滨州市小麦叶枯病发生规律及防治措施

滨州市地处黄河三角洲腹地，全市小麦常年种植面积２３．３万hm２。近几年来，小麦叶枯病突发为害，已上升为小麦的主要病害之一。为控制其发展势头，笔者等自１９９８年以来对小麦叶枯病在本地区的发生特点、流行原因及防治对策进行了调查研究。１病原鉴定根据典型症状和病原鉴定分析，鲁北地区发生的小麦叶枯病种类较多，初步确定的有根腐叶枯（Drechslerasorokiniana）、交链孢叶枯（Alternariatenuissima）、雪霉叶枯（Gerlachianivalis）、壳针孢叶枯（Septiriatritici）等１１种。叶枯病多数是由病原真菌所致，个别是由细菌所致，生…     

重庆市草坪草病害种类调查及病原鉴定初报

为了明确重庆草坪草主要病害及其病原菌的种类,作者调查了重庆草坪草病害种类,并分离鉴定了病原。结果表明：重庆草坪草常见病害有锈病、结缕草炭疽病、褐斑病、镰刀枯萎病、结缕草弯孢霉叶枯病和结缕草根结线虫等病害,分别由柄锈菌（Puccinia spp.）、尾状炭疽菌（Colletotrichum caudatum）、立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）、弯孢霉（Curvularia spp.）和根结线虫（Meloidogyne sp.）危害所致。     

国外新引进水稻品种（系）对我国水稻白叶枯病致病型的抗性反应

采用成株期人工剪叶接种鉴定方法,评价451份新引进的国外水稻新品种（系）对我国田间流行的5个水稻白叶枯病致病型的抗性反应。结果显示国际水稻研究所新材料是水稻白叶枯病重要的抗源。本试验还筛选出一批抗性较好的抗性材料,可供育种家在选配亲本时选用。     

水稻白叶枯病抗病基因鉴定的研究进展

水稻白叶枯病抗病基因鉴定的研究进展戴雷，何晨阳，王金生（南京农业大学植保系２１００９５）水稻白叶枯病是亚洲和太平洋地区水稻生长的主要病害之一。为控制该病害，最经济有效的方法是使用抗病品种。自从日本第一次报导水稻白叶枯病菌的特性以来，已经发表了大量的关...     

黄瓜细菌性叶枯病的发生和防治

黄瓜细菌性叶枯病的发生和防治李钦存（河南省滑县四间房乡农技站４５６４８７）高文兰王月民（滑县农业局黄瓜细菌性叶枯病是近年来我县日光温室生产中的一种新病害。由于种子交流频繁,病原的逐年积累,黄瓜细菌性叶枯病日趋严重,有些品种（津春２等）部分棚室发病率为...     

部分粳稻品种(系)对白叶枯病抗病谱的测定

对３５份经初、复筛鉴定后的新品系、浙江省大面积推广种植的粳稻品种,以及从外省征集的部分品种（系）及新抗源进行了抗白叶枯病谱的测定,结合农艺性状的综合评价,从中推荐２个抗源材料和５个抗病谱较广的品种（系）,供育种和生产部门直接或间接利用。     

水稻新品种（系）对主要病虫害的抗性研究

选用高产，优质，抗病虫品种是防治水稻病虫害的重要途径，为此，我们引进省内外有推广潜力的品种（系）进行白叶枯病，稻瘟病，纹枯病，褐飞虱的抗性鉴定，筛选出一批抗性品种（系），为抗性品种大面积推广和水稻病虫综合防治的开展提供依据。     

水稻抗条纹叶枯病鉴定方法的研究

鉴于国内至今尚无水稻条纹叶枯病品种抗性鉴定标准的现状,本文分别研究了接种时间、接种强度与水稻接种苗龄3因素对抗性鉴定的影响。结果表明水稻条纹叶枯病的适合抗性鉴定方法应为：接种时间48～72 h, 接种强度2～6头/株和水稻接种龄期0.5～1.5叶龄。以本研究结果为基础制定了水稻条纹叶枯病品种抗性鉴定的江苏省地方标准。     

鲁北麦区小麦叶枯病种类调查及药剂防治试验

１９９６～１９９８年在鲁北麦区不同地点采集小麦叶枯病标样２６３份,鉴定出病原物１０种,其中交链孢叶枯（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｓｉｍａ）和根腐叶枯（Ｄｒｅｃｈｓｌｅｒａｓｏｒｏｋｉｎｉａｎａ）出现频率最高,为害最重。在小麦抽穗扬花前后喷施３２％克菌乳油、２０％粉锈宁乳油等杀菌剂可控制病害的为害。     

硫酸铜对柑橘和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响

在PDA培养基培养条件下,研究不同浓度的CuSO4对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌生长状况、产孢量、孢子萌发率的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,1 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响最大,完全抑制了这两种病菌的生长和产孢;0.2 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响也非常明显,不仅较大程度地抑制了这两种病菌的生长和产孢,而且使这两种孢子的萌发率均低于19%;0.1 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响较大;0.02 g/mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的影响较小。由此可以初步得出,0.2 g/200mL CuSO4 5H2O对柑橘炭疽病菌和山麦冬炭疽病菌的抑制效果显著,可以作为抑制这两种病菌的临界浓度。     

