Bioactive and multifunctional textile using plant-based madder dye: Characterization of UV protection ability and antibacterial activity

In the present work the natural madder dye (Rubia tinctorum L.) was applied to the simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of polyester (PET) fabric. In the first part of the study the color performance and the durability were revealed for exhaustion dyed fabric. The dyed fabric was then characterized with respect to ultraviolet (UV) protection ability and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). CIELab color coordinates, namely the positive a* and b* values, confirmed a yellow/orange color of the dyed fabric. From durability tests, the color showed a moderate to good light fastness and good to excellent fastness to washing and rubbing. The madder dye improved both the UV protective performance and the antibacterial activity of the fabric. With 3 % on weight of fiber (owf) the UV protection factor increased up to 106, and the antibacterial activity up to 86 % against both types of bacteria tested.     

Application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sterculia Foetida</Emphasis> Fruit Shell Waste Biomolecules on Silk for Aesthetic and Wellness Properties

There has been growing interest in the use of bioresource waste for natural dyeing and finishing. This paper discusses dye extraction from the novel source fruit shell waste of Sterculia foetida and its application on mulberry silk fabric to confer aesthetic coloration and wellness properties such as ultra-violet (UV) protection and antibacterial properties. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in color depth and adequate wash, light, and rubbing fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics with and without mordanting. Pre-and post-mordanting of silk fabrics were carried out using mordants such as alum, harda (myrobalan), and copper sulfate. UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of fruit shell extract (FSE) at different pHs and FSE with three different mordants at neutral pH was used to understand the phenomena of dye-fiber interaction. The treated fabrics characterised by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XRD analysis indicate the nature of dye fiber interaction justifying the multifunctional properties. The treated fabric also showed very good ultraviolet protection property and antibacterial properties both against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria even after ten washes. The results indicate that Sterculia foetida fruit shell extract offers an excellent potential as coloration, antibacterial, and ultraviolet protective agent for mulberry silk fabric.     

Multifunctionalised silk using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delonix regia</Emphasis> stem shell waste

The use of natural dyes and natural finishes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance because of the increased environmental awareness to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes and synthetic chemicals. The Delonix regia stem shells were extracted in distilled water methanol and ethanol solvents. Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the presence of bioactive chemical constituents such as saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol and tannin using the standard procedure. All the tests showed positive for the presence of components except saponin in methanol and ethanol extract. The qualitative antibacterial analysis was done by AATCC 147 method with excerpts from three different solvents both against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria. Delonix regia stem shell extract (DSE) in distil water was used for natural dyeing of mulberry silk fabric. Pre-mordanting and post-mordanting of silk fabric were carried out using alum and myrobalan mordants. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in colour depth (K/S) and adequate wash, light and rubbing fastness properties without and with mordanted and dyed silk fabrics. Quantitative antibacterial analysis by AATCC 100 method was done on dyed silk fabric which showed very good resistance both against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Dyed silk fabric also showed good to very good ultraviolet (UV) protection property. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and without mordant treated silk fabrics were analysed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). In addition to that wash, durability was also measured of dyed silk fabric for antibacterial and ultraviolet protection (UPF) properties according to AATCC 61 2A washing method.     

Multifunctional colored polyester fabric treated with dopamine hydrochloride at room temperature: higher tensile,hydrophilicity and anti-bacterial properties along with aminolysis

In this work, dopamine hydrochloride, an environmental friendly compound, was applied on polyester fabric through conventional simple impregnation method in alkaline solution (pH=8.5) at room temperature. In situ spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine form polydopamine (PDA) along with aminolysis of polyester fabric surface. Also, a range of colored polyester fabric were successfully achieved by formation of polydopamine adhesive coating layer at different concentration of dopamine hydrochloride (0.001-4 g/l). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy showed deposition of polydopmaine on the polyester fabric surface. The modified colored polyester fabric showed reasonable durability against washing, rubbing and light. The treated polyester fabric with 2 g/l dopamine hydrochloride as optimum concentration indicated not only lower spreading time for water droplet and electrical resistance with higher tensile strength but also very good bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.     

