山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中毛孕酮浓度的变化

本试验用放射免疫分析(RIA)药盒测定了沙能,杂交1代(沙能×成都麻羊)和杂交2代〔沙×(沙×成)〕共23头山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中奶孕酮和毛孕酮浓度的变化。试验结果表明,应用RIA药盒可测出毛申孕酮。配种后1—28天,孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量,非孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量均呈极显著相关(分别为r=0.5458,p<0.01和r=0.7832,p<0.01)。配种后22天,以每毫升奶含孕酮3.9ng为判斯孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为82.4％和100％;以每50mg毛含3.7ng孕酮为判断孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为77.8％和100％。妊娠20天起,毛中孕酮含量(5.67±0.98ng/50mg毛)逐渐上升,120天达到高峰(9.85±1.20ng/50mg)。产羔前8天起,毛中孕酮含量(7.73±1.91ng/50mg)下降较快,产羔当天下降到4.93±0.25ng/50mg。     

应用固相RIA监测黄牛产后卵巢机能

用~(125)Ⅰ固相放射免疫分析法测定了22头母鲁西黄牛的产后血浆孕酮(P_4)浓度。结果表明,在产后13.6±4.4天以前,母牛的血浆P_4浓度处于基础水平(0.34±0.04—0.55±0.06ng/ml,P<0.05),此后开始升高,母牛出现卵巢话动。代表卵巢活动的P_4曲线可分为4种类型:Ⅰ型,在产后10.6±3.9天以后,曲线呈现3个正常的黄体周期;Ⅱ型,在产后13.6±4.4天以后,首先出现一个8.5天左右的短黄体周期,然后出现两个正常的黄体周期;Ⅲ型,在产后12.5±3.9天以后出现一个正常的黄体周期,接着出现一个短黄体周期;Ⅳ型,在产后12.5±2.5天以后,出现不规则的黄体周期。在黄体周期中,最低P_4水平为0.45±0.15—0.60±0.38ng/ml。最高为2.65±1.95—4.17±2.35ng/ml。本试验表明,间隔4天测定1次血浆P_4浓度,可准确地判定母牛的发情周期。固相RIA灵敏度高,准确性和重复性好、操作简便。     

单克隆抗体孕酮放射免疫分析的研究

应用抗孕酮单克隆抗体,建立了单克隆抗体的孕酮放射免疫分析法。试验确定了单克隆抗体的稀释度、最适DCC配比、最佳温育条件和闪烁液中样品抽提达平衡所需的时间。两条标准曲线的回归方程分别为Y_1=7.67—2.40X_1(BPA_1、r_1=-0.977)和Y_2=7.74—2.43X_2(BPA_2.r_2=-0.858)。鉴定结果表明,方法灵敏度为75pg,可测范围为75—6400pg,批内与批间变异系数分别为6.1％和10.4％。回收率分别为102.2±9.7％(BPA_1)和97.7±9.5％(BPA_2)。样品稀释试验表明,测定方法的平行性较好。     

应用RIA测定奶中孕酮含量诊断奶牛卵巢机能性疾病

正常奶牛一个发情周期由卵泡期、黄体期、黄体生长期和黄体消解期所组成。根据30头正常奶牛的临床观察和测定各个时期的奶中孕酮含量表明,卵泡期奶中孕酮含量为≤5ng/ml,持续时间为4.5±1.5天;黄体期奶中孕酮含量为≥11ng/ml,持续时间为13±2天;黄体生长期奶中孕酮含量为>5ng/ml—<11ng/ml,持续时间为2±1天;黄体消解期奶中孕酮含量为<11ng/ml—75ng/ml,持续时间为1±0.5天.根据这些指标并结合奶牛的临床表现对奶牛的卵巢机能性疾病进行了诊断,获得了较好的结果,提高了诊断的准确率。     

贮粮害虫玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)、豌豆象(Bruchus pisorum)致死剂量的研究

