The mode of action of S-benzyl O,O-di-isoproyl phosphorothiaote and of dicloran on aspergillus nidulans

S-Benzyl O, O-di-isopropyl phosphorothoiate (IBP) and dicloran inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in Aspergillus nidulans. The physiological and biochemical effects of both fungicides were studied at their Ec₅₀ values (EC₅₀ is the concentration that inhibits mycelial growth by 50%). IBP inhibited chitin synthase activity in vivo and in vitro and this appeared to be the primary mode of action, although it also caused a slight decrease in total lipid synthesis. Dicloran caused an increase in nucleic acid synthesis, particularly RNA synthesis, but a decrease in total lipid biosynthesis.     

Mode of action of the systemic fungicides furalaxyl,metalaxyl and ofurace

The systemic fungicides furalaxyl, metalaxyl and ofurace,

1 Ofurace is the proposed BSI and ISO common name for α-(2-chloro-N-2,6-xylylacetamido)-γ-butyrolactone.

used to control diseases caused by phycomycetes, were extremely active in vitro against Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora nicotianae and Phytophthora palmivora. Sporangia production was reduced more than mycelial growth but germination of sporangia and zoospores was relatively unaffected. Less than 1% of the metalaxyl or furalaxyl, present in media at the ED₅₀ for hyphal growth, was firmly absorbed by Phyt. palmivora mycelium; uptake was against a concentration gradient and was characterised by a rapid accumulation followed by a more gradual release. Respiration and wall synthesis were not inhibited, whilst membrane permeability was unaffected. Lipid patterns were altered but these changes were probably of secondary importance. The fungicides inhibited protein and nucleic acid synthesis; RNA production was particularly affected. There was some evidence of a reduction in nuclear division. The primary effect of furalaxyl and metalaxyl probably involves impaired biosynthesis of RNA so that mitosis is inhibited; ofurace may act in the same way.     

多菌灵等5种杀菌剂对烟草立枯病菌的生物活性

采用生物测定方法分析了烟草立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani在菌丝生长、菌核形成与萌发阶段对5种杀菌剂(多菌灵、代森锰锌、菌核净、异菌脲及苯醚甲环唑)的敏感性,同时通过离体叶片法考察了5种杀菌剂对烟草立枯病的保护和治疗作用。结果表明:供试5种药剂对立枯病菌菌丝生长、菌核形成与萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性,同时对烟草立枯病具有一定的保护和治疗作用。其中,对菌丝生长以及菌核形成与萌发抑制活性最强的均是多菌灵,其抑制菌丝生长的EC50平均值为(0.06 ±0.01) mg/L,0.25和20 mg/L下对菌核形成和萌发的抑制率均为100%;其次为异菌脲[EC50值为(0.35 ±0.15) mg/L,2和100 mg/L下对菌核形成和萌发的抑制率分别为(54.79 ±12.58)%和100%]、苯醚甲环唑[EC50值为(0.55 ±0.53) mg/L,5和200 mg/L下对菌核形成和萌发的抑制率分别为(97.97 ±2.64)%和100%]及菌核净[EC50值为(1.31 ±0.14) mg/L,10和100 mg/L下对菌核形成和萌发的抑制率均为100%];最弱的均是代森锰锌,其抑制菌丝生长的EC50平均值为(6 ±0.20) mg/L,10和200 mg/L下对菌核形成和萌发的抑制率分别为(43.58 ±31.87)%和0。离体试验表明:对烟草立枯病保护作用最强的是多菌灵、异菌脲和菌核净,50 mg/L时防效均 > 99%,其次为代森锰锌(50 mg/L防效为75.83%),最弱的是苯醚甲环唑(50 mg/L防效为39.29%);治疗作用最强的也是多菌灵,50 mg/L防效为93.46%,其次为菌核净、异菌脲和苯醚甲环唑(200 mg/L时防效均 > 84%),最弱的为代森锰锌(800 mg/L时防效为76.40%)。研究结果可为烟草立枯病化学防治药剂筛选提供参考和依据。     