Extraction,Dyeing, and Antibacterial Properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crataegus Elbursensis</Emphasis> Fruit Natural Dye on Wool Yarn

Fruits obtained from shrubs of the Crataegus elbursensis (C. elbursensis) plant demonstrate significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, natural dye was sono-extracted from fresh and dried fruits and applied in dyeing and antibacterial finishing of wool. The maximum sono-extraction yield was obtained when optimal conditions of ethanol/ water (4/1 v/v) as extracting solvent, time 30 min, pH 4, temperature 50 oC, and C. elbursensis concentration 10 g/l were used. When wool yarns were dyed with the extracted natural dye, the maximum dye uptake was achieved using dye concentration 75 % owf, and dyeing condition of 100 oC, 60 min, pH 4, and LR 100:1. Different metal salts like aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, and tin chloride were applied on wool by pre-mordanting method and their effects on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness were examined. Results showed that the natural dye itself had relatively high uptake and good color fastness on un-mordanted wool. Further, each mordant had different effect on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness properties depending on its coordination ability with dye molecules and wool chains. Moreover, dyed yarns showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.     

Eco-friendly and Durable Antibacterial Cotton Fabrics Prepared with Polysulfopropylbetaine

A novel antibacterial agent polysulfopropylbetaine (PSPB) bearing carboxyl groups was synthesized and its application on cotton fabric to provide durable antibacterial property was also presented. The successful synthesis of PSPB and its immobilization onto the cotton fabric surface were verified by a series of tests including FTIR, ¹H NMR, XPS and SEM. Viable cell counting method was employed to investigate antibacterial properties of the finished cotton fabrics. It was found that the cotton fabrics treated with PSPB were endowed with desirable antibacterial activity against both gram-negative bacteria Esherichia coli (E.coli, AATCC 6538) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus, AATCC 25922), with the bacterisotatic rates of 99.69 % and 99.95 %, respectively. Notably, the bacterial reduction rates still maintained over 90 % against both bacteria even after 50 consecutive laundering cycles. Moreover, tests concerning the hydrophilicity, air permeability, water vapor transmission, mechanical properties as well as thermal properties were carried out systematically. The experimental results indicated the hydrophilic performance, air permeability and moisture penetrability of the cotton fabrics finished with PSPB were improved greatly in spite of a slight reduction in thermal performance and little obvious influence on mechanical performance. The antibacterial cotton fabric has the potential to be applied in sportswear, underwear, household textiles, medical fields and much more.     

Simultaneous synthesis of nano ZnO and surface modification of polyester fabric

In this study, synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out along with the hydrolysis of polyester fabric using sodium hydroxide to increase the surface activity and enhance the nanoparticles adsorption. The polyester fabrics were treated with zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide at different bath conditions, ultrasound and stirrer, resulting in formation of ZnO nanospheres and ZnO nanorods. The presence of zinc oxide with different shapes on the surface of the polyester fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also, the X-ray diffraction patterns established the composition of wurtzite structure of zinc oxide. The self-cleaning property of treated polyester fabrics was evaluated through discoloring dye stain under sunlight irradiation. The antibacterial activities of the samples against two common pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also assessed. The results indicated that the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of the ultrasound treated polyester fabrics were superior compared to the stirrer treated samples.     

Natural dyeing of cotton with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylocarpus granatum</Emphasis> bark extract: Dyeing,fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties

In this research we investigated the dyeing of cotton fabrics with extracts of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove plant with a long history of use in leather tanning and textile dyeing. X. granatum bark was extracted and spray-dried, yielding a tannin-rich, reddish-brown powder. This powder proved a suitable colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton with promising color fastness properties to wet treatments (washing, water, sea water, and perspiration), hot pressing, crocking, and light exposure. However, the dye alone produced only weak levels of coloration and therefore metallic salt mordants were employed to improve the color strength, through the formation of insoluble tannate complexes. The resulting fabric K/S values were dependent on the mordant used and exhibited the following trend: ferric sulfate > sodium dichromate > copper sulfate > potassium aluminum sulfate > no mordant, for fabrics exposed to mordants before and after dyeing. Mordanting resulted in slight variations in shade and color fastness. In most cases, the color fastness properties were preserved, except for color fastness to light and hot pressing, for which lowered ratings were found for some mordants. Stiffness and mechanical performance were not greatly affected by dyeing or mordanting, except for sodium dichromate mordanting which significantly stiffened and weakened the fabric. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of all the dyed samples achieved the maximum (50+) level, highlighting the excellent UV shielding properties of the fabric. Overall, X. granatum bark extract is a promising, effective colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton in terms of appearance, fastness, and physical characteristics.     

