太湖流域粳稻地方品种的微卫星分析

 采用45对SSR引物对224份太湖流域粳稻地方品种进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到162个等位变异,每个位点等位基因数的变幅为2～7,平均为3.6。各位点Nei基因多样性指数变异较大,为0.009（RM169）～0.663（RM444）,平均为0.197。青稻、黄稻、红稻和白稻各传统生态型均具较低的遗传多样性。分子方差分析表明,SSR遗传变异绝大部分存在于传统生态型内。青稻与红稻间、青稻与白稻、红稻与白稻、红稻与黄稻间遗传分化显著。太湖流域粳稻地方品种SSR多样性较低,稀有类型等位基因较多。这对科学制定太湖粳稻地方资源的保护和利用策略具有指导意义。     

太湖地区水稻地方品种品质性状多样性研究进展

太湖地区种稻历史悠久,积累了丰富的水稻地方品种资源,水稻地方品种的遗传多样性研究可为优质资源的保护利用以及选育新品种提供一些参考。本文从遗传多样性的概念、研究方法、太湖地区水稻地方品种品质性状多样性研究进展等方面进行了综述,总结了太湖流域水稻地方品种资源的相关利用价值。     

中国常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及籼粳组分变化

 采用SSR标记分析了304份我国20世纪50-90年代生产上广泛应用的常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及不同时期籼粳组分的变化。结果显示,我国常规稻主栽品种可明显分为籼、粳两类,籼稻的亚遗传结构比粳稻更为复杂,但晚籼和早粳类型的遗传背景略为单一。早、中、晚各季节类型与遗传结构的分型结果符合度较低。利用12个籼粳分化特异的SSR位点分析各品种的籼粳组分,发现20世纪90年代晚籼类型的粳型组分明显增加,而其他类型不同时期间籼粳组分的差异较小。研究结果对了解我国常规稻品种的遗传结构以及籼粳交育种具有一定的意义。     

山西省大豆地方品种与选育品种农艺性状及SSR标记遗传多样性比较分析

以山西省地方品种和选育品种为材料，对其质量性状、数量性状及SSB标记进行了遗传多样性分析。旨在探明地方品种与选育品种之间遗传多样性的差异，为山西省大豆品种资源的研究与利用提供理论依据。结果表明，184份选育品种和180份地方品种在8个质量性状、5个数量性状上都存在较广泛的遗传多样性。选育品种与地方品种相比，遗传多样性较低。在质量性状方面，选育品种的籽粒颜色、生长习性变异性呈下降趋势，而脐色和茸毛色都表现出增加的趋势；在数量性状方面，除粗蛋白低于选育品种外，地方品种的变异程度高于选育品种。对两类品种各13份材料进行SSR分析，结果表明，45个SSR位点基本可以将地方品种和选育品种分开，表明地方品种和选育品种在分子水平上也发生了一定的分化，但地方品种的遗传多样性要高于选育品种。表型和分子检测结果都表明，山西大豆品种的选育在一定程度上降低了遗传多样性。     

辽宁省粳稻育成品种遗传基础分析

以辽宁省1980～2000年审定的71个粳稻品种为分析材料,通过对其系谱、细胞核构成及细胞质来源进行了分析。结果显示,在系谱结构上,日本粳稻丰锦、福锦、黎明、Pi5、三好共衍生出54个水稻品种,占品种总数的76.06%。在细胞核构成上,外来种质资源占辽宁省粳稻育成品种平均细胞核比例的71.86%,其中日本粳稻资源比例达到67.06%。在细胞质来源上,外引19个细胞质家族共衍生出55个水稻品种,占品种总数的77.46%,其中日本粳稻15个细胞质家族,衍生水稻品种数占育成品种总数的46.48%。表明,外引种质资源对辽宁省粳稻品种的基础性作用,日本粳稻资源对辽宁省粳稻品种具有较大的遗传贡献,在一定程度上辽宁省粳稻育成品种遗传背景较为单一。同时,探讨了拓宽辽宁省粳稻品种群体遗传基础及水稻种质资源利用的措施。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳抗稻瘟病基因的分子定位

以广谱、高抗稻瘟病的太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳与感病品种苏御糯杂交,产生F1、F2、F2∶3及F5∶6重组自交系群体,用日本稻瘟病鉴别菌系北1接种鉴定。黑壳子粳对北1的抗性是由1对显性主效基因控制的,定名为Pi hk1(t) 。根据不同杂交世代群体对北1的抗、感反应,结合SSR分子标记,将黑壳子粳中的Pi hk1(t) 基因定位在水稻第11染色体长臂末端,与RM7654和RM27381两个标记的遗传距离分别为0.9 cM和1.6 cM。     

贵州地方水稻品种的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用21对SSR引物对74份贵州"禾"水稻品种及6份国际上常用的典型籼稻和粳稻品种进行遗传多样性研究。共检测到92个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数变幅为2~9个,平均4.381个;平均Shannon信息指数为0.935,变幅为0·2793~1.8732;期望杂合度为0.5145,范围在0.0988~0.8313;品种间遗传相似系数为0.64~0.98。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数为0.682处可将"禾"品种分为4大类,大部分材料被聚类到典型粳稻的附近,品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大;主坐标分析结果与UPGMA聚类结果基本吻合。SSR检测结果表明,贵州省水稻地方品种——"禾"的多样性程度较低,且大多数属于粳稻。     