本试验对粮食仓贮害虫玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)和豌豆象(Bruchuspisorum)的辐照致死剂量进行了研究,试验所用材料皆为成虫,辐照剂量为0.1—3.0kGy。结果表明:0.6—0.8kGy辐照玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)成虫,照后20天左右就能完全将其杀死:0.8—1.0kGy辐照豌豆象成虫.照后15—30天亦能完全将其杀死。经0.2—2.0kGy辐照的玉米、小麦和大米,其营养成份没有发生明显的变化。     

稀土元素在甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)体内运转、分配及其对磷、钾素吸收的影响

应用放射性同位素~(141)Ce、~(32)P及~(86)Rb研究了甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)对稀土元素饰的吸收及其对磷、钾素(以~(86)Rb代K)吸收的影响。结果表明,甘蔗可以通过其根系或叶片吸收稀土元素铈。甘蔗对铈的吸收,在处理后第1—7天,随着时间增加而增加。处理后第7天吸收达到高峰(最大值),约为第1天吸收的2—3倍,以后缓慢下降。甘蔗植株对铈的吸收利用率仅为0.836—3.240％。铈在甘蔗各器官中的分配,喂饲根部处理表现为:根>茎>叶;涂布叶片处理表现为:叶>茎>根。300、500、800ppm的R(NO_3)_3·4H_2、Ce、La、Sm、Pr、Nd和Y的硝酸化物处理,均能提高甘蔗根系对磷(~(32)P)、铷(~(86)Rb)的吸收;而1000ppm的各种稀土元素处理则表现较明显的抑制作用。200ppm的R(NO_3)_3·4H_2·O、Ce、La、Sm、Pr、Nd及Y的硝酸化物处理能显著地提高甘蔗根系的活力,比对照提高22.33—44.54％。其中尤以Ce、La的硝酸化物及R(NO_3)_3·4H_2O为最显著。     

辐照及小包装气调综合技术保鲜人参的研究

本实验以吉林省长白山区抚松人参为试材,进行了辐照保鲜人参的研究。结果表明,采用硅窗气调小包装+20Gy ~(60)Coγ射线辐照人参,室内贮藏127天,地窖贮藏249天,保鲜率均达90％以上。保鲜参除总糖略有降低外,人参总皂甙和氨基酸组成均无明显变化。包装袋中的气体组成以CO_2<5.7％、O_2>10％、O_2/CO_2在1.4—3.0左右为宜,有效的辐照剂量为20—40Gy。     

~(14)C-林丹在人参土壤中的降解

本文应用~(14)C-林丹研究了γ-六六六在不同人参土壤中的降解。在模拟环境条件下,经过228天的观察发现,林丹在土壤中矿化降解十分缓慢,当土壤中浓度为20ppm时,达到完全矿化,估计黑钙土需要9年,棕钙土需要11年。此外,林丹在土壤中矿化的速率与微生物种群有关,真菌矿化林丹的能力大于细菌。林丹在土壤中的残留绝大部分以可溶态形式存在,约占总残留物的77.43％—80.54％,与土壤结合的仅为一小部分,即13.11％—20.77％。     

西农萨能奶山羊母羔初情期的研究

对30只西农萨能奶山羊母羔的初情期体重、日龄、发情表现,发情周期及17β—雌二醇(17β-E_2)和孕酮(P_4)水平变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:1.初情期体重和日龄分别为10.2(8.0—12.9)kg和54.7(43—71)天,初情期体重和日龄的相关系数为0.798,初情期日龄和出生日期的相关系数则为0.963;2.第一个发情周期平均为8.3(2—37)天,其中短周期(2—8天)羊占62.4％;3.发情表现的特点是阴道和阴门下角有灰白色粘液;4.初情期17β—E_2(pg/ml)/P_4(ng/ml)比值为141.1,17β-E_2和P_4的分泌关系有同步、反步和部分同步部分反步现象。     

分子氢对红萍固氮活性的支持作用(英文)

