杉木人工林不同密度生长进程,测树因子变化规律的研究

文中以杉木人工林标地为材料,求解林分自然稀疏线、等树高线、等直径线数学模型参数。据各线参数和地位指数表编制出不同初始密度的林分生长过程表;不同初始密度林分,有着不同生长进程及测树因子量变关系及规律,了解和掌握这些关系、规律对于人工林的定向培育具有一定的指导意义。     

杉木林分自然生长和人为控制密度生长模型研究

在会同杉木人工林林分全林整体模型的基础上,分析并建立了会同杉木人工林完满立木度林分自然生长和一般林分的自然生长的规律和模型,并采用人工神经网络方法建立了会同杉木人工林人为控制密度生长过程模型.检验结果表明,这组生长模型可以满足林业生产和科研的精度要求.     

同龄纯林自稀疏方程验证

本文以长白落松和杉木验证了作者提出的同林纯林自稀疏方程式。Ｉｎ（Ｎ）＝Ｉｎ（Ｓｆ）－Ｉｎ（Ｄ／Ｄ０）βγ＋δ）／γ证明此方式正确描述了林分自稀过程，方程式中δ由林分初始决定，β是Ｒｅｉｎｅｋｅ自稀疏系数，Ｓｆ为最大密度指数，γ是自稀疏指数，采用Ｆ检验方法证明，林分最大密度指数相当稳定且与立地，地区，年龄和初始状态无关，γ值也与立地，地区，年龄和初始状态无关，但可能存在较大的抽样误差。     

杉木、马尾松林分适宜密度变化规律的探讨

本文以杉木、马尾松为例,并以该树种林分自然稀疏线,地位指数等上层树高线数学模型及参数值,计算各树种不同初始密度、地位指数、林龄(树高)生长阶段的林分适宜密度。初始密度、地位指数愈高,其适宜密度愈高,反之,则愈低。这是各树种林分适宜密度的基本变化规律。杉木、马尾松各树种值不尽一致。同时亦由此看出,一定立地条件下之适宜密度是随林分密度生长阶段的不同而变化的一个动态过程。因此,林分适宜密度不为某定值。     

杉木林间伐强度自然稀疏与结构规律研究

在杉木人工林抚育间伐强度试验20年中,研究不同间伐强度林分自然稀疏的变化,揭示自然稀疏株数与林分密度和立地条件的关系,对杉木林密度管理图自然稀疏线数学方程M=k1·k2作出检验,提出不同间伐强度林分直径、树高和林冠结构等.自然稀疏研究表明,CK和弱度间伐自然稀疏起始期高峰期早,稀疏量大,稀疏过程具连续性,按其稀疏量可分为轻微稀疏期、剧烈稀疏期和延续稀疏期等3个阶段,若不加以人为干预,自然稀疏将是一个漫长的过程.中度和强度间伐稀疏起始期和高峰期之间呈间歇性、稀疏阶段性不明显.研究发现,林分密度和立地条件对枯死木株数均有重要作用,但密度比立地条件更重要.杉木林密管图自然稀疏线数学方程经检验,相对误差3.91%,精度较高;对其用于不同间伐强度和不同地位指数林分的实用性检验结果,CK相对误差5.23%,其他检验项目相对误差均＜5%,为容许试验误差,实用性较强.研究揭示了不同间伐强度林分径级和树高级分布规律等.研究还得出不同间伐强度林分枝下高、林冠长度和林冠相对高度的生长差异、变化动态及其与林龄增长的各种相关规律,并分别提出其与林龄和单株材积定期生长量相关的数学模型.     

同龄纯林自然稀疏密度变化的研究

根据植物种群生物量的增长模式和最大密度法则,应用Korf生长方程推导出同龄纯林最大密度的林分和一般密度的林分在自然稀疏过程中密度变化规律的模型.实例验证表明,本文所提出的自然稀疏模型有较高的准确性和较大的适用性,可用于模拟各种自然生长的林分密度动态.     

