γ射线、EMS和SA处理对水稻体细胞组织培养的效应

本试验以两个仙稻品种为材料,研究成熟种子经γ射线、EMS和SA(叠氮化钠)处理后的离体培养反应。实验结果表明,γ射线和EMS、SA明显降低种子出愈率。除γ射线外,其它处理对新诱导成的愈伤组织平均重量无降低作用,而且这三种诱变因子均具提高愈伤组织生长速度的效应。在广陆矮四号中,诱变处理可提高绿点型愈伤组织的比例,γ射线和EMS处理还可提高愈伤组织再生能力。根据本实验的结果,初步认为籼稻成熟种子在培养前的适宜处理剂量(浓度)为:γ射线5—10kR,EMS<0.2M,SA 2—4mM。     

EMS诱发草莓不同组培材料的耐盐性变异

以全明星草莓花药诱导的愈伤组织以及组培苗叶片为试验材料,用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行诱变处理。结果表明,愈伤组织诱变处理的适宜浓度与时间组合为0.1%+1.5h和0.2%+1.0h,而(0.2%~0.4%)+(1.0~2.0h)可作为离体叶片诱变处理的适宜浓度和时间范围。与离体叶片诱变相比,草莓花药的愈伤组织对诱变剂EMS更为敏感。通过对再生植株的耐盐性进行比较发现,愈伤组织诱变筛选植株的盐害率和盐害指数低于离体叶片诱变筛选植株,说明愈伤组织较组培苗叶片更适于作为草莓耐盐诱变育种的起始材料。     

γ射线对玉米愈伤组织及植株再生的影响

不同剂量的γ射线辐照不同继代时间的玉米自交系愈伤组织,愈伤组织生长速率和二倍体细胞比率随剂量升高而下降,非整倍体细胞和染色体畸变则上升。在分化培养基上,辐照后的愈伤组织,再生植株的能力降低,畸形苗明显增多。γ射线不仅能提高再生植株的变异率,而且可扩大变异范围。     

诱变与组织培养相结合诱发水稻耐盐突变的初步研究

以4个水稻品种的成熟种子作为外植体,用γ射线、叠氮化钠(SA)施行单项或复合诱变处理后进行组织培养,出愈后的部分愈伤组织再用γ射线辐照处理,并在含NaCl的筛选培养基上进行耐盐突变的筛选。结果表明,15kRγ射线对出愈率和生长率均有严重的抑制作用,而1mMSA单独处理对出愈率和生长率则有促进作用,所有诱变处理都降低了植株分化频率,愈伤组织的生长速率和植株再生率虽随筛选培养基中NaCl含量的提高而下降,但1％NaCl作为耐盐突变体的筛选压较为适宜。诱变处理的种子愈伤组织再以适当剂量的γ射线辐照,有提高诱发耐盐突变频率的作用。适宜的照射量为500—750R。     

EMS离体诱变及抗草莓灰霉病愈伤组织的筛选

试验用甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）处理草莓愈伤组织后通过草莓灰霉病病原毒素（Toxin）离体筛选获得抗病愈伤组织并诱导成苗。EMS诱变处理‘幸香’草莓离体叶片产生的愈伤组织,用经毒力检测的草莓灰霉菌毒素粗提液进行离体筛选,通过在愈伤组织继代培养中附加不同浓度毒素粗提液,以确定适宜的抗病选择压,获得抗灰霉病突变体材料。结果表明,将愈伤组织直接进行EMS处理的成活率高于将愈伤组织切割成小块继代培养再经EMS处理的愈伤组织;且0.2% EMS处理1h为最适剂量。在含80%毒素粗提液的培养基培养10 d为抗性筛选的适宜选择压。诱变处理后的867块愈伤组织,在经不连续二次筛选后有195块成活,成活率22.5%,其中有82块再生出了不定芽,再生率为42.1%。不定芽经生根后移栽至田间进一步进行抗性鉴定。     

平阳霉素Pingyangmycin对大麦的诱变效应

本试验以平阳霉素为诱变剂处理大麦种子,研究了该诱变剂对大麦的诱变效应及其适宜的浓度。结果表明,平阳霉素是一种有效的诱变剂,诱变效应与EMS相近,而且作用的有效期长,毒性小,它不仅能引起以染色体断片为主的较高频率的染色体畸变,而且能够在M_2产生较高频率的性状变异,特别是产生较高频率的早熟和高分蘖力的有益突变。平阳霉素对大麦诱变的适宜浓度为30μg/ml左右。     