Impact of tricyclazole and azoxystrobin on growth,sporulation and secondary infection of the rice blast fungus,Magnaporthe oryzae

BACKGROUND: Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch sp. nov., is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide, causing substantial yield losses every year. In Italy, its management is based mainly on the use of two fungicides, azoxystrobin and tricyclazole, that restrain the disease progress. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of the two fungicides on the growth, sporulation and secondary infection of M. oryzae. RESULTS: Magnaporthe oryzae mycelium growth was inhibited at low concentrations of azoxystrobin and relatively high concentrations of tricyclazole, while sporulation was more sensitive to both fungicides and was affected at similarly low doses. Furthermore, infection efficiency of conidia obtained from mycelia exposed to tricyclazole was affected to a higher extent than for conidia produced on azoxystrobin‐amended media, even though germination of such conidia was reduced after azoxystrobin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents for the first time detailed azoxystrobin and tricyclazole growth–response curves for M. oryzae mycelium growth and sporulation. Furthermore, high efficacy of tricyclazole towards inhibition of sporulation and secondary infection indicates an additional possible mode of action of this fungicide that is different from inhibition of melanin biosynthesis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力作用特性比较

为筛选防治黄瓜靶斑病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和芽管伸长法测定了19种杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的毒力,探究了4种毒力较高杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝形态的影响。结果表明:氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和芽管伸长各生长发育阶段均有较强的抑制活性,其中,4种药剂抑制菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.516 3、1.538、1.605和0.648 2 mg/L,抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.164 4、1.359、1.127和0.002 5 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.189 6、0.144 7、0.060 4和0.001 5 mg/L;啶酰菌胺、百菌清和肟菌酯3种不同作用机制杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的抑制活性较强,3种药剂抑制孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值分别为1.564、0.373 0和0.021 3 mg/L,抑制芽管伸长的平均EC₅₀值分别为0.629 5、0.233 4和0.405 0 mg/L,但对菌丝生长的抑制作用较弱,平均EC₅₀大于16 mg/L;氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素可引起黄瓜靶斑病菌菌丝不同程度的异常生长,主要表现为菌丝隔膜间距变小、菌丝节间肿大、主菌丝上二次分枝发生频繁、菌丝变形黏连、菌丝新分枝处生长受抑制或分生孢子生长变形。研究表明,氟啶胺、吡唑萘菌胺、咯菌腈和四霉素对黄瓜靶斑病菌具有较高的毒力,在黄瓜靶斑病的田间防治中具有较好的开发应用潜力。     

戊唑醇和三唑醇种衣剂对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响

三唑醇、戊唑醇用于小麦种子处理,当包衣浓度分别高于０．３ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子和０．６ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子时,对小麦的发芽及出苗都有较为严重的影响;对小麦的生长发育有明显的影响主要表现为株高降低,根长、胚芽鞘高度、第１片真叶长减小,而分根数增加,第１片真叶宽增大;除包衣用量大于１．２ｇ ａｉ／ｋｇ种子百株鲜重明显降低外,其余与空白对照无明显差异。相同用量下,戊唑醇对小麦幼苗生长发育的抑制作用要比三唑醇的     

Effect of triadimefon and triadimenol on growth of various plant species as well as on gibberellin content and sterol metabolism in shoots of barley seedlings

