玉米矮花叶病毒对不同抗性玉米自交系侵染及其运转的研究

 本文以抗病自交系黄野四-3、感病自交系8112和Mo17、耐病自交系478为材料,采用直接组织斑免疫测定法(IDDTB)和酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结合生物学症状研究了玉米矮花叶病毒对玉米的侵染及其运转规律,试验表明玉米抗玉米矮花叶病毒主要是抗系统传导,其次抗病毒增殖和细胞间扩展,但不抗侵入。     

我国新育成甘蔗品种(系)对甘蔗线条花叶病毒和高粱花叶病毒的抗性评价

甘蔗花叶病是中国蔗区危害最严重的病毒病,利用抗病品种是控制该病害最经济有效的方法。本研究以中国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的2种主要病原甘蔗线条花叶病毒分离物(SCSMV-JP1,Gen Bank登录号JF488064)和高粱花叶病毒分离物(Sr MV-HH,Gen Bank登录号DQ530434)为接种毒源,采用人工切茎接种和RT-PCR检测相结合方法,于2015年、2016年2次对中国近年选育的71个优良甘蔗新品种(系)进行了双抗SCSMV和Sr MV鉴定与评价。结果表明:71个优良甘蔗新品种(系)中,对SCSMV表现高抗到中抗的有24个,占33.8%,感病到高感的有47个,占66.2%;对Sr MV表现高抗到中抗的有27个,占38.03%,感病到高感的有44个,占61.97%。综合分析结果显示,福农30号、福农36号、闽糖01-77、桂糖02-467、柳城05-129、粤甘34号、粤甘40号、粤糖55号、粤糖96-86、粤糖00-318、赣蔗02-70、云蔗03-258、云蔗04-241、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-80等15个优良新品种(系)双抗SCSM V和Sr M V 2种病毒,占21.13%,其中粤甘34号、粤糖55号、云蔗03-258、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-80等5个优良新品种(系)对2种病毒均表现为高抗,占7.04%,。研究结果明确了71个甘蔗优良新品种(系)对甘蔗花叶病2种主要致病病原的抗性,筛选出双抗SCSMV和Sr MV的甘蔗优良新品种(系)15个,为生产用种选择和有效防控甘蔗花叶病提供了科学依据。     

53份玉米品种(组合)对4种玉米病害的抗性评价

１９９３～１９９６年对北京玉米区试５３份品种（组合）进行抗玉米大斑病、小斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定，其中抗大斑病有１９份，抗小斑病有３９份，抗弯孢菌叶斑病有２３份，抗矮花叶病有２６份，兼抗２种病害以上有３６份，兼抗３种病害以上有１９份，兼抗４种病害有３份。     

53份玉米品种(组合)对4种玉米病害的抗性评价

１９９３～１９９６年对北京玉米区试５３份品种（组合）进行抗玉米大斑病、小斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定，其中抗大斑病有１９份，抗小斑病有３９份，抗弯孢菌叶斑病有２３份，抗矮花叶病有２６份，兼抗２种病害以上有３６份，兼抗３种病害以上有１９份，兼抗４种病害有３份。     

玉米不同品种(系)抗感粗缩病(RBSDV)与3种防御酶同工酶关系的研究

 本实验是在完成湖北省玉米粗缩病病原分子生物学鉴定的基础上,根据60多份玉米材料田间自然抗病性鉴定结果,从中选择具有代表性的3个不同抗感病性品种,从生理生化角度研究了玉米品种抗感粗缩病与寄主防御酶POD、EST及PPO同工酶的关系。结果表明,不同抗感性玉米品种POD同工酶的表达具有显著差异,既存在可能与寄主抗性相关的同工酶组成性表达,又具有受病毒侵染后的诱导性表达;EST同工酶种类的表达与品种的抗感病性没有相关性,只是在表达活性上有一定的差异;PPO同工酶受病毒侵染后诱导表达的差异与品种生育期具有一定的相关性;玉米不同生育期其POD、EST、PPO同工酶在在一定的变化。     

