~(14)C-林丹在人参土壤中的降解

本文应用~(14)C-林丹研究了γ-六六六在不同人参土壤中的降解。在模拟环境条件下,经过228天的观察发现,林丹在土壤中矿化降解十分缓慢,当土壤中浓度为20ppm时,达到完全矿化,估计黑钙土需要9年,棕钙土需要11年。此外,林丹在土壤中矿化的速率与微生物种群有关,真菌矿化林丹的能力大于细菌。林丹在土壤中的残留绝大部分以可溶态形式存在,约占总残留物的77.43％—80.54％,与土壤结合的仅为一小部分,即13.11％—20.77％。     

里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei固定化细胞酶液水解辐射预处理稻麦秸秆的研究

用1×10~5、3×10~5、5×10~5和10×10~5 Gy的电子束和电子束加4％NaOH复合预处理稻麦秸秆。预处理稻秆200目以上粉末随辐照剂量的增加而增中。用1％纤维素酶水解电子束预处理稻麦秸秆48小时,葡萄糖得率随辐照剂量的增加而增加,10×10~5 Gy照射的比未预处理的增加了70％—80％;而复合预处理稻麦秸秆的葡萄糖得率在5×10~5 Gy以内,随辐射剂量增加而增加,分别为36％和35％,比未处理的10.2％增加了约2.5倍,而用10×10~5 Gy的反而下降。通过辐射聚合在纱布表面覆盖高分子poly(HEA)、poly(HEMA)、poly(HPMA)、poly(A-4G)和poly(A-TMPT),并以此作为固定化里氏木霉细胞的载体。这些载体均能较好地固定化里氏木霉细胞,固定化细胞的滤纸活性(FPA)均高于游离细胞,其中覆盖poly(HPMA)的载体固定化细胞的效果最好,FPA为3.5U/ml,比游离细胞增加了近40％。用这些固定化细胞的酶液水解NaOH和电子束复合预处理的稻麦秸秆,其葡萄糖得率随辐照剂量和水解时间的增加而增加,其中4％NaOH和10×10~5 Gy处理的稻麦秸秆第6天的葡萄糖得率为19％和22％。     

土壤中~(14)C-葡萄糖的周转及其与土壤特性的关系

研究了1 4 C 葡萄糖在 1 3种土壤中的周转。周转可以分为 3个阶段 :0～ 3d ,周转速率为 1 3× 1 0 - 1 ～ 2 5× 1 0 - 1 /d ,半周转期为 3～ 5d;3～ 2 8d,周转速率为 0 7×1 0 - 2 ～ 1 2× 1 0 - 2 /d ,半周转期为 5 8～ 97d ;2 8～ 2 94d,周转速率为 0 5× 1 0 - 3× 1 4×1 0 - 3/d ,半周转期为 491～ 1 5 0 4d。相关性分析表明 ,1 4 C 葡萄糖周转速率与土壤代谢熵 (qCO2 )呈显著性正相关 ;3～ 2 8d周转速率与土壤理化性质和生物学性质都无显著的相关性 ;2 8～ 2 94d周转速率与土壤总有机碳、全氮、CEC呈显著或极显著负相关 ,与土壤砂粒含量呈显著正相关。这一阶段1 4 C 葡萄糖的周转与土壤性质密切相关。     

大麦离体诱变效应的研究

以二稜皮大麦品种舟麦2号和秀四的幼胚及其愈伤组织为离体诱变材料,研究了γ射线不同剂量辐照后的离体培养反应、生理损伤及诱变效应。结果表明,用γ射线辐照离体大麦幼胚及其愈伤组织的适宜剂量是10—20Gy,MR_2代的突变频率可比常规诱变技术(300Gy γ射线辐照干种子)分别提高33.9％—82.1％和32.7％—229.6％;比离体培养技术分别提高84.0％—150.3％和82.4％—352.9％,而且仍可维持相对较好的培养反应。用30Gy辐照幼胚的诱变效果则可提高9—13倍,但严重抑制了离体培养物的再生能力,并导致了MR_1代严重的生理损伤。     

放射免疫法测定畜产品中的己烯雌酚

本文采用DES-MCME-BSA复合物免疫家兔,制备兔抗DES抗血清。其滴度为1:1250,亲和常数为1.1×10~9L/mol,与己烷雌酚和双烯雌酚的交叉反应分别为4.58％和2.14％,与17β-雌二醇、孕酮、甲地孕酮、睾酮和丙酸睾酮的交叉反应均<0.01％。应用制得的抗血清,建立了DES的放射免疫测定法。其最小检测量为2pg/管,平均回收率90.4±7.6％,批内和批间变异系数分别为5.4％和10.4％,表明本法灵敏、可靠,适于大批样品的常规筛检。     

