几种阳离子对葡萄牙牡蛎幼虫附着和变态的影响

葡萄牙牡蛎眼点幼虫暴露于K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NH4+不同添加浓度的海水溶液中.结果显示:在最初4h内K+和NH4+可明显诱导幼虫的附着行为;7d后,10 mM和20 mM的K+以及10 ～ 25 mM的Ca2+可显著诱导幼虫的附着变态,Mg2+与对照组相比无效,NH4+造成幼虫高死亡率.这表明K+、Ca2+可能成为葡萄牙牡蛎育苗生产上幼虫附着变态的有效诱导剂.     

僧帽牡蛎幼体附着和变态的诱导

采用外加人工化学物质检验对僧帽牡蛎眼点幼体的附着和变态诱导活性,结果表明去甲肾上腺素、野上腺素和L-多巴可有效诱导幼体不固着变态.在药物持续作用下,肾上腺素的最佳诱导浓度为10-5mol@L-1(变态率67.4%),去甲肾上腺素的最佳诱导浓度为5×10-5mol@L-1(变态率52.2%),L-多巴的最佳诱导浓度为10-5mol@L-1(变态率43.0%),而对照组变态率为0.幼体大多在药物作用12～24h之间完成变态.三种药物诱导的变态个体中有85%以上是不固着变态.比较多种附着基和EPI的变态诱导活性,显示同种贝壳的活性较肾上腺素还高.去甲肾上腺素诱导幼体变态效应对低盐海水有较强耐受能力,而对高盐海水适应性差.     

牡蛎礁修复的底物筛选:新、旧牡蛎壳附苗效果比较

通过2019年室内和野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和生物膜(有生物膜和无生物膜)对牡蛎附着量的影响.室内附着实验表明,在生物膜处理下新壳上牡蛎附着量显著高于旧壳(P<0.05);而在无生物膜对照组中,新、旧壳上牡蛎附着量无显著差异(P>0.05).野外附着实验发现,生物膜显著提升了旧壳上牡蛎附着量,但对新壳上...     

牡蛎的悬式养殖——生物学上的生物附着控制

在一个蓄养有越冬的1令牡蛎的浅盘里，偶然混入一只岩黄道蟹(Cancer irroratus)，这在控制牡蛎的生物附着及泥沙淤积方面却意外地起到了积极的作用，几乎完全防止了这些问题的发生；而其它养殖浅盘的贻贝附着问题极为严重，并且淤积了一层厚泥沙。根据这种情况所作的一次核实试验表明：不同规格的大小蟹都是有选择地捕食贻贝。所以，在利用栏围空间养殖软体动物的系统里，以蟹来控制生物附着似乎是很有可能的。     

5-羟色胺诱导刺参幼虫附着变态

采用不同浓度的5-羟色胺（5-HT）溶液诱导刺参幼虫附着变态,处理不同时间后,计算附着变态率。结果表明：使用浓度为0．001、0．01、0．1和1mmol／L的5-HT溶液诱导刺参幼虫12和24小时均可不同程度地提高刺参幼虫附着变态率。以浓度为0．1mmol／L的5-HT溶液诱导刺参幼虫24小时效果最好,附着变态率提高12．8％。     

牡蛎礁修复的底物筛选：新、旧牡蛎壳附苗效果比较#br#

通过2019年室内和野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和生物膜(有生物膜和无生物膜)对牡蛎附着量的影响。室内附着实验表明,在生物膜处理下新壳上牡蛎附着量显著高于旧壳(P<0.05);而在无生物膜对照组中,新、旧壳上牡蛎附着量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野外附着实验发现,生物膜显著提升了旧壳上牡蛎附着量,但对新壳上牡蛎附着量无显著影响。通过2020年野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和潮区(滩面以上0.6 m和1.1 m)对牡蛎和藤壶附着量的影响。牡蛎附着量在每个潮区中,15 d、45 d和70 d时新壳均显著高于旧壳(P<0.05)。藤壶附着量仅在0.6 m潮区中、15 d时新壳显著高于旧壳,而45 d和70 d时,各潮区中新、旧壳上藤壶附着量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究发现,总体来看新壳的附苗效果好于旧壳,这种差异涵盖了整个牡蛎繁殖、附着及补充的高峰期。因此,牡蛎礁修复中应优先选取新壳作为底物。     

