粮+1.5?g/kg由乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌组成的复合...