河北省主推玉米品种对粗缩病抗性鉴定及病情指标与产量损失率关系研究

对河北省26个主推玉米品种进行抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定,并对其发病率及病情指数与产量损失率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:河北省目前玉米生产上主推品种中没有免疫和抗病品种,但感病后品种之间的病情严重度有显著差异,病情指数分布在35.37～80.05,产量损失率为15.55%～74.01%。以邢抗2号、费玉2号、费玉4号、沈玉17和农大108的病情严重度较轻,病情指数低于40,表现为感病,其他品种病情指数都在40以上表现为高感。产量损失率与病株率和病情指数呈显著相关,且产量损失率与病情指数的相关性(R=0.982)比产量损失率与病株率的相关性(R=0.756)更强。     

利用移动式孢子捕捉器捕获的孢子量估计小麦白粉病田间病情

 Experiments were conducted by using RAM Air Sampler for Use with Moving Vehicle to estimate field disease severity of wheat powdery mildew during 2002-2005. Results showed that there was significant correlation between field disease index and trapped spore number. Therefore, two models relating field disease index to spore number trapped were constructed using data from 2002 and 2005, or 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two models can be used to estimate field disease indexes of wheat powdery mildew in different years when disease severity is different.     

Analysis of the effects of selected gronomic factors on the dynamics of the take- all disease of wheat in field plots

Linear models were used to investigate the effects and interactions of treatments for the control of disease in multifactorial experiments on the dynamics of the take- al disease of wheat. Analyses were based on repeated measures of disease on second successive winter wheat crops in three successive se sons. The treatments were date of sowing, presence or absence of triadimenol-containing seed treatment, autumn nitrogen and chloride applications, timing of early spring nitrogen and total spring nitrogen applications. The effects of treatments were investigated on line and quadratic trends of disease increase and on the integral amount of disease over time. Different disease variables were used to express disease relative to the total and diseased plant populations. The effects of treatments on absolute and relative numbers of diseased roots per plant were also analysed. During three se sons when disease was never severe, the effects of the treatments were shown to be variable. Late sowing consistently reduced disease during the early stages of the epidemic (in the winter months). The effect of late sowing in reducing disease, however, persisted through to the end of the growing se son in only one of the 3 years of the study. autumn nitrogen application and Baytan seed treatment (containing triadimenol) also reduced disease in some seasons. The presence of an effect for either was dependent on sowing date and was most evident on the proportion of diseased roots relative to the diseased plant rather than the total plant population.     

Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of the stunting disease of Napier grass in Western Kenya

Production of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important livestock fodder in Western Kenya, is severely constrained by Napier stunt (Ns) disease. Understanding farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices is a prerequisite to establishing an effective disease management approach. Using a random sample of 150 farmers drawn from Bungoma, Busia and Teso districts of Western Kenya, this study sought to: (i) assess farmers' perceptions and knowledge of Ns disease, including its effects on the smallholder dairy industry; (ii) record farmers' current practices in managing Ns disease; and (iii) identify Ns disease management challenges and intervention opportunities in order to develop an efficient integrated disease management approach. The majority (86·7%) of the farmers were aware of Ns disease and observed that it was spreading rapidly in the region, which was perfectly predicted by farmers' access to agricultural information (marginal effect = 0·164), indicating a need for extension platforms for knowledge sharing among the industry stakeholders. The disease had affected Napier grass yields so most farmers could not feed their livestock on the amounts they produced, and they were buying Napier grass. Those who relied on income from selling Napier grass received less due to loss in productivity. Milk production had reduced by over 35%. The cause of the disease was unknown to the farmers, with no effective disease management strategy available to them. An integrated disease management approach needs to be developed to fit within the mixed farming systems, supported by simple decision aids.     

植物病害的定义刍议、利弊分析及综合控制

植物病害是一个植物病理学的基本专业术语,是理解和判断植物是否发病的依据。因此,对植物病害的准确定义具有重要意义,有利于正确认知和诊断植物病害。植物病害的发生是一自然现象,其既有“弊”的一面,同时也有“利”的一面,对其利弊的分析和认知,有利于指导病害的综合控制。     

Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating fungal disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and disease avoidance conferred by plant architecture-related traits contribute to white mold field resistance. Our objective was to further examine white mold disease avoidance in common bean. A comparative map composed of 79 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for white mold resistance (27), disease avoidance traits (36) and root traits (16) was generated. Thirteen white mold resistance QTL, six with strong and seven with weak associations with disease avoidance traits, were observed. Root length and lodging QTL co-located in three regions. Canopy porosity and height, and lodging were highly correlated with disease severity score in field screening trials conducted from 2000 to 2011. Resistance to lodging was extremely important for reducing disease severity in both dry and snap bean (r?=?0.61 across 11 trials). Avoidance traits were less effective in reducing disease severity in trials with heavy disease pressure. Dry bean lines with physiological resistance in combination with disease avoidance traits did not require fungicide application to protect yield potential under moderate and heavy disease pressure. Given the complexity of disease resistance as evidenced by the comparative QTL map, marker-assisted breeding for disease avoidance is not recommended at this time. Instead, selecting for resistance to white mold in the field, in combination with high yield potential and acceptable maturity, is the recommended strategy for improving both disease avoidance and physiological resistance to white mold in cultivars with commercially acceptable agronomic traits.     