利用MFLP方法分析我国小麦地方品种及黄淮麦区主栽品种的遗传多样性

为明确小麦地方品种和生产主栽品种间的亲缘关系以及MFLP分子标记技术在小麦品种遗传多样性研究中的有效性,利用MFLP标记技术对24个地方品种和12个来自河北、山东和河南的生产主栽品种基因组DNA进行遗传多样性分析,并利用NTSYS pc 2.10软件对试验数据进行非加权组法（UPGMA）聚类研究。结果表明,5对MFLP引物共扩增出279 条具有特异性的多态性谱带。主栽品种间遗传相似系数为0.6989～0.8746,其遗传距离比较近;而地方品种间及地方品种与生产品种间遗传多样性差异较大。利用34个MFLP指纹图谱标记位点编制了分子检索表,能成功区分36个小麦品种。研究结果还表明,MFLP分子标记技术可有效地应用于小麦品种间的亲缘关系和遗传多样性研究中。     

粳稻品种食味品质的现状及提升策略

简要介绍北方粳稻主栽品种食味品质及水稻遗传改良研究的现状,并与日本、美国粳米的外观品质、食味品质及生产成本、销售价格进行比较。提出制定合理的栽培管理标准,科学制定育种目标及品种品质选育指标,选育和推广种植广、适性较好的优质食味品种,研究早世代材料食味鉴定筛选技术的有效性,建立完整的稻米产品产业链,借鉴国外经验提高稻谷质量等提升粳稻食味品质的策略。     

马铃薯品种遗传多样性的RAPD和AFLP标记分析

利用RAPD和AFLP分子标记技术对19份马铃薯品种进行了遗传多样性分析。试验表明:在RAPD分析中,19份马铃薯品种的遗传距离介于0.1707￣0.7222之间,平均值为0.3917;AFLP分析表明,19份材料的遗传距离介于0.2091￣0.7679之间,平均值为0.4811。两种方法均适于马铃薯品种遗传多样性分析,其中RAPD简便、快速、成本低,较适用于分析马铃薯品种亲缘关系,指导育种实践,而AFLP技术具有很高的分辨率,更适于进行马铃薯品种鉴定。     

Using AFLPs to determine phylogenetic relationships and genetic erosion in durum wheat cultivars released in Italy and Spain throughout the 20th century

Characterization of germplasm by DNA-markers provides a tool for precise germplasm identification and a quantitative assessment of genetic diversity. The genetic structure of the durum wheat germplasm grown in the Mediterranean basin varies largely from traditional landraces and cultivars characterized by a high versatility, to the modern varieties characterized by high yield potential, wide adaptation, and commercial end-use quality. The objective of this study was to assess the phylogenetic relationships among 24 durum wheat cultivars selected from relevant germplasm obtained at different periods in Italy and Spain, and to quantify the genetic erosion caused in durum wheat by breeding activities during the last century in these two countries.Genetic similarity between cultivars was studied by AFLP markers through the calculation of the Dice’s coefficient. The results showed a high degree of genetic similarity between the old Spanish cultivars and the collection of Italian cultivars, suggesting that wheat could have been introduced in the Iberian Peninsula via Italy. Genetic diversity estimates based on AFLP data confirmed the maintenance of genetic diversity with time since the values of Polymorphic Information Content were 0.27 for old cultivars (released before 1945), 0.28 for intermediate cultivars (released between 1950 and 1985) and 0.29 for modern cultivars (released between 1988 and 2000). These results indicate that genetic variability in Italian and Spanish durum wheat seems to have been maintained quite constant throughout the breeding process over the last century.     

Estimation of genetic variation and relationship in potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) cultivars using AFLP markers

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to distinguish commercial cultivars and to assess the level of polymorphism in potato. AFLP analysis templates were made using Eco RI and Mse I as described in the Gibco BRL AFLP kit protocol. Seven primer combinations with three selective nucleotides on both primers were screened individually with 12 potato cultivars. Multiple polymorphisms could be detected in a single reaction to the extent that all 12 commercial potatoes tested could be distinguished using any one primer combination. Up to 84 polymorphic bands were detected with a single primer combination among 12 accessions. The seven primer combinations generated a total of 466 bands, of which 409 (88%) were clearly polymorphic among the cultivars. The presence or absence of each AFLP markers was scored and then phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses were used to generate dendrograms showing genetic relationships among the cultivars evaluated. The analyses based on amplified DNA fragments did not always reflect the known genetic relationships among the cultivars. These results demonstrate that AFLP DNA markers can be of great value in identification and measurement of variation, but should be treated with caution for purposes of estimating true measures of genetic similarity in potato.     