甘蔗花叶病毒在玉米种子中的分布及其与种子传毒的关系

 采用免疫学、电镜观察、RT-PCR、组织培养及生物学测定等方法,针对引起玉米矮花叶病的甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)在高感自交系Mo17的乳熟期、蜡熟期、成熟期和室温贮存的成熟干种子上的分布部位及其各部位病毒的侵染性进行了研究。结果表明:病毒存在于种皮、胚乳的糊粉层和胚内,糊粉层和胚内的病毒具有侵染活力,胚内的可侵染性病毒可以通过发芽传递给下一代幼苗,完成病毒的种子传播过程。在种皮内没有检测到具有侵染活力的病毒,在胚乳的淀粉层内未检测到病毒。在种子成熟过程中,种子内的病毒不断得到积累,随着种子的脱水、干燥又被部分钝化,使得种子传毒率降低。     

Variation in virus populations and growth characteristics of two sugarcane cultivars naturally infected by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus in different geographical locations

Two sugarcane cultivars (R570 and SP71-6163) naturally infected by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) were each imported from several geographical locations into a sugarcane yellow leaf-free environment (Montpellier, France). Plants were grown as plant cane for 5–6 months and the experiment was repeated for three consecutive years (2003–2005) in a greenhouse. Several sugarcane-growth and disease characteristics were monitored to identify variation in pathogenicity of SCYLV. Depending on their geographical origin, sugarcane cvs R570 and SP71-6163 were infected by SCYLV genotypes BRA-PER or REU, or a mixture of the two. Severity of symptoms did not vary between plants of cv. R570, but variation in disease severity between plants of cv. SP71-6163 from different geographical locations suggested the occurrence of pathogenic variants of SCYLV. For each sugarcane cultivar, differences in stalk length, number of stalk internodes, virus titre in the top visible dewlap leaf, and percentage of infection of leaf and stalk phloem vessels were also found between plants from different geographical origins. However, these differences were not always reproducible from one year to another, suggesting occurrence of different plant responses to SCYLV isolates under varying environmental conditions.     

甘蔗花叶病毒VPg蛋白的原核表达及其在玉米中的免疫定位

 利用RT-PCR方法从感染甘蔗花叶病毒北京分离株(SCMV-BJ)的玉米叶片中扩增得到VPg基因,将VPg基因连接到原核表达载体pET-28a上。获得的重组子转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后,用IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,VPg在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达,产生的融合蛋白分子量为30 kD。将融合蛋白纯化后免疫兔子获得了特异性较高的抗血清。ACP-ELISA测定抗血清的效价为1/4096。利用该抗血清对健康玉米和病毒侵染的玉米茎、叶脉和叶片进行免疫金标记,结果表明在茎和叶脉的韧皮部筛管的细胞壁处有金颗粒。     

菜心不同抗病品种感染炭疽病菌后丙二醛含量及几种酶活性的变化

菜心Brassica parachinensis Bailey是华南地区栽培规模较大的蔬菜,炭疽病是菜心的一种常见病害,高温高湿的气候条件特别适宜该病害的发生.作者选用了4个对炭疽病抗性不同的菜心品种,测定在被炭疽病菌侵染后叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量及几种酶活性的变化,以期为菜心抗病品种选育中生理、生化指标的确定和对抗性资源的合理利用提供依据.     

Effect of two satellite RNAs on Nicotiana glutinosa infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

Two types of satellite RNAs (XJs1 and XJs2) were found to be associated with the two Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) beet isolates XJ1 and XJ2 consisting of 384 nucleotides and 336 nucleotides, respectively. Our work showed that XJs1 and XJs2 could attenuate symptoms on Nicotiana glutinosa induced by CMV and the effect of XJs1 on symptoms was stronger than XJs2. Co-inoculation of CMV with XJs1 produced lighter oxidative stress than that with XJs2. Oxygen uptake rates through the alternative pathway in leaves infected with CMV and XJs2 were always higher than that with CMV and XJs1 and lower than infection with CMV alone. The non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) increased more in N. glutinosa infected with CMV and XJs2 than that with CMV and XJs1. The relationship among helper virus, satRNAs and the host plants is discussed. Two closely-related satRNAs from the same plant has not been reported so far. The effects of these two satRNAs on virus-infected N. glutinosa were significantly different. The difference may be caused by deletion and mutation of the satRNAs.     