山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中毛孕酮浓度的变化

本试验用放射免疫分析(RIA)药盒测定了沙能,杂交1代(沙能×成都麻羊)和杂交2代〔沙×(沙×成)〕共23头山羊发情周期中及妊娠期中奶孕酮和毛孕酮浓度的变化。试验结果表明,应用RIA药盒可测出毛申孕酮。配种后1—28天,孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量,非孕羊奶和毛中孕酮含量均呈极显著相关(分别为r=0.5458,p<0.01和r=0.7832,p<0.01)。配种后22天,以每毫升奶含孕酮3.9ng为判斯孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为82.4％和100％;以每50mg毛含3.7ng孕酮为判断孕否标准,孕与非孕羊确诊率分别为77.8％和100％。妊娠20天起,毛中孕酮含量(5.67±0.98ng/50mg毛)逐渐上升,120天达到高峰(9.85±1.20ng/50mg)。产羔前8天起,毛中孕酮含量(7.73±1.91ng/50mg)下降较快,产羔当天下降到4.93±0.25ng/50mg。     

γ射线外照射影响粳稻生育的初步研究

用~(60)Coγ射线外照射粳稻生长植株(1、2、3、4、5、6片叶、孕键、抽穗和开花期),每个时期所用照射量为2、5、10、15、20、25kR,照射量率为96.8—99.1R/min。试验表明:1—6片叶接受~(60)Coγ射线照射的植株,辐射生理损伤具有阶段性,照射后新长出的3片叶是辐射损伤最为明显的部位,通过照射后的株高增长曲线,可粗略预报辐照后减产10％、50％、90％的植株。水稻一生中孕穗期是对γ辐射最为敏感的时期,5kR便可减产80％,10kR减产100％。     

华东地区粉煤灰农田模拟试验和放射性分析

对浙江、福建、山东、江西、安徽和江苏 6省部分大型热电厂粉煤灰的采样分析表明 :粉煤灰中主要放射性成分为2 38U、2 32 Th衰变系和4 0 K ,比活度范围分别为 75～2 84Bq kg、60～ 1 64Bq kg和 1 2 0～ 73 8Bq kg。粉煤灰农田施用模拟试验表明 :当施用量达到 52 5t hm2 时 ,土壤中天然放射性核素2 2 6 Ra和2 2 8Ra的比活度分别是对照的 1 88倍和 1 3 9倍 ;生产的食品 (稻谷、玉米籽和麦粒 )中 2种核素的比活度与对照没有明显差异 ,对作物的食用安全性影响不明显     

辐射诱变小冠花突变体毒性的探讨

本试验采用~(60)Coγ射线和快中子照射西德小冠花根蘖芽,对其毒性突变率和遗传稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,M_1出现毒性突变,有高毒类型和低毒类型。在M_2中,大多数毒性突变体遗传性不稳定,稳定型出现几率较低,仅占2.0—12.9％。已选出的低毒突变体,其β-硝基丙酸含量为31.7mg/g,是对照含量的48.7—51.4％。通过M_3—M_5鉴定,低毒遗传性基本稳定。     

城市土壤污染的磁学监测研究

对上海市典型工业区(宝山区淞南镇)与农业区(宝山区罗泾镇)土壤磁性特征和重金属含量进行研究,结果表明:工业区土壤磁化率(χlf)平均为271×10-8m3/kg,最高达1660×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率(χfd)平均<2%;农业区土壤χlf平均为32.5×10-8m3/kg,变化范围为:(15~58.6)×10-8m3/kg。工业区土壤磁性异常增值,与工业活动与交通运输中含Fe磁性颗粒的排放有关;工业区土壤χlf与土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Mn、Fe的含量存在极显著正相关性,表明土壤磁性可作为监测城市/工业土壤污染的有效手段。农业区土壤χlf接近土壤背景值,与土壤重金属的相关性不显著。     

