~(15)N天然丰度法测量豆科牧草共生固氮的评估

无氮营养液砂培7个品种苜蓿茎叶的固氮分馏因数β值为1.0000～1.0015(δ~(15)N为-0.05～-1.47‰),白三叶、绿豆和银合欢的β值分别为0.9979、0.9983和1.0018(δ~(15)N分别为2.15、1.74及-1.81‰)。根据~(45)N天然丰度的变化,估测了田间生长苜蓿的固氮能力,表明6个品种的共生固氮能力不同。格洛里及润布勒苜蓿两品种最高,保定、阿尔贡奎因及明托苜蓿3个品种次之,秘鲁苜蓿最低。苜蓿不同时期的固氮活性有变化,6、7月间固氮活性达高峰。根据所测豆科牧草茎叶的δ~(15)N值,可以对豆科牧草进行定性或半定量水平上的固氮研究,以筛选高效固氮牧草和检测野生固氮资源。本文还对不固氮参照植物和不同方法对％Ndfa估计位的影响进行了讨论。     

EA-IRMS法测定不同类型土壤有机碳稳定性同位素组成

利用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比例质谱仪（EA-IRMS）分析系统,以国际标准物质Urea为基准,标定了高纯钢瓶CO2参考气,其δ13CvsPDB值为（-29.523±0.181）‰。通过试验对比检验了EA-IRMS分析系统的稳定性、线性和测定δ13C值的样品分析精度,建立了测定土壤中有机碳稳定性同位素的分析方法。其离子强度在1.0～7.0V之间具有良好的线性,在1.5～5.0V内的线性优于总体线性;样品分析精度优于0.15‰;样品含碳量大于5μg即可满足测定δ13C的分析要求。应用此方法实测了18份不同类型土壤的有机碳稳定同位素组成,获得其13C天然丰度平均值为1.082%;不同类型的土壤有机碳稳定同位素组成存在较大的差异。     

土壤中碳酸盐的碳氧同位素分析

本文采用磷酸法分析土壤中碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成,对分析方法和制样装置作了叙述,比较了经不同预处理土壤的碳、氧同位素值,指出土壤有机碳的存在不影响碳酸盐同位素组成的精密测定,有氧灼烧预处理土壤样品对分析结果有明显影响,使δ~13C和δ~18O值降低。测定多种标准样品表明,此方法准确、可靠,重复制样测定的标准偏差在0.1‰以内。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N的组成影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于菌根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致。试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

大气CH4中的碳稳定同位素组成的PreCon-GC/C-IRMS系统测定

利用预浓缩装置-气相色谱/燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪（PreCon-GC/C-IRMS）联用系统,建立了就采样、浓缩和在线质谱分析大气CH4中稳定碳同位素组成的测定方法。通过多组试验对比,分析并讨论了利用PreCon-GC/C-IRMS联用技术测定大气CH4中碳稳定同位素比值的试验条件、系统线性、稳定性及准确度和精密度等。结果表明,在本方法条件下,当离子流强度在1.0 V～20 V时,系统线性良好（斜率S=0.04 ‰/V）,在4.0 V～15 V内其线性（斜率S=0.03 ‰/V）优于总体线性;系统测量稳定性可靠,δ13C值的测定结果的S.D＜0.3 ‰,最大偏差＜0.5 ‰,回收率达99.99%,准确度和精度均符合分析与研究要求。利用该系统对室内和室外草坪地空气中CH4的碳稳定同位素组成做了初步测试,其碳同位素的平均值分别为-31.358 ‰和-33.085 ‰,且相同地点区域空气中CH4的δ13C值,在1 d内和不同日期间的变化均在0.5 ‰以内,重现性良好。     

利用15NO3-标记法研究土壤微生物量氮的化学及生物有效性

采用加入含15N的硝态氮培养方法标记了土壤微生物量氮 ,然后利用碱解扩散法测定了标记土壤有效氮含量 ,温室培养法评价了小麦对标记的土壤微生物量氮的吸收情况。结果表明 ,碱解扩散法对土壤微生物量固持的15N的提取比率 (即提取液中15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 1 47～ 2 83之间(平均 2 0 1 ) ,碱解氮中约有 3 0 1 %～ 61 6% (平均 42 9% )来自土壤微生物固持氮。植物体15N丰度在0 749%～ 1 1 62 %之间 ,明显高于15N的自然丰度 ,表明土壤微生物固持的15N在小麦生长期间发生释放 ,为植物利用。土壤微生物固持氮对植物的有效性比率 (植物地上部分15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 3 7～ 7 1之间。可见 ,土壤微生物量固持氮有较高的化学及生物有效性     