The fungicides triadimefon and triadimenol markedly reduced growth of coleoptiles, primary leaves, and roots of barley seedlings when grown for 7 days in petri dishes in the dark. The addition of gibberellins (A₁, A₃, A₄, A₇, A₉) alleviated growth retardation of primary leaves and coleoptiles induced by the fungicides. While fungicide-induced growth retardation of the shoots was partly relieved by kinetin, IAA did not show an alleviating activity. Triadimefon and triadimenol also substantially retarded the elongation of shoots of tomato and cotton plants and simultaneous application of GA₃ nullified the retardation. The fungicides only slightly interfered with both α-amylase production of intact germinating barley seed and the GA₃-induced α-amylase synthesis in barley endosperm. On the other hand, extracts of triadimefon- and triadimenol-treated shoot tissue of 10- to 12-day-old barley plants contained substantially lower gibberellin-like activity than control shoots. Both compounds also interfered in sterol metabolism of shoots of barley seedlings when compared to control plants, treatment resulted in lower amounts and altered proportions of C-4,4-desmethyl sterols. While both fungicides inhibited synthesis of C-4,4-desmethyl sterol fraction, sterols possessing C-4 and C-14-methyl groups were accumulated. It is assumed that triadimefon and triadimenol interfere in gibberellin and sterol biosynthesis in barley seedlings by inhibiting oxidative demethylation reactions.     

六种三唑类杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病菌的毒力及其安全性和田间防效评价

为筛选出有效防治番茄叶霉病的药剂,采用生长速率法及平板涂布法测定6种三唑类杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长的毒力,评价其对番茄植株的安全性和对叶霉病的田间防效。结果表明,己唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和氟硅唑对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长的毒力均较高,EC_(50)分别为0.50、0.55、0.80、2.42 mg/L,其次为腈菌唑和四氟醚唑,EC50分别为6.92、15.08 mg/L。6种杀菌剂抑制病菌分生孢子萌发及芽管伸长的作用均较弱,对芽管伸长的抑制活性高于对孢子萌发的抑制活性;戊唑醇和四氟醚唑抑制孢子萌发的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率为60%~70%,戊唑醇、四氟醚唑和己唑醇抑制芽管伸长的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率均在70%以上。己唑醇和戊唑醇200 mg/L处理番茄植株,显著抑制其株高,苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑对其影响相对较小,这4种杀菌剂对番茄植株的叶色及形态均无明显影响;且这4种杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病的田间预防效果均高于治疗效果,其中150 mg/L己唑醇的预防效果和治疗效果均最高,分别为90.67%和85.58%;苯醚甲环唑的最低,300 mg/L时预防效果为80.16%,治疗效果为71.68%。     

Effects of Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fungicides on Growth and Sterol Composition of Ustilago maydis,Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenophora teres

The effects of the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) fungicides fenarimol, fenpropimorph, imazalil, prochloraz, propiconazole and triadimenol on growth and sterol composition of Ustilago maydis, Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenophora teres, grown from spores or sporidia in liquid culture, were determined. Growth of U. maydis was only slightly inhibited by SBI fungicides at concentrations which caused considerable changes in both sterol content and composition. Conversely, in B. cinerea and P. teres, growth was strongly inhibited under conditions where ergosterol was still the predominant sterol, suggesting that, in these two fungi, growth may be more sensitive to SBI fungicides than overall sterol production. Demethylase inhibitor fungicides behaved as a homogeneous group in their effects on growth and on sterol profiles of the three fungi studied.     

Baseline and differential sensitivity of Peronophythora litchii (lychee downy blight) to three carboxylic acid amide fungicides

Downy blight, caused by Peronophythora litchii, is an important disease of lychee (litchi) plants in China. The in vitro sensitivities of various asexual stages of P. litchii to the three carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph were studied with four single‐sporangium isolates. None of the three fungicides affected zoospore discharge from sporangia, but they strongly inhibited mycelial growth (mean EC₅₀ values of 0·075, 0·258 and 0·115 mg L^?1, respectively); sporangial production (mean EC₅₀ values of 0·085, 0·315 and 0·150 mg L^?1, respectively); germination of cystospores (mean EC₅₀ values of 0·140, 0·150 and 0·645 mg L^?1, respectively); and germination of sporangia (mean EC₅₀ values of 0·203, 0·5 and 0·743 mg L^?1, respectively). As mycelial growth was the most sensitive stage to dimethomorph and pyrimorph, it was chosen to test baseline sensitivities to the three fungicides. In 2007, from 131 isolates collected in Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, 127, 116 and 113 isolates were used to establish baseline sensitivity for dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph respectively. Isolates from different provinces exhibited similar baseline sensitivity to the same fungicide. Baseline sensitivities to dimethomorph, flumorph and pyrimorph were distributed as unimodal curves, with mean EC₅₀ values of 0·082 (± 0·01), 0·282 (± 0·047), and 0·115 (± 0·032) mg L^?1, respectively. This information will serve as a baseline for tracking future changes in sensitivities of P. litchii populations to these three CAA fungicides.     