度量误差对全林整体模型的影响研究

唐守正(1991)提出的全林整体模型,是一项将生长收获模型作为系统来进行研究的重要成果,在此基础上展开了一系列的应用研究。李希菲(1991)年建立了大青山主要树种的全林整体模型并进行了精度验证,洪玲霞(1993)给出了由全林整体生长模型推导林分密度控制图的方法,唐守正等(1995)对用全林整体模型计算林分纯生长量的方法及精度分析进行了研究。建立全林整体模型时,首先对林分每公顷株数、平均直径、林分优势高、林分平均高和形高5个因子进行观测,然后利用最小二乘法,由自稀疏方程估计出自稀疏指数γ、自稀疏率β、完满立木度林分的密度指数Sf[…     

杉木、马尾松林分自然稀疏规律的研究及应用

由于林木生长过程中个体遗传性以及所处环境的不同,引起了林木的分化。林木分化的结果是一部分生长落后的林木哀亡。因此,随着林龄的增长森林的生长株数不断减少的现象,谓之为林分自然稀疏。林分生长过程表反映了林分密度株数随时间的动态变化,亦反映了林龄间单位面积林分自然稀疏数量。但一树种林龄相同,立地条件(地位级)不同的林分自然稀疏数量不一,因此,常不易掌握与应用。     

滇中地区云南松林分密度控制图的编制与运用

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)是云南省的主要用材树种。为进一步研究和掌握云南松林分生长与立木密度间的数量关系,经营好我省的云南松林,合理利用林地生产力,确定林分在不同生长发育阶段最适宜的立木密度,从而提高林分生长量,缩短培育期。我们针对滇中地区的自然特点及林分生长情况,应用林分密度这个可控变量和林分因子中可测定变量之间的联系,在引用国外吸取国内编制林分密度控制图的理论、方法的基础上,编制了该地区云南松林分密度控制图。林分密度控制图是以林分密度效应规律为基础,根据林分密度与林分各测树因子之间的数量关系,建立各种数学模型来编制的,     

落叶松、油松、白桦林分自然稀疏规律的研究及应用

由于林木生长过程中个体遗传性以及所处环境的不同,引起了林木的分化。林木分化的结果是一部分生长落后的林木衰亡,因此,对随着林龄的增长或森林的生长株数不断减少的现象,称之为林分自然稀疏。林分生长过程表中反映了林分密度株数随着时间的动态变化,亦反映了林龄间单位面积自然稀疏数量。但一树种林龄相同、立地条件(林型、地位级)不同的林分自然稀     

A growth and self-thinning model for pure even-age stands: theory and applications

A self-thinning model is developed for fully stocked and under stocked pure even-aged stands. The self-thinning power law for fully stocked stands can be considered as a special case of this model. A stand growth model is developed by combining the self-thinning model with a basal-area increment model. This stand growth model can be used to estimate the average diameter and stand density at any given stand age with any initial stand conditions. The model was tested with yield table data. The model predictions were found to be agree with independent developed yield table data.     

A stand dynamic model for red pine plantations with different initial densities

A stand dynamic model was developed to predict the growth response in even-aged forest plantations of different initial planting densities. The model is based on the integration of three subcomponents: height growth, self-thinning, and diameter increment. The integrated model uses the height of dominant trees to simulate stand response to site quality and internal growth potential. An extended self-thinning submodel is used to simulate mortality in stands due to crowding and inter-tree competition. A diameter increment submodel is used to link the height growth and self-thinning submodels. The height growth submodel is based on an application of the “Pipe Model” theory. The three-parameter self-thinning submodel is developed from an extended self-thinning law that captures self-thinning in stands before they attain full stocking. The diameter increment model is based on the assumption that diameter increment is related to height growth and available growing space described by stand density. The integrated model is applied to data collected from a 45-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation subsectioned with different initial planting densities. For the data used, only two parameters were required to capture 99% of measured variation in height growth. Additional data from sites with different planting intensities are required to formulate a more generalized height growth model. The slope of the linear self-thinning limit for red pine is approximately −1.5. Model predictions are consistent with field measurements.     