珠江流域下游1960—2019水沙异变诊断及其控制因素

为了阐明强人类活动下珠江流域下游水沙异变时间节点以及异变机制,通过对1960—2019年珠江流域下游主要水文控制站西江高要、北江石角、东江博罗,以及西江干流马口和北江干流三水站的长时序水沙数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验法、Pettitt检验法和双累积曲线,诊断了三江不同流域的水沙异变点,并阐明异变的主控因子。结果表明:(1)根据以上诊断方法,可以将水沙变化分为异变和显著变化两个层级;(2)对于流量来说,马口站流量在1986年发生显著变化,主要受气候控制; 三水站的流量在1991年发生异变,主要是由于人类挖沙导致三水剖面迅速下降,经过思贤滘的分水比增大引起了径流量异变。其他站位没有发生径流显著变化以及异变;(3)5个站位的输沙率只有石角站没有发生异变,但是在1999年发生了显著变化,主要受到上游水库的建设控制。其余4个站位的输沙率和输沙量都发生了异变,而每个站位的异变时间和原因并不相同。高要站和马口站输沙率在1999—2000年发生了异变,主控制因子为上游水库和大坝的建设。北江干流的三水站和东江博罗站输沙率分别在2003年、1988年发生异变,主要是由于上游水土保持造成的。综上,珠江流域下游的水沙异变主要受到人类活动控制,理解其异变机制对河口生态环境保护和可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Ionizing radiation effects on soil biota: Application of lessons learned from Chernobyl accident for radioecological monitoring

Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and some other neighboring countries bear the heritage of several Soviet era nuclear disasters and the resulting severe radioactive pollution of vast territories. The most famous of them is the Chernobyl catastrophe on April 26, 1986 which resulted in a massive radioisotope fallout (0.185 MBq m⁻² or higher) over about 25,000 km² of the territory of the former USSR alone. Extensive radioecological research around Chernobyl demonstrated that despite high resistance of most of soil-dwelling organisms to ionizing radiation, some soil animals were very vulnerable to radioactive pollution due to low motility, direct contact with hot particles and radioisotope accumulation in soil. These are the reasons that soil organisms are very important organisms for long-term radioecological observations. In this review, we analyze published data on the response of different soil taxa to radioisotope contamination of soil near Chernobyl and other nuclear accident locations. Field results are compared with the available experimental data. Earthworms, millipedes, collembolans and oribatid mites were recognized as the most appropriate biomonitors of different radioactivity levels and types of radioactive pollution. Synthesis of this knowledge allowed us to propose a multilevel system of soil radioecological monitoring, which may be useful for studying the short- and long-term environmental consequences of the recent catastrophe at Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant in Japan, as well as other locations vulnerable to radioactive pollution.     

Radioactive particles in soil,plant, and dust samples after the Fukushima nuclear accident

Environmental samples of soil, plant and air dust collected after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident were analyzed by autoradiograph, and significant amounts of radioactive particles containing higher cesium-134 (¹³⁴Cs) and cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) were found. Most of the radioactive soil particles were clay sized. The main part of the radioactivity and radioactive particles of air dust was detected from the 1.1–2.0μm fraction of an Andersen sampler filter. A considerable part of the radioactive particles on the air dust filter were not water soluble. Radioactive particles attached to outdoor plant leaves persisted for nearly 1 year. Thus, soil, leaf and air dust similarly contained sparingly water-soluble, micron-sized radioactive particles each with comparable ranges of elevated radio-Cs. A sheet dilution method was proposed and used to select and purify these radioactive particles. Using selected radioactive particles, the relation between area × gray value on autoradiograph and radioactivity was estimated. Radioactivity per particle was up to a few Bq and the geometrical average radioactivity of detected particles was around 0.1 Bq per particle or less. The configuration, chemical composition, origin and formation mechanisms of the radioactive particles require clarification.     

Effectiveness of medium pruning on the reduction of radioactive cesium concentration in new shoots of tea plants in Ibaraki Prefecture,Japan

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) plantations in the northern part of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan, approximately 100 km southwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), were contaminated with radioactive cesium (Cs) released from the power station during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster in 2011. Radioactive Cs concentrations in new shoots were monitored over the 3 years since June 2011. The use of conventional skiffing management resulted in 64% lower radioactive Cs concentration in October 2011 compared with that in June 2011, and the concentration continued to decrease gradually thereafter. Medium pruning to approximately 40 cm from the ground decreased radioactive Cs concentrations in the first tea crop of 2012 and 2013 by 24–25% more than conventional skiffing management.     