9种杀菌剂对胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉菌生物学特性的影响

72%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、40%多.五氯可湿性粉剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂、50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂、70%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂9种杀菌剂抑制胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉(Allantophomoides carotae)菌丝生长的EC₅₀分别为136.08、33.66、629.77、139.60、6.45、59.57、461.15、258.01、811.66μg/mL;抑制孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为1.3510、2.8568、1.7424、1.9559、1.2060、0.1333、0.3462、0.7582、0.4984μg/mL;抑制芽管伸长的EC₅₀分别为2.9593、1.5664、1.8296、8.7493、0.4228、0.1837、0.4486、0.5706、0.2128μg/mL。9种杀菌剂对该菌的作用方式不同。75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长、分生孢子形成、孢子萌发及芽管伸长均有抑制作用;50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂对产孢和菌丝生长的抑制作用不显著,但能够抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长;15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长的抑制作用十分显著,但对产孢、孢子萌发和芽管伸长作用不明显。     

Effects of triazole fungicides on sterol biosynthesis during spore germination of Botrytis cinerea,Venturia inaequalis and Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

With three plant pathogens,Botrytis cinerea, Venturia inaequalis and Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici, the time course of sterol biosynthesis during spore germination was examined by labeling experiments along with the question whether this pathway could be inhibited by triazole fungicides. Conidia ofB. cinerea andV. inaequalis are able to synthesize sterols immediately after the beginning of the germination process when the germ tubes have not yet emerged. On the contrary uredospores ofP. graminis start sterol biosynthesis after 6 to 8 h germination time almost at the end of the germ tube phase, indicating that sterol reserves of the spores are likely to be used for the germ tube growth.The sterol C-14 demethylation appeared to be the rate limiting step within the sterol biosynthetic pathway: the half life of 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol was less than 1 h forB. cinerea. It was more than 1 h forV. inaequalis and 3 h forP. graminis. Independent of these differences in the time course of sterol biosynthesis and in the C-14 demethylation rate, the synthesis of sterols in germinating spores was strongly inhibited by triazole fungicides in all three pathogens examined. In contrast toP. graminis, this inhibition could be demonstrated withB. cinerea andV. inaequalis even in ungerminated conidia, indicating that the fungicides were rapidly taken up and reached their target within 1 or 2 h. These results are discussed along with the question whether spore germination can be used as a bioassay for the estimation of sensitivities of triazole fungicides.     

Effects of fungicides on in vitro spore germination and mycelial growth of the phytopathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa (phoma stem canker of oilseed rape)

BACKGROUND: Phoma stem canker, caused by the coexisting related fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans (Des.) Ces. & de Not and L. biglobosa Shoemaker & H Brun, is a major disease of winter oilseed rape in the UK. Annually, over 90% of UK crops receive at least one foliar application of fungicide, but little is known about the sensitivity of the more damaging L. maculans and the less damaging L. biglobosa to these fungicides. The effects of flusilazole, tebuconazole and Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamate (MBC) fungicides (benomyl and carbendazim) on the germination of ascospores, conidia and germ tube growth of both species were examined. Isolates collected from different oilseed rape crops in England and Wales were assessed for their mycelial growth on fungicide‐amended medium, and ED₅₀ values were calculated. RESULTS: Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa differed in their sensitivity to fungicides. Conidial germination of L. maculans was more sensitive to these fungicides than that of L. biglobosa. Isolates of L. maculans had smaller ED₅₀ values for mycelial growth for all fungicides tested than isolates of L. biglobosa. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fungicide applications might affect the structure of L. maculans/L. biglobosa populations in UK winter oilseed rape crops. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Studies on the mechanism of action of cymoxanil in Phytophthora infestans