本工作研究了分子氢对不同生长条件下三种红萍:细绿萍(Azollsa filiculoides),卡洲萍(Azolla caroniana)和小叶萍(Azolla microphylla)的固氮活性的支持作用,结果表明,在5000—20000lx不同光照强度下,分子氢对红萍固氮活性均有支持作用,当光照强度为10000lx时,10％的分子H_2可使红萍的固氮活性增加30—80％,在5000lx弱光条件下,相同浓度分子氢使红萍固氮活性增加的幅度比10000lx光照时大。在相同的光照条件下,大叶萍的固氮活性较高,分子氢对其固氮活性的支持作用也较强,说明了在萍藻共生体系中,光能利用、固氮效率与分子氢利用效率呈正相关。同时,分子氢对于红萍固氮活性受尿素毒害所致的抑制也有减慢作用。在培养液中尿素浓度超过5ppm时,红萍的固氮活性受到抑制,当尿素浓度达到50ppm时,其固氮活性抑制率达50—60％,但20％的分子氢可使其固氮活性恢复到正常培养下的70％以上。在一定的尿素浓度范围内,红萍固氮活性受抑程度愈大,分子氢对其减慢的作用也愈强。     

Biodegradation kinetics of endosulfan by Fusarium ventricosum and a Pandoraea species

Endosulfan, classified as an organochlorine pesticide, is rated by the U.S. EPA as a Category 1 pesticide with extremely high acute toxicity. This study describes the biodegradation kinetics of endosulfan and the metabolic pathway utilized by Fusarium ventricosum and a Pandoraea sp. Complete disappearance of both alpha- and beta-endosulfan was observed during 12 days of incubation with F. ventricosum in flasks containing 100 mg L(-)(1) of endosulfan. The rate constants (k) for biodegradation of alpha- and beta-endosulfan by F. ventricosum using zero-order kinetics were 14.22 and 6.60 mg L(-)(1) day(-)(1), respectively. The Pandoraea sp. degraded about 95 and 100% of alpha- and beta-endosulfan, respectively, in 18 days of incubation in flasks spiked with 100 mg L(-)(1) of endosulfan. The rate constants (k) for biodegradation of alpha- and beta-endosulfan by the Pandoraea sp. were 8.19 and 3.78 mg L(-)(1) day(-)(1), respectively. Both fungal and bacterial strains formed less toxic endosulfan diol and endosulfan ether as metabolites during metabolism of endosulfan. The results of this study suggest that these novel strains may be used for the bioremediation of endosulfan-contaminated sites.     

西农萨能奶山羊公羔初情期的研究

对28只西农萨能奶山羊公羔初情期的体重、日龄、精液、阴囊固(SC)及血浆性腺激素进行了研究,结果是:(1)公羔性行为由不完整过渡到完整,精子发育从无(95.5±10.9日龄)到有(111.3±4.5日龄);(2)初情期体重及日龄分别为10.9±1.4kg和52.0±7.8天;(3)初情期体重与日龄之间呈显著正直线相关(r=0.8340),初情期日龄与出生日期之间呈显著负直线相关(r=-0.9431);(4)羔羊发育早期体重增长较快,SC则在45—150日龄时增长较快;(5)初情期血浆睾酮(T)浓度为1.3±1.1ng/ml,随日龄增加,T呈波动性上升;(6)T和17β-雌二醇(17β-E_2)的分泌呈同步和异步升降。     

A bayesian model for the analysis of lactation curves of dairy goats

This article aims to determine the effect of certain covariates, such as season of kidding, parity, and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve of Saanen dairy goats. Characteristics investigated are peak milk yield, time of peak milk yield, total milk production, persistency, and the relationship between fat and protein in milk composition, as well as between lactation curves of the same animal in successive years. The analysis is carried out using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, together with Wood’s model, to model lactation. Posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained by means of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. These clearly illustrate the significant effect of especially parity, but also season and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve. Total and peak milk yield increase with increasing parity up to about the third or fourth parity, while peak yield is later for first than for later parities. The analysis also enables estimation of lactation characteristics of untested animals, prediction of future characteristics and identification of exceptional animals.     