化学物质诱导九孔鲍幼虫变态附着的初步研究

用KCl、尿素[CO(NH2)2]、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na2)诱导九孔鲍幼虫变态附着,分析同种化学物质的不同质量浓度以及不同的化学物质对变态附着的影响,并对他们的诱导效果进行了对比.试验结果表明,质量浓度为0.075 g/L的KCl和0.35 g/L 的EDTA-Na2的诱导作用最显著,而尿素的诱导效果较差,尿素诱导九孔鲍幼虫变态附着的最佳质量浓度是0.1 g/L.不同的诱导物及同一种诱导物在不同的质量浓度下对九孔鲍幼虫变态附着的诱导作用有较大的差异.     

GABA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱和CGP52432对厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态的影响

为研究GABA及其受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱（GABA_A受体）和CGP52432 （GABA_B受体）在厚壳贻贝幼虫附着变态中的调控作用,实验通过分析厚壳贻贝不同发育阶段幼虫转录组数据获得GABA受体相关蛋白基因（GABARAP）和GABA_B2受体基因(GABA_B2R),发现GABA_B2R在变态前期的眼点幼虫阶段相较于其他阶段幼体显著高表达。通过实时荧光定量PCR验证也得到相似的表达模式,显示GABA_B2R可能参与调控厚壳贻贝幼虫变态发育。药理学实验结果显示,10^-4 mol/L GABA对厚壳贻贝幼虫的变态具有诱导活性（27.2%±3.0%）。在拮抗剂实验中,10^-6～10^-4 mol/L荷包牡丹碱和CGP52432均显著抑制了厚壳贻贝幼虫变态,且抑制作用随浓度升高而增强。实验还发现GABA及其受体拮抗剂都抑制了厚壳贻贝幼虫的游泳行为。研究表明,GABA_A或GABA_...     

诱导皱纹盘鲍浮游幼虫附着和变态的物质

根据鲍育苗中常用的6种底栖硅藻氨基酸的组成分析结果,选择15种人工合成氨基酸作为诱导物质,进行鲍浮游幼虫附着、变态的影响实验,发现天冬氨酸组附着率最高,谷氨酸组次之,但均略低于底栖硅藻组,明显高于对照组。变态率实验,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸组结果基本一致,均略高于底栖硅藻组,明显高于对照组。不同氨基酸浓度对附着、变态的影响实验结果表明:无论是天冬氨酸还是谷氨酸,实验浓度为10-5mol·L-1组的附着率和变态率最高。     

几种化学物质对西施舌幼虫附着和变态的诱导技术

采用添加不同化学诱导物的方法,研究了肾上腺素（EPI）、氨基丁酸(GABA)、L-多巴（L-DOPA）、Ca²⁺对西施舌眼点幼虫附着和变态的诱导作用,确定了化学诱导物 最佳诱导浓度。结果表明,EPI对西施舌附着和变态的诱导效果最为显著,当EPI浓度为10^-4 mol·L^-1时,附着率及变态率分别为88.3％及92.8％,同时成活率也高达98.14％;GABA亦有较好的诱导效果,当GABA浓度为10^-5 mol·L^-1,附着率及变态率分别为86.9％及87.6％;L-DOPA能诱导西施舌眼点幼虫变态,当L-DOPA浓度为10^-6 mol·L^-1时,变态率达73.3％,附着率达84.9%. Ca²⁺最适宜浓度为20 mmol·L^-1时,附着率、变态率及成活率分别为86.1％、42.8％和87.4％。以上4种化合物最适宜浓度诱导作用时,西施舌幼虫的附着率和变态率均显著高于对照组。实验还对Ca²⁺在西施舌大规模人工育苗中的诱导作用进行探讨。     

Effects of different substrates on settlement and growth of pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) larvae in hatcheries

