深圳市道路绿化管养标准体系构建浅析

城市道路绿化在改善城市生态环境、提升市民生活质量方面有重要作用。在道路绿化中,管养工作是维持道路绿化活力的重要内容。通过考察研究深圳市以及其他省市的道路绿化管养标准体系,分析对比每个城市的道路绿化管养标准体系现状,指出了深圳市道路绿化管养标准体系具有建立较早、内容较为全面的优势,以及存在体系架构不健全、部分标准标龄过长、可量化执行标准较少等方面的不足。并从系统性、指导性、先进性角度提出优化建议,将深圳市道路绿化管养标准体系划分为基础标准和道路绿化管养通用标准两大部分,其中基础标准分为术语标准等4个大类,道路绿化管养通用标准划分为质量技术等14个类别。     

日本的道路化与国土整治考察报告

应日本道路绿化保全协会会长前田光嘉先生邀请,我们对日本道路绿化、治山、治水、国土整治进行了考察,现就考察情况作一报告:(一)关于道路绿化 日本的道路绿化主要是指近30多年来高速么路及其配套的机动车道的绿化,做到了路修到那里,就绿化美化到那里.日本道路绿化具有高层次、高水平的特点,主要表现在:     

浅谈道路绿化带景观设计——以福建省道307线安溪县路段为例

道路绿化是绿色通道建设的基础工作,搞好道路绿化景观设计与树种配置,是满足道路载体功能的需要。该文从省道307线道路两侧的绿化设计原则、树种选择与搭配、混交方式、种植点配置形式等方面,论述如何进行道路绿化景观设计与树种选择与配置。     

太原市道路绿化现状调查与景观分析

通过对太原市13条主要道路绿化现状进行实地调查,发现太原市道路绿化存在着树种单一、色彩单调、配置不合理等问题。根据调查结果,分析了其道路绿化景观中的优势与不足,探讨了科学合理地营建道路绿化景观的方法。     

城市道路绿化中的植物配置

道路绿化是道路环境的重要组成部分,也是城市园林系统的重要组成要素,它直接形成城市的面貌、道路空间的性格、市民的交往环境,为居民日常生活体验提供长期的视觉形态审美客体,乃至城市文化的组成部分. 一、道路绿化的类型 道路绿化的类型狭义上仅指城市干道的绿化,广义上则包括城市干道、居住区、公园绿地和附属单位等各种类型绿地中的道路绿化.本文拟从广义的层面上分析城市道路绿化中的植物配置.     

西安市城市道路绿化现状及建设对策探讨

本文通过查阅文献资料及对西安市内道路绿化现状进行实地调查,归纳总结了西安道路绿化常见植物种类、西安道路绿化植物搭配模式以及西安道路绿化景观的特点等,根据调查结果,合理分析概括出西安城市道路绿化现存的不足与问题,结合西安市自身的地理环境、历史文化和发展水平,提出今后城市道路绿化发展建设的有效对策。     

谈徐州市城区道路绿化树种的选择

谈徐州市城区道路绿化树种的选择卢芳，马彩云，周虹道路绿化是城市建设的重要组成部分，对于遮荫覆盖、净化空气、改善环境、美化市容起着不可替代的作用，而道路绿化树种的选择又是道路绿化关键。现就我市道路绿化树种的选择作一个初步探讨。一、行道树的功能及道路绿化...     

深圳市大鹏新区道路绿化建设经济指标探析

相较于深圳市内其他城区,大鹏新区在城市交通基础设施建设领域存在较大差距,道路绿化建设尤其明显,需要对新区道路绿化建设现状、建设标准、资金投入等进行研究。本研究根据景观重要性将新区道路绿化建设标准划分3级,明确了各级标准的绿化建设要求,推荐了8类道路绿化建设模式并对其进行了经济指标测算,结合调研数据提出了大鹏新区不同等级城市道路绿化建设经济指标的参考值,从而为大鹏新区政府有关道路绿化建设项目方面的投资决策提供科学依据。     

珠海经济特区道路绿化及其特点

一、道路绿化现状珠海经济特区的道路主要分布在香洲、吉大、拱北三个区(片)。道路绿化的建设和维护管理都是由市政府直接投资,市园林管理处负责落实完成。城区道路绿化的建设基本上是从1980年建立珠海经济特区以后才开始的,由于市政府的高度重视,道路绿化的建设得到了迅速发展。成立特区以前,市区道路绿化仅有香洲老城区的凤凰路、新港路、朝阳路、先烈     

白银城区道路绿化造景样式与植物种类筛选

提高道路绿化质量旨在提升城市品味,满足城市居民改善城区环境的要求。总结10余年的白银城区道路绿化提质改造探索历程,先后采用过造景样式17个,筛选确定其中8个样式不适宜道路绿化,9个样式适宜道路绿化;先后使用过36个植物品种,筛选确定其中19个品种不适宜道路绿化(含1个两用树种),18个品种适宜道路绿化。改造后,展现出整洁、重复建设少、景观效果持续久的生态环境,城区道路绿化效果获得显著提升。     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析(英文)

根据白花泡桐（Paulownia fargesii）、白花兰考泡桐（P.elongata f. alba）、毛泡 桐（P. tomentosa）、川泡桐（P. fargesii）、山明泡桐（P. lamprophylla）、成都泡桐 (P. albiphloea var chengtuensis)、鄂川泡桐（P. albiphloea）、南方泡桐（P. austra lis）、白花泡桐（P. fortunei）、兰考泡桐（P. elongata）叶片蛋白质单向电泳和双向 电泳结果，可将它们聚类分为白花泡桐组（白花泡桐和白花兰考泡桐）、南方泡桐组（南方 泡桐和成都泡桐）和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐、川泡桐、鄂川泡桐、山明泡桐和兰考泡桐）。该结 果为泡桐属植物的分类提供了参考依据，也为泡桐属植物种确立、杂种鉴定和新品种培育奠 定了基础。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Some biological interactions between the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus pseudococci</Emphasis> (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus ficus</Emphasis> (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males, development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68 in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o. and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore, effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r _m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs.     