Deriving the mean mass–density trajectory by reconciling the competition–density effect law with the self-thinning law in even-aged pure stands

The competition–density (C–D) effect law refers to the relationship between mean mass w and density ρ at a particular moment among a set of tree populations grown at a wide range of densities. The self-thinning law refers to the time trajectory of w and ρ in overcrowded stands. Because these two laws have not yet been theoretically harmonised, the aim of this paper is to achieve the unification of the two laws. Under the assumption that the reciprocal equation of the C–D effect in self-thinning stands and the self-thinning equation both hold, the slope of the reciprocal equation becomes the same as that of the self-thinning equation on logarithmic scales as the growth stage progresses. Finally, the reciprocal equation is converted to the w–ρ trajectory, eliminating the biological time from the reciprocal equation. The w–ρ trajectory of stands starting with any initial density has thus been explicitly formulated. Larger values of the relative mortality rate play an important role in relieving the C–D effect and cause the w–ρ trajectory to approach the self-thinning line at an earlier stage of growth. Stands exponentially decreasing in number obey the self-thinning law after a sufficient lapse of biological time, irrespective of their initial densities. Unknown functions, such as the survivorship curve and the ceiling biomass, have been explicitly represented as a function of biological time. The approximate expression for the w–ρ trajectory suitably mimics the time trajectory of mean stem and density in an eastern pine plantation.     

Time-trajectory of mean component weight and density in self-thinning <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis> stands

The allometric relationships between mean weights of components, such as stems, branches and leaves and tree weight as well as their time-trajectories, were studied with data of self-thinning Pinus densiflora stands with different densities. The allometric relationships existed between the weights of stems, branches and leaves and the tree weight during the course of self-thinning. The stem weight ratio increased with increasing tree weight because the allometric coefficient in stem was higher than unity, whereas the branch weight ratio and the leaf weight ratio decreased because the allometric coefficients in branches and leaves were less than unity. An allometric power relationship existed between mean component weight and mean tree weight during the course of self-thinning. The time-trajectory of mean component weight (w _o) and density (ρ) in the early growth stage was expressed as a mathematical model which incorporates the allometric power relationship into the Tadaki’s model, whereas the model for describing w _o-ρ trajectory in the later growth stage was derived by combining the allometric power relationship with 3/2 power law. The two models, Tadaki’s model and 3/2 power law, showed a good fit to data from P. densiflora stands. The time-trajectories of mean tree weight (w)-density (ρ) or w _o-ρ initially almost moves nearly vertically in the low-density stand, moves along a steep curve and an inclined curve in the medium- and high-density stands, respectively, and gradually approaches self-thinning line in the early stage of stand development, whereas they reached and moved along the self-thinning line in the later stage of stand development. The self-thinning exponents were determined to be 1.71, 1.19 and 1.13 for the trees, 2.38, 1.33 and 1.20 for the stem, 3.16, 1.55 and 1.46 for the branches, 2.66, 1.39 and 1.35 for the leaves in the low-, medium- and high-density stands, respectively. The 3/2 power law of self-thinning is derived on the basis of simple geometric model of space occupation by growing trees, but allometric growth of tree and components can make the slope of the self-thinning line being different from −3/2. The reasons that the self-thinning exponents of components in the low-density stand were greater than those in the medium- and high-density stands were discussed.     

Self-thinning in prince Rupprecht's larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) stands

Prince Rupprecht's larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) stands growing at three different densities were investigated to determine characteristics of self-thinning. Tree density decreased with increasing stand age, and the higher density stand had higher mortality than the lower one. Mean stem volume increased with increasing stand age, and the higher density stand had higher relative growth rate of mean stem volume than the lower one. Mean stem volume (ν) increased with decreasing tree density (ρ), resulting in self-thinning line being expressed as ln ν=lnK-α ln ρ, whereK and α are coefficients. The slope of self-thinning line, —α, over the whole study period for all sites was similar with a mean value of —2.13. The ν-ρ trajectories before reaching the self-thinning slope of—3/2 could be described by Tadaki's model. The phase self-thinning line tended to decrease toward a slope of—3/2 with increasing stand age, which trends agreed with those of the published data of aPinus strobus stand andP. densiflora stands.     