夜蛾斯氏线虫对菜青虫几种保护酶活力的影响

为探索昆虫病原线虫对菜青虫保护酶活力的影响,分别用10、50、100头夜蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema feltiae）侵染4龄菜青虫（Pieris rapae）,对侵染后菜青虫体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力变化进行了研究。结果表明,接入线虫后,菜青虫的SOD活力显著上升。16 h时各处理的SOD活力均达到最大值,10、50、100头线虫处理的菜青虫SOD活力分别为44.266 7、49.866 7、68.033 3 U/g,均显著高于对照的35.033 3 U/g（p<0.01或p<0.05）,3种线虫剂量处理之间也存在显著差异（p<0.01或p<0.05）。POD的活性在接虫后8 h各处理均显著高于对照（p<0.05）,酶活性随侵染线虫数量的增加而增大,到24 h以后酶的活性开始显著下降,线虫剂量越大下降越快。CAT活力在处理后均显著上升,16~32 h各处理均维持在较高的水平,32 h以后开始显著下降。这反映出菜青虫在昆虫病原线虫侵染初期防御能力增强,16~32 h以后防御能力显著下降。     

Response of foreign barley cultivars to barley yellow mosaic virus at different sites in China

About 90 barley cultivars mostly of European or Japanese origin, were grown for 2–5 years at eight sites in China where barley yellow mosaic virus was known to occur. The sites were selected because they had previously been used to screen breeding lines and some differences between them in cultivar response had been suspected. ELISA tests showed that symptomless plants were not infected by the virus and the proportions of plants with symptoms were therefore recorded as a measure of susceptibility. European cultivars carrying the ym4 gene, which confers resistance to the common European strain, were usually resistant at two sites but susceptible at the others, but one (cv. Energy) was resistant at all sites. Eleven of the Japanese cultivars showed differential responses between sites but there was no correspondence with strains recognized in Japan. There are probably several distinct Chinese strains but further experiments would be needed to identify them. The Japanese cultivars Chosen, Hagane Mugi, Iwate Mensury 2 and Mokusekko 3 seem to be resistant to all known virus strains and are probably the most useful for plant breeders.     

不同抗性种质资源对玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶活性的影响

 It was found that activities of cellulase and pectolytic enzyme produced from Curvularia lunata, were significantly affected when the pathogen inoculated on various maize germplasms with different resistant levels. Isolate 98-07, which inoculated on resistant germplasms for single generation, was induced relatively higher average cellulase activity (7.99 U/mL) than that induced on susceptible germplasms (4.91 U/mL). By consecutively inoculating low pathogenicity isolates C107 and WS18 on resistant inbred line Shen135 for 5 generations, we found that their pathogenicity improved generally as the increase of generations, and simultaneously their cellulase activities were also enhanced (C107:32.0%;WS18:72.2%). The data indicated that there is a significant correlation between isolate cellulase activities and the changes of its pathogenicity (C107:r=0.916;WS18:r=0.905) induced specifically on resistant germplasms.     

Symptom expression of yellow leaf disease in sugarcane cultivars with different degrees of infection by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) is present in many sugarcane growing areas of the world. It is suspected to cause yellow leaf disease (formerly called YLS, yellow leaf syndrome) of sugarcane. This study investigated symptom expression in a selection of cultivars classified into three groups; ScYLV-susceptible/infected, ScYLV-resistant and intermediately infected cultivars grown in plantation fields in the islands of Hawaii. Incidence of yellow leaf symptoms was correlated, though not tightly, to the presence of ScYLV. The correlation is based on two factors: (i) only ScYLV-infected cultivars (from both susceptible and intermediate groups) showed severe symptom expression, and (ii) ScYLV-infected plants had four times higher symptom incidence than virus-free plants of the same cultivar. The yellow leaf symptom expression fluctuated, peaking at 200, 350, 500 and 600 days after planting. These symptom peaks were correlated with an increase of ScYLV content in the intermediately infected group of cultivars. No nutritional, environmental or field factor could be identified which clearly influenced symptom expression. It is speculated that the symptom expression is elicited by assimilate backup in the stalks and that the fluctuation of symptom expression is caused by the growth rhythm of mature sugarcane stalks.