农杆菌介导籼稻转化体系的优化

以8个籼稻品种作材料,研究了携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi9片段的pCAMBIA1301质粒的根癌农杆菌EHA105转化籼稻幼胚愈伤组织的影响因素。结果表明,NB培养基适用于籼稻愈伤组织的诱导,共培养时间以3d为宜。40mg/L的潮霉素可用于籼稻愈伤组织的筛选,抗性愈伤率在69.4%~85.3%之间;抗性愈伤组织经分化培养,幼苗分化率在15.4%~47.4%;鉴于多数籼稻愈伤组织分化时对潮霉素特别敏感,因此分化培养基中不加潮霉素;但为了减少假阳性,生根培养基中分别用20mg/L和30mg/L的潮霉素对幼苗进行筛选。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对草莓花药愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响

研究了不同剂量辐照处理花粉发育处于单核靠边期花蕾对草莓花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率的影响。结果表明,辐照处理可以明显提高愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率,以辐照剂量20Gy的效果最好,其中章姬品种的愈伤组织诱导率提高39.09%,丰香提高35.68%;在同一种诱导培养基上,经辐照处理产生的愈伤组织,章姬的绿苗分化率与对照相比,提高6.67%~6.72%,丰香提高了4.73%~6.45%。     

EMS对水稻成熟胚愈伤组织生长和植株分化率的影响

使用ＥＭＳ处理水稻成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织，观察了愈伤组织生长、细胞染色体畸变和植株分化情况。试验结果表明，低浓度ＥＭＳ处理对水稻愈伤组织生长和植株分化有刺激作用；较高浓度ＥＭＳ处理则有抑制作用。     

~(60)Coγ射线与GA_3复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应研究

研究了60 Coγ射线与GA3 复合处理对番木瓜的遗传诱变效应 ,结果表明 ,经 1 0～ 40Gyγ射线处理 ,幼苗根尖细胞的微核细胞率、染色体畸变率、叶片畸变频率随剂量增大而增大 ,花粉育性下降 ,结果推迟 ;用 1 0～ 5 0mg L的GA3 处理可有效减轻辐射损伤 ,低辐射剂量时以低浓度的GA3 处理效果明显 ,而高辐射剂量时以高浓度的GA3 处理效果明显     

EMS和5-氮胞苷处理的水稻愈伤组织对耐盐细胞频率的影响

从四倍体中丹二号的花药和幼穗中分别诱导出二倍体「ＺＤＡ（２Ｎ）」,四倍体「ＺＤ６（４Ｎ）」的愈伤组织,用ＥＭＳ和５－氮胞苷处理愈伤组织发现;１．随着培养基ＥＭＳ或５－氮胞苷浓度的提高,ＺＤＡ（２Ｎ）和ＺＤＹ（４Ｎ）在相对生长量的减少方面表现相同的模式,而这两种愈伤组织受盐胁迫时在相对生长量的减少方面表现不同的模式;２．经ＥＭＳ或５－氮胞苷处理后的愈伤组织的耐盐细胞频率没有显的变化。     

低温预处理对小麦花药内源激素的影响

以烟农19和皖麦41为材料,应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定不同时间低温预处理的小麦花药内源激素ABA、GA₃、JA、IAA含量,并统计了低温预处理后小麦花药愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织比例,分析了低温预处理过程中小麦花药内源激素的变化规律及其对花药培养特性的影响。结果显示,小麦花药低温预处理2d愈伤组织诱导率最高,低温预处理6d胚性愈伤组织比例达到最大;低温预处理改变了花药内源激素ABA、GA、JA、IAA的含量,ABA、GA、JA含量随预处理时间的延长呈较大的波动变化;低温预处理6d时ABA,JA含量达最大值,GA呈波动下降趋势,IAA含量在低温预处理2d达到最高值,其后逐渐下降;IAA、IAA/ABA、IAA/JA变化与花药愈伤组织诱导率表现出很强的正相关,ABA、JA与胚性愈伤组织比例表现出很强的正相关,GA/ABA与胚性愈伤组织比例表现出负相关。表明低温预处理改变了小麦花药内源激素的含量和比例,阻断了花粉原来的发育方向,使其由配子体的发育途径转向孢子体的发育途径,从而影响了小麦花药培养诱导产生的愈伤组织的数量和质量。     

利用无性系变异改良定型小麦品种的研究

针对晋阳345和晋麦73两个定型品种存在抗寒性较差的缺点,对其幼胚愈伤组织进行了4种处理。结果表明,4种处理后代R2主要农艺性状的变异率差异显著,且紫外灯照射幼胚愈伤组织比低温2℃和常温25℃交替处理幼胚愈伤组织的变异率高,其后代各种农艺性状的变异范围较大,变异率较高。但后者有利于改良抗寒性较差的定型小麦品种。     