Colony growth and germ tube emergence of sporangia and encysted zoospores of Phytophthora infestans were highly sensitive to cymoxanil (ED₅₀ 0.5–1.5 μg/ml), whereas differentiation of sporangia and zoospore release were insensitive at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Treated sporangia did not show distorted germ tubes. Oxygen consumption for glucose oxidation by germinating sporangia and zoospore motility were not inhibited at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Cymoxanil hardly affected the uptake of radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Incorporation of [¹⁴C]phenylalanine into protein was completely insensitive. RNA synthesis as measured by [³H]uridine incorporation was differentially inhibited in the various developmental stages of the fungus. Inhibition did not occur at differentiation of sporangia, whereas at cyst and sporangial germination and mycelial growth this process was inhibited 20–45% at a concentration of 100 μg cymoxanil/ml. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei was not inhibited by cymoxanil. DNA synthesis as measured by [methyl-³H]thymidine incorporation was inhibited 20–80% at the various stages of development at cymoxanil concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml. Metalaxyl, a specific inhibitor of ribosomal RNA synthesis, inhibited [³H]uridine incorporation 40–60% at all developmental stages. The data suggest that although DNA synthesis is affected more than RNA synthesis, inhibition of both biosynthetic processes is a secondary effect. The primary mode of action of cymoxanil thus remains unknown.     

铁皮石斛黑斑病菌室内药效试验

通过供试的18种药剂对铁皮石斛黑斑病菌体外抑制作用测试结果表明,除克菌特外,所有药剂对其孢子萌发都有显著的抑制作用,其中代森锰锌、易保、代森锌和炭疽福美可完全抑制孢子萌发,霉克特、扑海英、使百克、新太生、甲基托布津和世高对孢子萌发有较强烈的抑制作用。与对照比较,克菌特促进孢子萌发率高于对照23.34%,克菌特和庄园乐都能促进芽管生长。18种药剂对石斛黑斑病菌菌丝体的抑制作用测定结果显示,所有药剂对菌丝生长都有显著的抑制作用,其中使百克和世高对菌丝体抑制效果最好,抑菌率都达91.28%,其次是施佳乐、福星和扑海英。     

Impact of fludioxonil resistance on fitness and cross-resistance profiles of Altrenaria solani laboratory mutants

Sensitivity and inherent resistance risk of Alternaria solani to fludioxonil, cross-resistance profiles and the potential implications of resistance mutations on fitness parameters were investigated. Fludioxonil was highly effective against a wild type A. solani field strain both in vitro (EC₅₀?=?0.05 μg/mL) and in preventive applications on artificially inoculated tomato fruit. Mutants with low [Resistance factor (Rf): 15 based on EC₅₀], medium (Rf: 150–300) and high (Rf: > 1000) levels of phenylpyrrole resistance were isolated from the wild type strain at high frequencies following mutagenesis with UV irradiation and selection on fludioxonil containing medium. Resistant isolates retained their resistance levels even after 9 subcultures on fungicide-free growth medium while they could express their resistant phenotypes in planta. Investigation of cross-resistance relationships showed that fludioxonil resistance mutations also reduce the sensitivity of mutant strains to the aromatic hydrocarbon fungicide quintozene as well as the dicarboximides iprodione and vinclozolin. No cross-resistance was observed between fludioxonil and fungicides with different modes of action such as the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (DMIs) imazalil and flusilazole and the carboxamide boscalid. All fludioxonil resistant isolates were more sensitive to the anilinopyrimidine pyrimethanil, while only two isolates were less sensitive to the QoI pyraclostrobin compared to the wild-type strain. Study of fitness determining parameters showed that resistance mutation(s) had no adverse effects on mycelial growth, conidial germination and sensitivity to osmotic stress while they had a pleiotropic effect on virulence and conidia production in resistant mutants. Results of the present study indicate that fludioxonil is a highly effective fungicide against A. solani, while the risk of resistance development to this fungicide is considered to be medium making fludioxonil an ideal alternative to high risk fungicides such as boscalid and pyraclostrobin whose performance against early blight has already been compromised by resistance development.