土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸收利用氮素的影响

本文应用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸氮的影响。阐明了丘陵黄棕壤地区棉花低产的原因是棉田土壤容重过大,使土壤的供氮能力——A_N值显著下降,棉株对氮素养分的吸收量减少,而且延缓了氮素养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转运。降低土壤容重是挖掘丘陵黄棕壤地区棉田增产潜力的有效施施。     

“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系中不同作物间的相互作用及氮素的转移、吸收

在根系分隔盆栽条件下,采用15N土壤稀释标记方法,研究了“小麦/玉米/大豆”三熟套作体系不同作物间的相互作用及氮素的转移、吸收利用特性。结果表明,“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系促进小麦对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收,不分隔处理的生物产量、15N总吸收量和总回收率得到显著提高,土壤残留15N丰度及总氮含量明显降低;玉米表现出套作优势（Awc<0,NCRwc<0）,不分隔处理的籽粒产量、籽粒15N吸收量、15N总回收率、土壤残留15N丰度及总氮含量较分隔处理提高17.17%、24.52%、17.63%、13.9%和10.1%;大豆表现出套作劣势,不分隔处理的15N总吸收量、籽粒15N吸收量、15N总回收率和土壤残留15N丰度降低,土壤总氮含量提高6.06%。“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系存在氮素的双向转移,以玉米向小麦、大豆向玉米转移为主。     

北京郊区有机蔬菜土壤养分平衡及δ^15N特征分析

本研究针对北京郊区汇源与正谷有机蔬菜基地,通过对不同蔬菜生产基地取样分析,研究有机和常规蔬菜生产条件下土壤养分平衡特征,分析有机生产蔬菜和土壤的15N特征。结果表明,（1）有机蔬菜生产与常规生产对比,由于施肥数量不同,汇源有机蔬菜基地土壤N、P及K盈余量（分别为356～472kg·hm-2、298kg·hm-2和200～226kg·hm-2）高于当地常规生产,而正谷有机蔬菜生产土壤N、P及K养分盈余量（分别为-164～190kg·hm-2、107.9～435.5kg·hm-2和-164.5～-136.8kg·hm-2）低于当地常规生产;（2）汇源有机蔬菜生产模式中,土壤N素养分有逐季累积的趋势,有机肥的N、P和K养分存在着不平衡性,这可能是造成0～20cm土层磷素大量累积的重要原因;（3）蔬菜类别不同,δ15N值不同,一般为叶菜类最高（10.49‰）,果菜类次之（10.07‰）,根菜类δ15N值最低（5.62‰）;（4）植物不同部位δ15N值也有差异。针对圆椒的分析表明,圆椒叶δ15N（12.44‰）〉圆椒果实δ15N（9.35‰）;（5）土壤δ15N与土壤全N之间有一定的相关性,回归方程为δ15N土壤=13.098N土壤＋3.7624,R2=0.938,而植物δ15N与土壤δ15N之间、植物δ15N与土壤全氮相关性较差。长期施用有机肥,使得土壤中15N更多来自有机肥,进而表现为蔬菜δ15N升高,高量有机肥可以短期内增加叶菜类植物δ15N值。     

应用固相RIA监测黄牛产后卵巢机能

用~(125)Ⅰ固相放射免疫分析法测定了22头母鲁西黄牛的产后血浆孕酮(P_4)浓度。结果表明,在产后13.6±4.4天以前,母牛的血浆P_4浓度处于基础水平(0.34±0.04—0.55±0.06ng/ml,P<0.05),此后开始升高,母牛出现卵巢话动。代表卵巢活动的P_4曲线可分为4种类型:Ⅰ型,在产后10.6±3.9天以后,曲线呈现3个正常的黄体周期;Ⅱ型,在产后13.6±4.4天以后,首先出现一个8.5天左右的短黄体周期,然后出现两个正常的黄体周期;Ⅲ型,在产后12.5±3.9天以后出现一个正常的黄体周期,接着出现一个短黄体周期;Ⅳ型,在产后12.5±2.5天以后,出现不规则的黄体周期。在黄体周期中,最低P_4水平为0.45±0.15—0.60±0.38ng/ml。最高为2.65±1.95—4.17±2.35ng/ml。本试验表明,间隔4天测定1次血浆P_4浓度,可准确地判定母牛的发情周期。固相RIA灵敏度高,准确性和重复性好、操作简便。     

施肥对大白菜中氮同位素及硝酸盐含量的影响

研究不同肥料配施处理对土壤和大白菜中稳定性氮同位素丰度(δ15 N‰)及硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,随着有机肥比例的降低,大白菜中δ15 N和硝酸盐含量分别呈现逐渐降低和增加的趋势,对照大白菜中δ15 N和硝酸盐含量分别为+9.355‰和1459mg/kg;纯有机肥(100%-O)和纯化肥(100%-C)处理大白菜中δ...     