Significant differences and curvilinearity in the self-thinning relationships of 11 temperate tree species assessed from forest inventory data

Introduction  

In pure and even-aged stands, the allometry between mean tree size and maximum stand density—or self-thinning relationship—has long been considered a constant among tree species. Although the self-thinning allometric coefficient has been shown to be species-dependent, estimates available for a given species also differ. Whether this coefficient truly varies across species thus remains an open issue. A potential cause of variation in the coefficient may lie in a departure from the allometric assumption in the self-thinning relationship.     

A derivation of the generalized Korf growth equation and its application

lntroductionFivegrowthequationsamonggreatmanyofpfantgrowthmodeIsareoffenusedindescribingthebio-IogicalprocessofpIantsorpopulationsovertime(inTable1).ThelogisticequationisusedprobablytheonemostfrequentlyusedinsimuIatingthepopuIationdynamicsinecoIogy.lnthisequation,therelativegroWthrateofplantsisexpressedasadecIininglin-earfunctionofthesizeandinfIectionp0intofitscurvecorrespondstoone-haIf0ffinaIsize(yme.)Withthecharacteristics,theequationwasoffenusedjnpre-dictingbioIogicalpopulation.However…     

Theoretical analysis of the interrelationships between self-thinning,biomass density,and plant form in dense populations of hinoki cypress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">obtusa</Emphasis>) seedlings

Interrelationships between self-thinning, biomass density, and plant form were mathematically modeled in relation to stand development in which self-thinning is either not occurring or is occurring. The relationship between biomass density and mean shoot mass is derived as a simple power function at the stage when self-thinning does not occur. When self-thinning occurs, constant biomass density is attained when the 3/2 power law of self-thinning applies and the allometric coefficient is assumed to be 1/3 in the allometry between mean plant height and aboveground mass. The applicability of this mathematical model and the allometric reformulations of the self-thinning exponent were tested using experimental data for dense populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings during the first 2 years of growth. On the basis of the results of the present model and experimental data, the dependence on competition of the mean height:diameter ratio, mean stem diameter, and leaf biomass density are discussed. As a result, the mean height:diameter ratio was almost asymptotically constant at the latter growth stage in the second-year seedlings, so that the 3/2 power law of self-thinning was held in the present analysis. However, the value of height:diameter ratio will become smaller in older stands, because tree height is considered to be asymptotic with respect to tree age due to hydraulic and other limits. Therefore, the present modeling implies that one of the reasons why the 3/2 power law from a geometric basis has been recently rejected depends on whether or not the height:diamter ratio is constant in older trees.     

The effects of species mixture on the growth and yield of mid-rotation mixed stands of Scots pine and silver birch

The effect of tree species mixture on stand volume yield and on tree-species-specific diameter and height growth rates were analysed in managed mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Ehrn.).Data were obtained from 14 repeatedly measured stands located in Southern Finland on mineral soil sites with varying admixture of Scots pine and silver birch. Statistical analysis was carried out for studying the effect of species mixture on the development of stand characteristics. For the analysis, the plots were categorised into three groups (plot types) according to the species dominance. In order to analyse species-specific growth rates, individual-tree mixed linear growth models for tree diameter and height growth were developed for both tree species.The results clearly show that the yield of the managed mid-rotation, mixed stands was greater for stands dominated by Scots pine than for stands dominated by birch, and the stand volume increment decreased with an increasing proportion of silver birch. Analysis of diameter and height growth by tree species revealed that the main reason for this pattern is the negative impact of birch competition on the growth of pine trees. The increase in diameter of pine was clearly hampered if the proportion of birch was high. An abundance of birch also slightly decreased the growth in height of Scots pine, although the effect was less than on diameter growth. Species mixture did not affect the diameter growth of birch but did have a significant effect on height development. Height growth of birch was considerably greater in pine-dominated stands than in birch-dominated stands. In pine-dominated mixed stands, the height growth of birch was quite close to that of dominant pine trees, and birches can endure in competition with pines for light.The results apply for even-aged and single-storey managed stands, where stocking density and structure are controlled with pre-commercial and commercial thinnings. The results are not applicable to unmanaged mixed stands undergoing self-thinning. This study provides new information on mixed stands from a silvicultural perspective, which can be applied in decisions involving the management of mixed stands.