Molecular analysis of genetic variation in potato (Solarium tuberosum L.). I. German cultivars and advanced clones

Summary The genetic variation of 69 potato cultivars and advanced clones from a commercial German breeding programme were analysed by using 6 AFLP primer combinations or 26 microsatellite (SSR) primer pairs. Available pedigree information was reflected in genetic distances. Cluster and principal coordinate analysis showed clear patterns of related genotypes with slight differences dependent on the marker system used. AFLP analysis, in particular, differentiated groups based on their genetic background: Clones with common ancestors separated from unrelated cultivars. A minimum of 150 polymorphic markers were necessary to obtain reliable results. Diversity index, effective multiplex ratio, and the resulting marker index were calculated for both marker systems. Their use for parent selection is discussed in relation to achieving maximum heterosis.     

Molecular analysis of genetic variation in potato (Solarium tuberosum L.). II. International cultivar spectrum

Summary Seventy-five commercial potato cultivars orginating from North America, Europe and Japan were analysed using AFLP and SSR markers to assess their genetic relationships. Results of cluster and principal coordinate analysis reflect in most cases known pedigree information. Independent of the marker system used it was possible to identify groups based on their geographical descent. Cultivars from Central and East Europe formed two overlapping pools. An Anglo-American gene pool was also identified. Additionally, principal coordinate analysis based on AFLP data uncovered that this pool is subdivided in two groups. One group is more closely related to the European pools and dominated by cultivars with immediate background of cv. Kathadin. Japanese cultivars gave no distinct cluster.     

15个澳洲坚果品种在云南的产量及品质

对云南4个澳洲坚果品比点的产量及品质数据分析结果表明:15个品种的产量及品质均低于澳大利亚和夏威夷等澳洲坚果主产区.在4个品比点中,15个品种6a的平均产量为2.24 kg/株,仅有H2、O.C、HAES900和广11的平均产量大于4 kg/株,接近澳大利亚良种标准.在品质指标的比较中,O.C、HAES900、H2、和广11好于其它品种.综合产量和品质分析.供试的15个澳洲坚果品种中,HAES900、O.C、H2、广11优于其它品种,但因广11果仁偏小,在云南热区可将HAES900、O.C和H2作为主导品种在生产上推广种植.     

PARS-70: An interspecific potato hybrid suitable for long storage and autumn-to-autumn seed multiplication

Summary Potato production in Pakistan has been largely based on imported cultivars. Efforts have been made to breed indigenous cultivars adapted to local seed multiplication and production practices. An indigenously bred hybrid(Solarium chacoense xSolatium acaule), named PARS-70 has been approved and released for cultivation in Pakistan. In yield trials, this hybrid was found superior to cultivars Diamant, Patroness, Ultimus, Cardinal and indigenous cultivars/selections Sialkot Sufaid and FB-9555-28. It produces white-yellow tubers, roundoval in shape with an average dry matter content of 21.8%. PARS-70 has the ability to store for up to 13 months in commercial storage (10–14 °C) and also can be stored in improvised unrefrigerated storage as a seed for next crop. Yields were reduced in crops grown from seed tubers stored under improvised unrefrigerated conditions. The long storage characteristic permits use of PARS-70 in autumn-to-autumn seed multiplication cycle without any loss of yield after several cycles of seed multiplication.     

Genetic Diversity of Chinese and CIP Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Germplasm Assessed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers

The genetic diversity of 123 potato clones, consisting of 103 clonal accessions from the International Potato Center (CIP) and 20 Chinese cultivars, was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Ten polymorphic primer combinations were selected to analyse and compare the diversity of the two sources of clones. A total of 521 reproducible bands were amplified, of which 488 were polymorphic. These AFLP markers were analysed to estimate the genetic distance (GD) and genetic similarity (GS) coefficient of all clones. The GD between pairs of clones ranged from 0.03 to 0.48. Nei’s gene diversity index was between 0.236 and 0.387, with an average of 0.330. The index of Shannon’s information varied from 0.361 to 0.567 with an average of 0.498. A high degree of polymorphism was observed with an average of 93.6% loci found to be polymorphic. Cluster analysis showed that the CIP accessions were grouped together at the GS 0.59 clustering line, whereas most Chinese cultivars grouped at the GS 0.82 clustering line. The diversity in CIP potato resources was found to be higher than that of the Chinese cultivars, indicating that the genetic base of Chinese potato cultivars is narrow and may benefit from broadening.     

云南种植橡胶树品种性状传递遗传分析

以云南植胶区推广种植的橡胶树品种为材料,根据各个品种的试验测定数据和生产中的性状表现,结合亲本特点,分析了橡胶树产量和抗辐射型低温能力两个性状在亲子间的传递关系。结果表明云南推荐品种的51％和自育品种的64％是GT1、PR107、RRIM600和PB86的后裔,GT1和PR107一般配合力高,GT1×PR107特殊配合力高,以在当地规模化种植具有较高重复力的无性系为育种亲本能获得较大遗传增益。要培育更好的地方品种,宜在当地选择符合育种目标的优树经过无性系重复力鉴定后用作育种材料。