Nature of the residue of [(14)C]Cloransulam-methyl in lactating goats

Two lactating goats were given a daily oral dose of either [UL-aniline-(14)C; AN] or [triazolopyrimidine-7,9-(14)C; TP]cloransulam-methyl for 5 consecutive days. Each animal received a dietary equivalent of approximately 10 mg/kg of test material, approximately 2225 times the realistic maximum dietary exposure for a dairy animal. Milk, urine, and feces samples were collected in the morning and afternoon for each animal. Each goat was sacrificed within 23 h of receiving the last dose, and the liver, kidneys, samples of blood, fat, muscle, and gastrointestinal tract contents, and urine from the bladder were collected. All of these samples were analyzed for (14)C content. Cloransulam-methyl (CM) was rapidly excreted by the animals, with 99.9% of the recovered radioactivity appearing in the urine and feces. Radiochemical analysis showed very low residues, with the highest being in the kidneys at 0.122 and 0. 128 mg equiv of CM/kg (AN and TP labeled compounds, respectively). Radioactive residues were extracted and fractionated from kidney, liver, and milk. Analysis showed approximately 0.066 mg/kg CM in the kidney but <0.003 mg/kg in the liver. Only one metabolite, cloransulam, was identified (in liver, 9.5% of total radioactive residue; 0.005 mg/kg). All other metabolites were present at lower levels. Sulfonanilide bridge cleavage was not a significant degradation route for cloransulam-methyl in ruminants. These data indicated a very low bioaccumulation potential for cloransulam-methyl and its metabolites in ruminants. For a ruminant exposed to anticipated levels of cloransulam-methyl in its diet, parent and metabolites, in total, would not be expected to exceed 50 ng/kg in the kidney and liver.     

Assessing the Potential of Pomegranate Meal and Potato Waste as New Organic Amendments for Vermicompost

Waste disposal has become one of the greatest global concerns, which has high operational costs and might cause environmental pollution. Due to the lack of the organic matter in most of the Iranian agro-ecosystem, recycling organic waste materials favors the environment by reducing chemical fertilizers as well as improving soil structure and fertility. A vermicomposting system using cow manure (CM), pomegranate meal (PM) + sawdust (S), CM + potato waste (PW), PM + PW, CM + PM, and CM + PM + PW was set up to find a viable alternative raw material for improving physico-chemical properties of vermicompost after 60 days. The amended vermicompost of PM + S and PM + PW markedly improved the electrical conductivity (EC), which were below the EC limit (by 1.01 and 2.27 dS m^?1, respectively), pH (by 7.04 and 6.60, respectively), and water holding capacity (respectively 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than CM). Vermicompost amendment led to significant reduction of organic carbon (OC), but nonetheless, PM + S and PM + PW showed higher OC content in the final product probably due to the higher initial carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, raw material origin, and lower decomposition rate. In regard to nutrient value, the total phosphorus content in the end-product of PM + S and PM + PW was, respectively, 19.3 and 7.9 times higher compared with the final product of CM. Additionally, the amended vermicompost of PM + PW markedly improved total nitrogen content as compared with CM. The findings suggested that the additional amounts of nitrogen and potassium to PM + S and also potassium to PM + PW would improve the physico-chemical properties and fertilization of the final vermicompost considerably higher than CM vermicompost. This amendment has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of vermicompost of CM, for example, salinity and alkalinity; and chemical fertilizers, for example, soil pollution with heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers, as well as the potential for soil rehabilitation.     

Hydrolysis of glycosidically bound volatiles from apple leaves (Cv. Anna) by Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase affects the behavior of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.)

Glycosidically bound volatiles released from apple leaf extracts (cv. Anna) were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and their behavioral effects on codling moth (CM) adults were evaluated in cage bioassays. The levels of 1-octanol, linalool, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, (2R,5R)-theaspirane, and (2S,5R)-theaspirane were significantly increased in the leaf extracts containing the Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (BGL1) compared to the extracts containing the glucoimidazole. The attractiveness of individual compounds to CM adults was found in the following decreasing order: methyl salicylate and mixture of two theaspirane isomers, followed by linalool and benzyl alcohol. Geraniol was found to be repellent to CM adults. The addition of geraniol (39.4 ng mL(-1)) to any of the individual volatiles or to a mixture of these attractants eliminated their attractiveness. Our data suggest the possible application of geraniol as a repellent and methyl salicylate or theaspiranes as attractants for the integrated control of CM in apple orchards.     