Nitrogen contribution of five leguminous trees and shrubs to alley cropped maize in Ibadan, Nigeria

There are abundant local legume trees and shrubs potentially suitable for alley cropping systems in the sub-Saharan Africa, which are yet to be studied. The nitrogen contribution of two years old Albizia lebbeck and S. corymbosato yield of maize grown in alley cropping was compared to that of Senna siamea, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala in four seasons at Ibadan. Maize shoot biomass and maize grain yield in A. lebbeck alley compared favourably with that in G. sepium and L. leucocephala. Maize biomass and grain yield in S. corymbosa alleys were the lowest. Within A. lebbeck, L. leucocpehala, and G. sepium alleys there were no significant differences in the maize yield in the alleys that received 0, 40 or 80 kg N/ha. Application of more than 40 kg N/ha in S. corymbosa alleys was not necessary as there was no significant increase in maize yield at the higher level of nitrogen. Maize yield and N uptake in A. lebbeck alleys were not significantly different from yield and N uptake in G. sepium, and L. leucocephala at the same fertilizer level. There was a significant correlation between hedgerow tree biomass and maize grain yield. At the end of twelve weeks after pruning application, the organic residues of the pruning applied in the alleys ranged from 5% in G. sepium and 44% in A. lebbeck in the first year compared with the original pruning applied which showed that the slow rate of A. lebbeck decomposition could have a beneficial effect on the soil. The maize N recovery from applied N fertilizer was low (10–22%). Percentage N recovery from the prunings was low in the non-N fixing trees (12–22%), while the recovery was high (49–59%) in A. lebbeck as well as in the other nitrogen fixing tree prunings. Thus A. lebbeck, apart from enhancing maize growth and grain yield like in L. leucocephala and G. sepium, had an added advantage because it remained longer as mulching material on the soil because of its slow rate of decomposition. It was able to survive pruning frequencies with no die-back. This indicates that A. lebbeck is a good potential candidate for alley cropping system in West Africa. S. corymbosa performed poorly compared with the other legume trees. Though it responded to N fertilizer showing a positive interaction between the hedgerow and fertilizer application, it had a high die back rate following pruning periods and termite attack.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Ethnicity, land use and woody vegetation: a case study from south-western Burkina Faso

Woody vegetation in cultivated landscapes in Burkina Faso is influenced by agricultural activities that are in turn influenced by institutional arrangements. Research was undertaken in a village in south-west Burkina Faso to investigate the relationship between species composition, diversity, density, species accumulation and land use category. Additionally the relationship between number of trees, size of farmed land and farmer ethnicity was investigated. Indigenous Tiéfo farmers had on average more than double the number of large (>4 m) trees of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. f., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G. Don and Anacardium occidentale L. than farmers belonging to other ethnic groups, but this was partly explained by a larger area being available. Differences between ethnic groups were not significant when expressed per ha. Botanical inventories of fallows more than 4 years old, cultivated parklands and plantations of Mangifera indica L. and A. occidentale showed that tree density and Simpson’s index of diversity for trees were highest in the fallow. Simpson’s index was not significantly different for regeneration, but sample-based species accumulation curves indicated that species accumulation in parklands was faster than in plantations when expressed per individual. The average regeneration density was 12,605, 1,995 and 6,772 seedlings ha^-1 for fallow, parklands and plantations, respectively. This low density for parklands means that species accumulation is slow compared to the other land uses when expressed per unit area. Fallow seems the most efficient way of keeping tree diversity in the agricultural landscape.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production,litter production and decomposition

During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha^–1.a^–1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity.Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha^–1.a^–1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m³.ha^–1.a^–1.Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha^–1.a^–1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha^–1.a^–1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles.The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha^–1.a^–1): For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986.Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica     

Contact and ingestion toxicities of plant extracts to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea solitaria</Emphasis> Frey. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Thaumetopoea solitaria is a serious pest of pistachio throughout the Mediterranean and the surrounding region. In this study, contact and ingestion toxicities of Bifora radians, Fumaria officinalis, Humulus lupulus and Rhododendron ponticum extracts against T. solitaria larvae were examined under laboratory conditions. Dimethoate was used as a positive control. In the contact toxicity bioassays B. radians extract was the most toxic, causing 32% mortality. In the ingestion toxicity bioassays H. lupulus extract was the most active, causing 83% mortality after 48 h. This shows that H. lupulus is acting as a stomach poison. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for H. lupulus ingestion toxicity bioassays were 1.7 and 8.7%, respectively. The LT₅₀ value was 29.3 h. Since H. lupulus extract caused >50% mortality even 6 days after application, its long lasting residual effect promises fewer applications. These results imply that H. lupulus has potential for use as a crop protectant against T. solitaria.