~(137)Cs在土壤中的污染行为与钾盐的防治效果

本研究结果表明 ,在污染水平相同的情况下 ,不同土壤对春小麦吸收137Cs有很大影响 ,植株中137Cs的比活度相差几十倍。在同一种土壤、不同污染水平下 ,春小麦对137Cs的吸收与土壤中137Cs的污染水平呈正相关。在137Cs污染的土壤上施用钾盐可以降低春小麦植株对137Cs的吸收。防治效果与钾盐施用量有关 ,本试验结果为土壤阳离子代换量 1 / 3 0的量施用效果最好 ,使植株中的137Cs比活度降低 84 74%～88 89% ,与不施钾盐的对照组的差异十分显著     

Blood chemistry levels after acute and chronic exposure to HgC12 in the killifish Aphanius dispar (RUPP)

This work evaluated the changes that occurred in the levels of eight blood constituents under the stress of experimental Hg pollution. Experiments have been made on Aphanius dispar Rupp. collected from the inter-tidal zone around the marine biological station of Al Ghardaqa, Red Sea Egypt.     

长江上游流域径流变化

分析长江上游流域5个主要控制站：金沙江屏山、岷江高场、嘉陵江北碚、长江上游干流寸滩及乌江武隆的月流量变化。结果表明,高场和北碚站的径流显著减少,寸滩站径流则稍微减少。从年内分配上看,9-11月份减少较多。寸滩站径流减少主要受岷江和嘉陵江流域降水量减少和人类活动的影响。     

1961-2016年长江源区径流量变化规律

利用长江源区沱沱河站和直达门站1961—2016年月平均径流量数据,运用滑动平均、累积距平曲线、集中期、集中度、滑动t检验、小波分析等方法指标,定性和定量相结合,统计分析了长江源区径流量的年际、年代际、年内、突变和周期变化特征。结果表明:长江源区1961—2016年径流量总体呈增加趋势。沱沱河站径流量集中度、相对变化幅度、年内分配不均匀系数高于直门达站。1996年是沱沱河站径流量发生显著突变的年份,2004年是直门达站径流量发生显著突变的年份。沱沱河站存在8～12 a和3～4 a的周期振荡特征,直门达站存在6～8 a和3～4 a左右的周期振荡特征。     

Effects of Copper on the Sorption of Phthalate Esters to Yellow River Sediment

Recent developments in satellite remote sensing technologies resulted in the ability to observe major pollution events such as dust and smoke around the world on a daily basis. Satellite imagery can sometimes detect long-range transport episodes. In this paper, a high CO episode at remote GAW station, Mt. Waliguan, detected by MOPITT CO dataset during the end of April 2002, is described. CO concentrations above 600 hPa almost doubled on 27 April and CMDL surface sample measurements also observed this significant CO enhancement. Using NCEP data, satellite fire products data and backward trajectory model we suggest that this high CO episode of 27 April is not a local pollution event, but that it is due to long-range transport from active biomass burning and biofuel burning areas located in the border areas of Pakistan and India. The trajectory cluster analysis shows that the origins of 5-day backward trajectories, for air masses reaching Mt. Waliguan station, at all altitudes, mainly overlap with the fire spot locations detected by TRMM data and biofuel burning in India.     

~(137)Cs不同污染水平在大亚湾、秦山、北京土壤植物系统的转移

采用我国大亚湾、秦山和北京土壤 ,模拟核裂变产物137Cs在 0Bq kg土、3 3×1 0 4 Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 5Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 6 Bq kg土污染水平时 ,研究土壤 -小麦系统的污染影响与137Cs核素的转移规律。结果表明 :在本试验条件下小麦生长发育处于正常状态 ,未发现对小麦有不良影响 ;小麦分别在 3个污染水平下从试验用的 3种土壤中吸收137Cs的趋势是一致的 ;小麦植株中137Cs的比活度随137Cs施入量相应以数量级增加 ,两者间呈十分显著的正相关 ;137Cs在土壤 -小麦系统中的转移系数随土壤的性质不同而变化 ,在同一污染水平下转移系数在n× 1 0 - 2 ～n× 1 0 0 范围变化 ;在同一种土壤中 ,随土壤污染水平的提高 ,转移系数亦有所提高 ,但变化范围不大 ,对北京土转移系数为 2 2× 1 0 - 2 ～ 5 4× 1 0 - 2 ,大亚湾土转移系数为 1 0 4～ 2 0 9,均在同一数量级内变化 ;对秦山土转移系数为 0 51～ 1 2 1。