Residue depletion of ractopamine and its metabolites in swine tissues, urine, and serum

Ractopamine hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent approved for use in swine in the United States. Depletion of ractopamine and its metabolites from animal tissues, urine, and serum is of interest for the detection of illegal use. The objectives of this study were to measure the residues of ractopamine in swine incurred samples after treatment with dietary ractopamine for 28 consecutive days. An efficient and sensitive analytical method was developed for the detection of parent ractopamine and its metabolites in swine tissues, urine, and serum by HPLC-FLD. After extraction, enzymatic digestion, and solid-phase cleanup of the samples, ractopamine residues were determined by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detector. The limits of detection (LOD) for tissues, urine, and serum were 1 ng g(-1), 0.5 ng mL(-1), and 0.5 ng mL(-1), respectively. Recoveries ranged from 70.5 to 94.5% for samples fortified at 1-50 ng g(-1) or ng mL(-1). Sixty pigs were fed twice daily for 28 consecutive days with feeds containing 18 mg kg(-1) ractopamine HCl. The residue concentrations in urine, liver, and kidney were 650.06 ng mL(-1), 46.09 ng g(-1), and 169.27 ng g(-1), respectively, compared with those in muscle, fat, and serum (4.94 ng g(-1), 3.28 ng g(-1), and 7.48 ng mL(-1), respectively) at the feeding period of 7 days. The residue concentrations at withdrawal period of 0 days in all edible tissues were lower than tolerance values established by the FDA and MRL values listed by the JECFA. These data support the withdrawal time of 0 days established by the FDA for ractopamine used as feed additive in swine.     

进料浓度对玉米秸秆与牛粪全混式厌氧发酵特征影响研究

目前,中国大多数沼气工程均采用农作物秸秆与畜禽粪便为主要原料,但对于实际沼气工程的工艺控制,尤其是对于沼气工程进料混配及发酵浓度等控制工艺仍缺少参考和支撑。该研究采用玉米秸秆与牛粪原料,在中温条件下,利用纯牛粪、纯秸秆以及秸秆与牛粪干物质比(S:CM)=1:1、1:3、3:1条件的混合原料,按照不同干物质浓度(total solid,TS)=3%、6%、8%,梯次启动CSTR反应器,系统探讨物料配比与发酵浓度对反应器产气量、甲烷体积分数、pH值、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reductionpotential,ORP)、挥发酸(volatilefattyacids,VFAs)含量等运行特征的影响。结果表明,正常运行时,纯秸秆与纯牛粪条件下厌氧发酵产气效果显著低于混合原料,且所有条件下反应器的产气量基本都随着发酵浓度升高而升高。在发酵浓度为8%条件下,S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率在运行130和150 d后分别达到峰值0.78和0.76 L/(L·d)。随着反应器的持续运行,170 d后各反应器的产气率与pH值降低,而VFAs与ORP升高。S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率降低至0.6 L/(L·d),pH值降低至6.5左右。这主要是由于恒定的搅拌功率条件下,随着反应器内TS升高,搅拌转速降低,进而在反应器内产生搅拌死区与浮渣等问题,导致反应器内局部酸化,造成系统整体失稳。在启动期间,所有5个条件下反应器内ORP呈缓慢上升趋势。运行172 d后,S:CM=1:1条件下ORP迅速增加至高于–300 mV。总体而言,厌氧系统中VFA浓度随着进料中秸秆比例增加而增加,且丙酸积累发生并变得更加严重。这也在一定程度上表明,与采用秸秆与粪便混合原料厌氧发酵相比,采用纯秸秆原料厌氧发酵生产沼气厌氧反应器的运行稳定性较差。