Kao''s有机化合物与T维生素对小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织发生的影响

试验研究MS基本培养基中加入Kao's有机化合物与T维生素对小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织发生的影响结果表明,加入Kao's有机化合物与T维生素的MC和MD诱导培养基可显著提高胚性愈伤组织诱导率,且ME与MF分化培养基明显增加绿原基分化率和出苗率。     

生物炭及生物炭-矿物复合物对菌根侵染、小麦和高粱营养的影响

The high price of synthetic fertilisers and the price barrier for biochar as a soil amendment have encouraged the exploration of using biochar in fertiliser replacement formulations. Biochars coupled with fertilisers can be applied at lower application rates to achieve benefits in plant growth and nutrition, as well as soil biological fertility.~It is necessary to evaluate the use of biochar as a fertiliser substitute.~Therefore, this study investigated the comparative influences of biochars, including {\it Acacia saligna} (AS), Simcoa jarrah (SJ) and Wundowie jarrah (WJ), mineral fertiliser with microbes (MF + M), biochar-mineral complex (BMC) and their combination on mycorrhizal colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat in a glasshouse experiment and sorghum in field conditions. BMC + MF + M treatment produced higher mycorrhizal colonisation than MF + M alone, indicating that BMC had a significant role in increasing mycorrhizal colonisation.~SJ (treated with acetic acid) and MF + M treatments, as well as AS + MF + M application, showed si\-milar effects on mycorrhizal colonisation, but lower colonisation than the BMC~+~MF~+~M treatment.~Overall, the BMC + MF + M treatment supported the maximum shoot, root and total plant dry weight followed by AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M. The~MF + M treatment had the maximum shoot N and K concentrations, while BMC + MF + M application had the maximum shoot P concentration. AS + MF + M and WJ + MF + M treatments supported the maximum N uptake by wheat shoots, while BMC + MF + M supported the maximum P uptake.~The results showed that biochars and BMCs could increase mycorrhizal colonisation, plant growth and nutrient uptake of wheat, particularly N, P, K, S and Zn. The field experiment confirmed that BMC application at a rate of 300 kg ha$^{-1}$ could increase the yield of irrigated sorghum on a loam soil and provide better applied P use efficiency compared to a water-soluble fertiliser alone. These results indicated that biochar-based fertilisers might increase the resilience and sustainability of dryland cropping in environments such as in Western Australia and warrant further field evaluation.     

氯苯对小麦抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度的 1 ,2 ,4 三氯苯对扬麦 1 0号和皖麦 3 8叶片和根系中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的影响。结果表明 :(1 )随 1 ,2 ,4 三氯苯浓度的升高 ,两小麦品种叶片中SOD和POD活性都逐步升高 ;(2 )随 1 ,2 ,4 三氯苯浓度的升高 ,两小麦品种根系SOD的活性亦逐步升高 ,而POD活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势 ;(3 ) 1 ,2 ,4 三氯苯诱导小麦叶中正常表达的POD和SOD同功酶活性较对照提高 ,并能诱导新的POD同功酶的表达。     

EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WHEAT AND CORN TO IRON DEFICIENCY

This work evaluated the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the physiological responses of corn (Zea Mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to iron (Fe) deficiency. For this purpose, seedlings of corn and wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions, plants were grown in different strength Hoagland's solutions for one month. In the fifth week, some seedlings were still in full strength Hoagland's solution (+Fe) and others were in full strength Hoagland's solutions without iron (?Fe). The plants were exposed to different cadmium (Cd) concentrations for four days. The plant chlorophyll content of young leaves, Fe and Cd content in shoots and roots, biomass production, and phytosiderophores (PS) release by roots were assessed. Results showed that Cd decreased the chlorophyll content of young leaves, accompanied by a significant shoot and root biomass reduction for Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments. However, chlorophyll content and shoot and root biomass of Fe-deficient wheat and corn were lower than Fe-sufficient plants at different Cd concentrations. Iron-deficiency induced Cd accumulation compared to Fe-sufficient in wheat and corn; however, a depressive effect of Cd on iron acquisition in shoots and roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments was observed. Cadmium also inhibited PS release in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn. Iron-deficient PS release was higher than Fe-sufficient corn and wheat across all Cd treatments. These results suggested that Cd might reduce capacity of plants to acquire iron from solution by inhibiting PS release.