Metamorphosis of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima pediveliger is affected by physical and chemical characteristics of the collectors. In the present study, we conducted four experiments to evaluate the effects of collector characteristics on the settlement and growth of hatchery-reared pearl oyster. In the first experiment, black, red, yellow, and white plastic sheets were used as collectors. Settlement of P. maxima larvae in black and red plastic sheets was significantly higher than that in yellow and white plastic sheets (P < 0.05). Mean shell length was not significantly different among the four colored sheets (P > 0.05). In the second experiment, pediveliger larvae were settled onto palm rope and polypropylene rope collectors. The number of spat in the palm rope collector was significantly higher than that of spat in the polypropylene rope collector (P < 0.05). Mean shell length was not significantly different between palm rope and polypropylene rope collectors (P > 0.05). In the third experiment, settlement and subsequent growth were compared between plastic sheets with and without biofilm. The number of spat in the plastic sheets with biofilm was significantly higher than that in the plastic sheets without biofilm (P < 0.05). Mean shell length after settlement were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). In the fourth experiment, pediveliger larvae were stored in tanks with (experimental group) and without collectors (control group). The settlement rate of larvae on the wall was not significantly different between the two groups(P > 0.05). The settlement rates of the larvae on the wall and collectors in the experimental group were significantly larger than those on the wall in the control group(P < 0.05). Mean shell length was not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that appropriate selection of collector types, color, and conditioning can improve the settlement of P. maxima larvae in hatcheries.     

Influence of feeding regime and temperature on development and settlement of oyster Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae

Under controlled conditions of food density and temperature, larval performances (ingestion, growth, survival and settlement success) of the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, were investigated using a flow‐through rearing system. In the first experiment, oyster larvae were reared at five different phytoplankton densities (70, 500, 1500, 2500 and 3500 μm³ μL^?1: ≈1, 8, 25, 42 and 58 cells μL^?1 equivalent TCg), and in the second, larvae were grown at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Overall, larvae survived a wide range of food density and temperature, with high survival recorded at the end of the experiments. Microalgae concentration and temperature both impacted significantly larval development and settlement success. A mixed diet of Chaetoceros neogracile and Tisochrysis lutea (1:1 cell volume) maintained throughout the whole larval life at a concentration of 1500 μm³ μL^?1 allowed the best larval development of O. edulis at 25°C with high survival (98%), good growth (16 μm day^?1) and high settlement success (68%). In addition, optimum larval development (survival ≥97%; growth ≥17 μm day^?1) and settlement (≥78%) were achieved at 25 and 30°C, at microalgae concentrations of 1500 μm³ μL^?1. In contrast, temperature of 20°C led to lower development (≤10 μm day^?1) and weaker settlement (≤27%), whereas at 15°C, no settlement occurred. The design experiments allowed the estimation of the maximum surface‐area‐specific ingestion rate  = 120 ± 4 μm³ day^?1 μm^?2, the half saturation coefficient {X_K} = 537 ± 142 μm³ μL^?1 and the Arrhenius temperature T_A = 8355 K. This contribution put a tangible basis for a future O. edulis Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) larval growth model.     

Feeding experiments on the larvae of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator (Brachyura,Ocypodidae), reared in the laboratory

Larvae of Uca pugilator (Bosc) were reared in the laboratory from hatching to the megalopa stage on three different diets: (1) newly hatched Artemia salina nauplii (diet A), (2) the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (O.F. Müller) and a ciliate Euplotes sp. (diet RC), and (3) a combination of the above two diets (diet ARC). The survival rate of zoeae fed diet A (90.0%) and diet ARC (93.8%) was much higher than that of the larvae fed diet RC (22.5%). The duration of the zoeal stages was significantly shorter for the larvae fed diet ARC than for those fed diets A and RC. The survival rate of megalopa larvae (reared on diets A and ARC in the zoeal stages) was high (above 90%) for megalopa fed Artemia nauplii only, as well as for those fed a combination of Artemia nauplii and shrimp. No significant differences in duration of the megalopa stage were found between the latter diet groups.     