Improved estimation of biological nitrogen fixation of soybean cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> L. Merril) using <Superscript>15</Superscript>N natural abundance technique

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of 17 soybean cultivars was comparatively estimated by the δ¹⁵N natural abundance technique using two non-nodulation soybeans (Clay and Chippewa) as reference plants. A field study was established on the experimental farm of the University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin on a typical “terre de barre” soil classified by Food and Agriculture Organization-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation as Rhodic Ferralsol. A nitrogen-free pot trial was also carried out using soil substrate sampled from the Atlantic Ocean beach. In the N-free medium, N content of the whole soybean cultivars ranged from 2.6 to 8.1 mg N per plant compared with an average of 1.8 mg N per plant observed with the non-fixing soybeans. Plant δ¹⁵N of the nodulating soybeans ranged from −2.7756‰ (Jupiter) to 0.1951‰ (Conquista), while the non-nodulating cultivars Chippewa and Clay had 2.67‰ and 9.30‰, respectively. Percentage and amount of N derived from air (Ndfa) were significantly different (P < 0.01) among soybean cultivars, and values depended highly on the selected reference plants. When Clay was used as the reference plant, the average percentage Ndfa was 1.4 times higher than when Chippewa was the reference plant. Both reference plants consistently ranked promiscuous soybean cvs. TG× 1894 3F and TG× 1908 8F as the best cultivars and cv. TG× 1888 29F as the least in percentage Ndfa, suggesting that any of the reference plants could be used in δ¹⁵N method for assessing N₂-fixation. The two identified promiscuous soybean cultivars with greatest capacity to fix N could be included in a soybean extension program for West African farming systems.     

冬小麦生长期氮同位素组成对温度的响应

研究了在田间持水量为70%～80%的水分控制条件下,黄土高原冬小麦(小偃6号)生长期氮同位素组成对温度变化的响应.结果表明:水分充足条件下,小麦生长期的温度变化范围为-2.2℃～21.7℃,植物氮同位素值的变化范围为-8.1‰～1.6‰,在整个生长期,小麦氮同位素值和温度的变化具有正相关关系,即温度较高时,小麦氮同位素...     

Isotopic fractionation during N2 fixation by four tropical legumes

To quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to legume crops using the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, it is necessary to determine the ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from BNF—the B value. In this study, we used a technique to determine B whereby both legume and non-N₂-fixing reference plants were grown under the same conditions in two similar soils, one artificially labelled with ¹⁵N, and the other not. The proportion of N derived from BNF (%Ndfa) was determined from the plants grown in the ¹⁵N-labelled soil and it was assumed that the %Ndfa values of the legumes grown in the two soils were the same, hence the B value of the legumes could be calculated. The legumes used were velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) inoculated, or not, with different strains of rhizobium. The values of %Ndfa were all over 89%, and all the legumes grown in unlabelled soil showed negative δ¹⁵N values even though the plant-available N in this soil was found to be approximately +6.0‰. The B values for the shoot tissue (B_s) were calculated and ranged from approximately −1.4‰ for inoculated sunnhemp and groundnut to −2.4 and −4.5‰ for soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CPAC 7 and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain 29W, respectively. The B (B_wp) values for the whole plants including roots, nodules and the original seed N were still significantly different between the soybean plants inoculated with CPAC 7 (−1.33‰) and 29W (−2.25‰). In a parallel experiment conducted in monoxenic culture using the same soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains, the plants accumulated less N from BNF and the values were less negative, but still significantly different for soybean inoculated with the two different Bradyrhizobium strains. The results suggest that the technique utilized in this study to determine B with legume plants grown in soil in the open air, yields B values that are more appropriate for use under field conditions.     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤氮同位素组成及其空间分异特征

对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化表层土壤全氮的同位素组成及其空间分异特征进行了研究。结果表明：流域内黄壤区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋0.35‰～＋6.82‰之间,平均值为＋4.50‰;黑色石灰土区样地的表土全氮δ15N值主要分布在＋2.70...     