     

多菌灵等4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的室内生物活性

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,分别测定了烟草灰霉病菌对多菌灵、嘧霉胺、异菌脲和丙环唑的敏感性,同时通过离体叶片法评估了这4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病的保护和治疗作用。结果表明:4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性,并对灰霉病同时具有保护和治疗作用。其中多菌灵对菌丝生长的抑制活性最强,EC₅₀平均值为0.06 mg/L,其次为丙环唑、嘧霉胺和异菌脲,EC₅₀平均值分别为0.36、0.53和0.60 mg/L;异菌脲和丙环唑对烟草灰霉病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性较强,EC₅₀平均值分别为2.05和2.21 mg/L,其次为嘧霉胺和多菌灵,EC₅₀平均值分别为10.56和131.23 mg/L。异菌脲和多菌灵对灰霉病的保护作用和治疗作用均最强,当药剂质量浓度为200 mg/L时,其对离体叶片的保护和治疗作用防效分别为100%、100%和98.3%、91.8%。研究结果可为烟草灰霉病的科学防治提供依据。     

球孢白僵菌与11种新型化学杀菌剂的相容性评价

本研究测定了当前市场上常用的11种化学杀菌剂对球孢白僵菌HFW-05萌发、生长速率、产孢量、胞外蛋白酶产生水平及杀虫活性的影响。结果表明,常规浓度下,除68.75%氟菌霜霉威对菌株HFW-05菌丝生长没有抑制作用、50%啶酰菌胺对菌株HFW-05产孢量没有抑制作用外,其余杀菌剂对HFW-05孢子萌发、菌丝生长、产孢量和胞外蛋白酶产生水平均有显著抑制作用。60%唑醚代森联对菌株HFW-05的抑制作用最强,常规浓度、5倍稀释和10倍稀释浓度下均显著抑制菌株HFW-05孢子萌发、菌丝生长、产孢量及胞外蛋白酶的产生。多数杀菌剂随处理浓度的降低和时间推移对菌株HFW-05的抑制作用逐渐减弱。白僵菌-杀菌剂同时使用时,42.4%唑醚氟酰胺、10%苯醚甲环唑和50%咯菌腈没有降低HFW-05的杀虫活性,小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率和僵虫率与单独使用菌株HFW-05差异均不显著;25%双炔酰菌胺、50%啶酰菌胺、50%烯酰吗啉、68.75%氟菌霜霉威、50%醚菌酯、60%唑醚代森联和32.5%苯甲嘧菌酯则显著降低了菌株HFW-05对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的杀虫活性,其中60%唑醚代森联对菌株HFW-05的致病力影响最大,对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率降低了49.9%;25%吡唑醚菌酯对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有一定致死作用,校正死亡率为46.2%,与菌株HFW-05同时使用时小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率提高了20%。     

The effect of three fungicides,specific for the control of rice blast disease,on the growth and melanin biosynthesis by Pyricularia oryzae cav.

Tricyclazole (EL 291), 4,5-dihydro-4-methyltetrazolo [1,5-a] quinazolin-5-one (PP 389), and pyroquilon (CGA 49104) were studied to determine the effects on growth and melanin biosynthesis by Pyricularia oryzae in vitro. The three fungicides were essentially devoid of toxicity to P. oryzae at concentrations up to 50 ug ml^?1 but each selectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis at much lower concentrations. Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis resulted in the accumulation of 2-hydroxyjuglone and flaviolin. The study indicated that the three compounds act by a similar mechanism in P. oryzae..