Dyeing and antibacterial properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liriope platyphylla</Emphasis> fruit extracts on silk fabrics

Dyeing and antibacterial properties of a natural dye extracted from Liriope platyphylla fruit applied on silk fabrics have been studied. The total phenolic content (1109.13±69.02 mg), total flavonoid content (530.60±89.44 mg), and total anthocyanin content (492.26±77.79 mg) were measured in 100 g fresh weight of L. platyphylla fruits. In addition, ten anthocyanins and four flavanols were identified in L. platyphylla fruits by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS). A broad variation in color shade and color depth can be achieved with mixtures of dye extracts and metal mordants. Purple, blue, and pale green were main color shades of silk fabrics dyed with the extracts. The fastness of dyed silk fabrics except for control dyed fabrics against light, washing, and rubbing were acceptable with at least a grey scale rating of 3. The antibacterial activities of L. platyphylla fruit extracts were retained on dyed silk fabrics even after home washing 30 cycles. Mordanting with metal salt mordant had a positive effect on antibacterial activity of dyed silk fabrics in this study. Among them, aluminum and copper were the most effective mordants for improving antibacterial activity of silk fabrics dyed with L. platyphylla fruit extracts. The costs of natural dyeing of per silk fabrics kg by the extracts from L. platyphylla fruit were also calculated on laboratory scale.     

Adhesion and durability of Cu film on polyester fabric prepared by finishing treatment with polyester-polyurethane and aqueous acrylate

To improve adhesion and wear durability at the interface between copper (Cu) film and polyester fabric, the Cu-coated polyester fabric was treated by two commercial solutions of polyester-polyurethane (PP) and aqueous acrylate (AC) as finishing process respectively. Both finishing agents with 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %, 35 % and 40 % concentrations were coated on the Cu-coated fabrics by a padding method in this study. The surface morphologies of the coated polyester fabric before and after finishing were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adhesion of Cu-coated film before and after the finishing treatments was measured with scotch tape method; the durability was evaluated by colorfastness to washing, crocking and perspiration. Additionally, Ultraviolet (UV) shielding, water repellency and CIE L*a*b of the Cu-coated polyester fabric before and after the finishing treatments were determined. The Cu-coated polyester fabric has a high adhesion property of the 5 level, colorfastness to washing, wet crocking and perspiration of the Cu-coated fabric were obviously enhanced to level 5, level 4-5 and level 3-4. Meanwhile, The Cu-coated polyester fabric kept an excellent UV protection with UPF value over 68 after finishing treatment with PP and AC. The results demonstrate the finishing treatment with the PP presented effectively in durability performance than the AC for the Cu-coated polyester fabric.     

Synthesis and spectral characterization of novel azomethine disperse dyes derived from pyrazolone moiety and their dyeing performance on polyester fabrics

A series of new azomethine dyes based on pyrazolone system have been synthesized via different routes. The solvatochromism for the dyes was evaluated with respect to spectroscopic properties in various solvents. The dyes were applied as disperse dyes on polyester fabrics and gave shade poor to excellent light fastness, washing, perspiration, sublimation, and rubbing fastness properties. Also the position of color in CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*) and K/S value were investigated.     

Effect of Silver Particle size on color and Antibacterial properties of silk and cotton Fabrics

In this study silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and hence colors were synthesized on silk and cotton fabrics through reduction of silver nitrate. Particle sizes of the silver colloids were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The structure and properties of the treated fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy. Various characteristics of the treated fabrics including antibacterial activities against a Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and a Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, color effect, wash and light fastness, water absorption, fabric rigidity, and UV blocking properties were also assessed. The results indicated that the treated fabrics displayed different colors in the presence of silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and exhibited good and durable fastness properties. Also, the size of the silver particles had a tangible effect on antibacterial activity of treated fabrics and its antibacterial performance was improved by decreasing the size of particles. Moreover, this process imparted significantly UV blocking activity to fabric samples.     