N natural abundance of biologically fixed N2 in soybean is controlled more by the Bradyrhizobium strain than by the variety of the host plant

The ¹⁵N natural abundance technique is one of those most easily applied ‘on farm’ to evaluate the contribution of biological N₂ fixation (BNF) to legume crops. When proportional BNF inputs are high, the accuracy of this technique is highly dependent on an accurate estimate of the ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from N₂ fixation (the ‘B’ value). The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soybean variety on ‘B’ value. Plants of five soybean varieties were inoculated separately with two Bradyrhizobium strains (one Bradyrhizobium japonicum and one Bradyrhizobium elkanii) grown in pots of soil virtually free of bradyrhizobia capable of nodulating soybean. The proportion of N derived from BNF (%Ndfa) was estimated in separate pots where a small quantity of enriched ¹⁵N ammonium sulphate was added. The %Ndfa was then used with the ¹⁵N natural abundance data of the nodulated soybean and non-N₂-fixing reference plants, to determine the ‘B’ value for each soybean variety/Bradyrhizobium association. The varieties nodulated by the B. japonicum strain showed significantly greater N content and %Ndfa than those nodulated by the B. elkanii strain, and in all cases the ‘B’ value of the shoot tissue (‘B_s’) was higher. The differences in ‘B_s’ values between varieties nodulated by the same Bradyrhizobium strain were insignificant, indicating that this parameter is influenced much more by the Bradyrhizobium strain than by the variety of the host plant.     

Cultivar-specific dinitrogen fixation in Vicia faba studied with the nitrogen-15 natural abundance method

N fixation by different faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars was studied using the natural abundance method. The delta ¹⁵N ('¹⁵N) values of the faba beans and the reference plants differed by 4.6-7.0‰. The non-nodulating V. faba cv. F48 seems to be the best reference plant for nodulated and N₂-fixing V. faba. Significant differences occurred in the quantity of N₂ fixation of six V. faba cultivars. The average fraction of N derived from air (FNdfa) estimated from leaf material ranged between 69 and 80%. Shoot-based estimates of N fixation varied between 200 and 360 kg N ha^-1. N fixation was affected more by differences in FNdfa than by differences in total N accumulation. Fixation data calculated with the non-nodulated reference plant V. faba cv. F48 were lower than those calculated with cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as reference plants. Of all reference plants, non-N₂-fixing V. faba cv. F48 has a root system and temporal pattern of N assimilation that is the one most similar to that of N₂-fixing V. faba plants. Cv. F48 showed senescence as did the other V. faba cultivars after pod-fill was complete, whereas cabbage, ryegrass and camomile had a later senescence period. N fixation during pod-filling appears more important for a good yield than N₂ fixation abilities in the earlier growth period. The best V. faba cultivars left about 100 kg N ha^-1 in residual material on the field as fertilization for the following crops.     

Grain yield,seed weight,seed N concentration,and nodule activity of soybean as influenced by defoliation and N fertilizer

It is unknown if nitrogen (N) fertilizer application will ameliorate the yield loss associated with severe defoliation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] at the R5 stage of growth. The objective of this field study was to investigate the interaction of N fertilization rate and extent of defoliation on soybean yield, seed weight, seed N concentration, and nodule activity. Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 on a Drummer silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). Treatment variables were three cultivars: BSR 101, Chamberlain, and Elgin 87; three N fertilizer rates applied one day after defoliation: 0, 84, and 168 kg N ha^‐1 as urea; and three levels of defoliation: 0, 50, and 75%. Grain yield was not significantly affected by N rate but did decrease with defoliation. Fertilizer N did not ameliorate the yield reduction associated with defoliation. Seed weight decreased linearly with increasing defoliation. Plants exposed to the most severe defoliation produced seed which weighed 1 g 100^‐1 seed less than seed from nondefoliated plants. In 1989 seed weight of only the nondefoliated plants increased slightly with N rate, seed weight was not affected by N rate for any other year by defoliation treatment combination. Seed N concentration was not affected by N rate. Seed N concentration increased with defoliation in 1988 but not in 1989. Seed N concentration was not affected by defoliation in 1989. N fertilizer application and defoliation decreased nodule activity. Defoliated plants utilized nitrates in preference to dinitrogen fixation. Fertilizer N increased the concentration of nitrates in the plant, but the increase did not ameliorate the yield loss. Developing pods and seed are the predominate sink. The additional energy presumably required for dinitrogen fixation did not exacerbate the yield loss.