辽宁省药用植物白鲜病害种类调查及病原鉴定

白鲜为我国传统药用植物,具有较高的经济价值和药用价值,近年来在辽宁省大面积人工种植。为明确白鲜主要病害种类及发生危害情况,2018年-2020年生长季在辽宁省本溪、清原和西丰等主要种植地区进行了病害系统调查。调查和鉴定结果发现,危害白鲜生产的主要病害有5种,分别为由Phoma dictamnicola引起的茎点霉叶斑病、由Paracercospora dictamnicola引起的灰斑病、由Rhizoctonia solani引起的立枯病、由Fusarium oxysporum引起的根腐病和由Meloidogyne hapla引起的根结线虫病,并对各病害症状进行了详细描述。其中茎点霉叶斑病、灰斑病和立枯病分布广且危害较重,病害种类和发病情况地区间差异较大。立枯病主要发生在一年生育苗田,病株率一般为0.6%～19.0%,灰斑病和茎点霉叶斑病主要发生在生产田,病株率分别为38.2%～100.0%和17.6%～99.0%。研究结果将为白鲜病害的准确识别诊断及综合防控策略制定提供科学依据。     

猕猴桃园区坡度和晴雨天对猕猴桃溃疡病传播的影响

猕猴桃溃疡病是由丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa)引起的细菌性病害,严重影响猕猴桃产业发展。明确猕猴桃溃疡病在田间的传播对其防治具有重要意义。本研究于2020年4月16-22日和2021年3月24-30日,在湖北省赤壁市调查了半岛南猕猴桃种植园区内猕猴桃溃疡病的发病情况,通过孢子捕捉器在猕猴桃园区的不同地势(坡度为10°、30°和45°的区域)和不同天气环境下进行24 h连续病原捕集,并据猕猴桃叶片上溃疡病显症所需时长反映不同地势和天气环境对病害传播的影响。结果表明,在坡度10°区域进行病原捕集的猕猴桃叶片显症所需时间比坡度30°和45°区域晚1~2 d。雨天在孢子捕捉器内的叶片上显症所需时长仅需7 d,而晴天显症时长则需10~12 d。明确了露地栽培猕猴桃园区坡度和雨天显著促进了猕猴桃溃疡病的传播。对猕猴桃溃疡病防治技术制订和实施有一定意义。     

单季直播稻纹枯病消长动态与生防制剂的防病效果

了解稻纹枯病发生规律及生物制剂的防病适期是安全有效地防治单季直播稻纹枯病的关键。1998-1999年间对浙江嘉兴市双桥镇单季直播稻丙96-42的纹枯病进行了系统调查，从发病初期至病害停止期每隔3—7天以病株率和病情指数监测病情，并作了生防菌P98115和井冈霉素在不同病情时不同使用次数与病情发展的关系及对产量影响的小区试验。结果表明：单季直播稻纹枯病比传统移栽稻发病提早10-15天，在8月下旬或9月上旬达到高峰期并持续30天以上。病情在轻、中、重度时用药1次均无法起到控制作用，产量与对照不用药无显著差异；用药2次以上的病情与产量因施药时的病情及生物制剂本身的特性而有很大差异。根据单季直播稻纹枯病的发病特点，生物制剂防病宜在发病较轻时进行，并适当增加用药次数。     

The effect of calcium cyanamide on the reaction of swede cultivars to populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae

The effect of using calcium cyanamide to control clubroot in four swede cultivars was examined in a field trial and two pot trials. Three populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae were used which differed in pathogenicity. The four swede cultivars showed a similar ranking for disease severity with all three pathogen populations; in intermediate environments which were neither very conducive nor unfavourable to disease development, resistance was expressed differentially.
Increasing the concentration of calcium cyanamide increased the yield of uninoculated plants, probably due to a response to nitrogen, but at the highest concentration (2.55 g/kg soil), yields were reduced due to phytotoxicity. In inoculated plants, disease severity was progressively reduced with increasing concentrations of calcium cyanamide. A higher inoculum density was required to initiate disease symptom development in the more resistant cultivars. Similarly, higher concentrations of inoculum were required to cause disease when increasing concentrations of calcium cyanamide were used. The effect of the chemical appeared to be to reduce the inoculum density. These data could be interpreted in terms of a disease threshold effect related to the number of viable pathogen propagules required to cause disease on particular host genotypes. The ways in which the breakdown products of calcium cyanamide may interact with host and pathogen are discussed in relation to disease development.