Eco friendly natural dyes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Syzygium cumini (L)</Emphasis> (Jambolan) fruit seed endosperm and to preparation of antimicrobial fabric and their washing properties

The present study has been focused on the extraction of natural dyes from Syzygium cumini (L.) Jambolan fruit dry seed endosperm and investigation of their phytochemicals and pharmacological characteristics. Dyes were prepared using aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and alkaline extraction techniques. UV spectral studies of the dyes showed a variation in absorption maxima and their color varied with respect to the pH and the solvent used during extraction. The dye was prepared from Jambolan fruit dry seed endosperm showed good antibacterial activity. The aqueous extraction of Jambolan fruit dry seed endosperm was able to inhibit the growth of many bacterial strains viz S. lutea, E.coli, P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens and S. aureus etc. The antimicrobial property of the dyes was used in developing antimicrobial fabric.     

Study on antibacterial and comfort performances of cotton fabric finished by chitosan-silver for intimate apparel

The fabric used for intimate apparel is widely required to have excellent antibacterial and comfort performances. In order to improve its antibacterial ability, this paper studied chitosan-silver finishing on the cotton knitted fabric. The study indicates that the chitosan-silver attached to the fabric exhibits excellent antibacterial action against the typical bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureu). The anti-bacterial mechanism of chitosan-silver against E. coli and S. aureu were investigated. To guarantee its prominent comfort performance, measurements were made on the finished fabric of its air permeability, water vapor transmission, hydrophily, surface friction and bending ability against the control fabric, which is currently used for intimate apparel. The antibacterial and comfort performances were compared between the tested fabrics. The results show that the air permeability and the hydrophily of the finished cotton fabric are significantly better than the control one, while the water vapor transmission, the surface friction and the adjustable rate remain similar to each other. The bending rigidity of the finished fabric is slightly better due to the attachment of chitosan within accepted threshold. The dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver proves to be useful for a higher synergistic effect of anti-bacteria, lower whiteness degradation and overall optimization of comfort performance. This dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver is valuable for improving antibacterial and comfort performances of intimate apparel.     

A study on combining natural dyes and environmentally-friendly mordant to improve color strength and ultraviolet protection of textiles

In this study, natural dyes were extracted from five plants, namely diospyros kaki, dioscorea cirrhosa, millettia (jixueteng), ecliptae, and macrocarpa nucuma, using environmentally-friendly solvents, including ethanol and deionized (DI) water. A plant mordant, tannin extracted from Emblica officinalis G., and a metal mordant, copper sulfate, were used in the pre-dyeing process. Cotton and silk fabric samples were treated using the five natural dyes without and with mordanting for comparison on their color strength and characteristics as well as protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Results revealed that Emblica officinalis G. had the highest total phenol content, followed by dioscorea cirrhosa. The presence of abundant phenolic groups in the natural dyes and mordant makes them effective coloration agents for fabrics. Cotton and silk fabrics dyed using ecliptae without pre-mordanting had the highest K/S values. Silk fabrics had higher K/S values than cotton fabrics, indicating greater color strength in pre-mordanted silk treated with DI water-extracted dyes. Natural mordant used before treatment with natural dyes contribute to significant enhancement in color strength, and Emblica officinalis G. alone could darken the color of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with plant pigment. Moreover, treatment with natural dyes after mordanting can increase ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and the enhancement in UVR protection is greater and more significant in cotton fabrics than in silk fabrics, and in fabrics treated with DI water-extracted natural dyes than in those treated with ethanol-extracted ones. In conclusion, pre-dyeing with natural mordant followed by treatment with natural dyes extracted using environmentally-friendly solvents can enhance significantly K/S and UPF, offering directions for manufacturing textiles without environmental hazards but with good appearance and health benefits.     

Natural Dyeing of Wool by Madder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubia tinctorum L</Emphasis>.) Root Extract Using Tannin-based Biomordants: Colorimetric,Fastness and Tensile Assay

In this work, the natural dyeing behavior of woollen yarn with madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) root extract was studied. The effects of different tannin-rich plants (Rhus coriaria, Eucalyptus, Terminalia chebula, Quercus castaneifolia, Pomegranate) extract as biomordants and alum (as a chemical mordant) with two mordanting procedures (pre- and metamordanting) on color characteristics of the dyed samples were also investigated. The CIEDE2000 values, color strength (K/S), washing fastness and tensile property of the mordanted and dyed samples were assessed. Visually, a range of hues from orange to brownish-red were obtained. In general, pre-biomordanted samples with Rhus coriaria (10 %owf), Eucalyptus (10 %owf), Terminalia chebula (5 %owf), Quercus castaneifolia (5 %owf) and Pomegranate (5 %owf) showed almost the same color difference (ΔE₀₀) and wash fastness values compared to those treated with 3 %owf alum. Finally, it was concluded from the comparative studies that the biomordants have good potential to be considered as alternatives to the common chemical mordants.     