Effects of temperature,salinity and body size on the physiological responses of the Iwagaki oyster Crassostrea nippona

The physiological responses of the juvenile Crassostrea nippona in terms of filtration, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (16–32°C), salinity (15–35 psu) and body size (small, medium and large) were investigated. In this study, the values of filtration rate (FR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia excretion rate (AER) increased with temperature rising from 16°C to 24°C, reaching the highest values at 24°C and 28°C; with any further increase in temperature above this limit, these values decrease drastically (p < .05). The highest Q₁₀ coefficients were 2.75 for large, 3.54 for medium at 16–20 and 3.47 for small size at 20–24°C respectively. Moreover, the responses of FR and OCR were found to be influenced significantly by salinity, tending to increase concomitantly with salinity up to 25–30 psu, though the values of these parameters were diminished dramatically (p < .05) above this level, showing a reverse pattern from that observed in AER, which firstly decreased to the lowest level at 25 and 30 psu, and then severely (p < .05) increased to the highest level at 35 psu. In addition, the low O:N ratios of all sizes of C. nippona at 16°C and 30–35 psu were indicative of a protein‐dominated catabolism, whereas the O:N ratios of large size at 20–32°C and all sizes at 20–30 psu, indicating that the metabolic energy from protein diminished and lipid and carbohydrate were used as the energy substrates. Physiological rates of C. nippona were well correlated with its size. The average values of mass exponents (b‐values) estimated in the present study were 0.657 for OCR and 0.776 for AER at different temperatures, and 0.647 for OCR and 0.767 for AER at varying salinities, signifying that physiological process of C. nippona becomes relatively slower with increasing body size regardless of temperature or salinity. Finally, our results confirm that the optimal temperature and salinity for juvenile C. nippona lie within 24–28°C and 25–30 psu respectively. The results of physiological traits in response to environmental factors of this species are informative in site selection for the cultivation.     

Effects of developmental stage, seawater concentration and rearing temperature on cryopreservation of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae

ABSTRACT: For the development of a stepwise cryopreservation technique for larvae of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , various conditions were examined. Larvae at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 h after insemination were cooled at a rate of −1°C/min (seeding at −8°C for 15 min) and then plunged into liquid nitrogen at −35 or −40°C using 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 250 mM trehalose as cryoprotectants. Among these larvae, 15 h after insemination (the trochophore stage before formation of the shell gland) showed the highest motility and the best external appearance after thawing. Trochophore larvae were cryopreserved in preservation media containing different dilutions (1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10 and 1/30) of seawater. Larvae preserved in the 1/4 seawater medium showed the highest appearance of shelled larvae 4 days after thawing. Trochophore larvae reared in seawater at 21, 25 or 29°C were cryopreserved for 8 months and then reared at 26°C after thawing. Larvae reared at 25°C showed the highest survival rate and normal larval ratio at day 6 after thawing, although larvae reared at 21°C showed the highest rates until day 4. One larva developed at 25°C succeeded to settle.     

Augmentation of the food supply for oyster larvae via bacterivorous flagellates: possible implications for larval breeding and oyster pond management

Abstract. Examination of the protist plankton in the Espevikpollen oyster pond indicates that the size fraction available to the pelagic larvae of Ostrea edulis L. includes a substantial amount of heterotrophic flagellates. As these kind of flagellates have been shown to be of good food value to veliger larvae of a related species ( Crassostrea gigas Thunberg), the heterotrophic flagellates may be of equal importance as the phototrophic flagellates to the veligers. Therefore, the loop via bacterial production and heterotrophic flagellates may play the same role for Ostrea veligers under pond conditions as this loop plays for the veligers of Crassostrea in certain Japanese aquaculture systems.     

Effects of stocking density, diet, and water exchange on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae

Three experiments were carried out to separately investigate the effects of stocking density (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 larvae ml^?1), diet (Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, Chlorella spp., Nannochloropsis oculata, 50 % I. zhanjiangensis/50 % Chlorella spp. and 50 % I. zhanjiangensis/50 % N. oculata), and water exchange (25 % once every other day and 25, 50 and 100 % once daily) on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae. Results showed that there existed significant effects of stocking density, diet, and water exchange on the growth of pearl oyster larvae (P < 0.05). Larval survival was significantly affected by stocking density and diet (P < 0.05), but not by water exchange (P > 0.05). Larval growth decreased significantly with increasing stocking density (P < 0.05). A density of 1.0–4.0 larvae ml^?1 was optimal for larval growth of pearl oyster. Chlorella spp. and N. oculata could replace 50 % of I. zhanjiangensis as a food source for the pearl oyster larvae without affecting growth and survival. A water exchange of 25 % once daily provided optimum larval growth and survival.