One Step Thermochromic Pigment Printing and Ag NPs Antibacterial Functional Finishing of Cotton and Cotton/PET Fabrics

One step thermochromic pigment printing and antibacterial functionality of cotton (100 %) and cotton/polyester blend (50/50 %) were demonstrated in this study. The improvement in antimicrobial activity against G+ve (Bacillus cereus) and G-ve (E. coli), and pigment printability were achieved by inclusion of Ag-NPs (30 g/kg) into pigment printing paste followed by printing and microwave curing at 700 W for 5 min. Modes of interactions were proposed, and surface modification was also confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis that proved the presence of Ag-NPs in cotton and cotton/ polyester blended samples. The results indicated that the colour fastness to wash and rubbing was excellent, the surface roughness reduced, and exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and E. coli bacteria.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limoniastrum monopetalum</Emphasis> stems as a new source of natural colorant for dyeing wool fabrics

In the present study, an attempt has been made to dye the wool fabric with Limoniastrum monopetalum stems, as a source of natural dye, which has not been exploited so far. Optimization of extraction parameters was done. Optimum results of extraction process were obtained with a dye concentration of 60 g/l, a temperature of 90 °C during 100 min. The study of different factors effecting dyeability of wool fabrics by aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract showed that the pH of dye bath and dyeing temperature and time affected considerably the color yield. The best results were obtained at the following conditions; pH 2, 100 °C, and 60 min. Metal mordants, when used in conjunction with L. monopetalum dye, allowed to obtain various shades. The determination of phenolic contents of aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract showed a high amount of phenolic components. Based on RP-HPLC, the coloring extract of L. monopetalum stems contains tannins and polyphenols. The major identified phenolic compounds were procatechuic, Trans-cinnamic and gallic acids. Hence, aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract could be successfully exploited for dyeing wool fabrics with high color yield (K/S).     

Antibacterial Coating of Glass Fiber Filters with Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Glycidyltrimethylammonium Chloride (GTAC)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were attached to glass fiber filters to improve their antibacterial properties using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC), a type of quaternary ammonium salt. The glass fiber filters treated with GTAC were placed into the Ag colloid and heat-treated at 43 °C for 90 min to attach AgNPs to the glass fiber filters. The glass fiber filters with the attached AgNPs were then analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface morphology of the glass fiber filters treated with GTAC and AgNPs was observed. The Ag atomic % of the glass fiber filters was analyzed according to the GTAC concentration, Ag colloid concentration, and AgNPs treatment temperature. The surface roughness of the glass fiber filters with the attached AgNPs was measured by AFM. The antibacterial tests of the GTAC and AgNP-treated glass fiber filters highlighted the sufficient antibacterial effects against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. In particular, the antibacterial properties of glass fiber filters against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were improved when the glass fiber filters were treated with both GTAC and AgNPs.     

Colorimetric Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus</Emphasis> Beverages and their Potential Antioxidant Properties

In food industry, roselle beverages and their subproducts could be functional ingredients since they are an excellent source of bioactive compounds with improved performance due to their important anthocyanins content. The aim of this study was to analyze anthocyanin content and antioxidant properties of aqueous infusions elaborated with color contrasting Hibiscus materials and design a mathematical model in order to predict color-composition relationship. Color measurements of beverages from roselle (Negra, Sudan and Rosa) were made by transmission spectrophotometry, anthocyanins quantification was determined by HPLC, and antioxidant potential was evaluated by in vitro methods (ABTS and FRAP assays). Beverages prepared with particle size minor of 250 μm presented until 4- and 2- times more anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity respectively, in comparison to beverages prepared with powders with particle size major of 750 μm. Positive correlations among pigments composition and color parameters were found (p?<?0.05), showing that anthocyanins content, antioxidant capacity, C*_ab and h_ab values increased in relation with the smallest particle size of flours. Also, mathematical models were stablished to predict anthocyanin content (r?≥?0.97) and antioxidant capacity (r?≥?0.89) from color data; we propose equations for quick estimation of the antioxidant capacity in the Hibiscus beverages with high anthocyanin content. The obtained models could be an important tool to be used in food industry for pigment characterization or functional compounds with potential health benefits.