珠江源头区占马地小流域不同用地水土保持作用研究

 对珠江源头区占马地小流域灌木林地、疏林地、耕地及荒草地4类不同用地的土壤含水量、理化性状、土壤侵蚀特性等进行测定分析,结果表明:1)在土层60 cm深度范围内,随着土层的加深,灌木林地和疏林地的土壤水分含量呈下降趋势,而耕地和荒草地则呈上升趋势。2)土壤在持水能力、通透性能等方面排列顺序是灌木林地>荒草地>疏林地>耕地;土壤有机质含量以荒草地最高,为2.34%,分别是灌木林地、疏林地和耕地的1.08、1.89和3.46倍;全氮含量顺序是荒草地>灌木林地>疏林地>耕地;全磷和全钾含量顺序是疏林地>荒草地>灌木林地>耕地。3)不同用地的初渗速率、稳渗速率与渗透系数均为灌木林地最大,荒草地最小,灌木林地的稳渗速率、渗透系数分别是耕地、疏林地、荒草地的1.142、.06和2.7倍。4)不同用地的土壤最大持水量,在020cm土层,排列顺序为耕地>灌木林地>疏林地>荒草地;在2060cm土层,则为疏林地>灌木林地>荒草地>耕地。5)在坡度相同的情况下,不同用地的降雨产流时间为荒草地>疏林地>灌木林地>耕地;地表径流量为荒草地>疏林地>灌木林地>耕地;土壤侵蚀量以耕地最大,分别是灌木林地、疏林地和荒草地的2.51、2.26和1.32倍。研究结果可为珠江源头区土地合理利用提供理论依据。     

黄土高原丘陵区不同植被恢复方式下土壤水分特征——以桥子沟流域为例

为研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复方式下的土壤水分特征,以天水典型对比小流域——桥子西沟(自然恢复的荒草地)和桥子东沟(人工恢复的刺槐林地)为例,基于2流域5-8月0～ 100 cm深度土壤质量含水量和氢氧同位素浓度,定量分析不同植被恢复方式下降水和坡向对土壤水分影响.结果表明:以刺槐林地为主的流域土壤含水量低于以荒草地为主的流域(16.72％)约3.70％,对降水量的响应较弱,各土层含水量变异系数较高.土壤水分存在临界变化深度,刺槐林地为主的流域在10 cm以下含水量趋于稳定,最大蒸发深度为55 cm,荒草地为主的流域在30 cm以下含水量开始增加,最大蒸发深度为30 cm.两流域含水量均遵循阴坡＞半阴坡＞半阳坡,δo18的分布不符合这一规律.以刺槐林地为主的流域含水量随坡向变化较小,而以荒草地为主的流域受坡向影响较大,坡向对土壤水分的影响受植被因子的制约.以自然恢复荒草地为主的恢复方式可以较好的增加土壤水库蓄水量,有利于流域生态的可持续发展.     

晋西黄土区不同土地利用方式对土壤抗冲性及糙率的影响

采用野外实地放水冲刷法,以次生林地、刺槐林地、荒草地、农地为研究对象,研究晋西黄土区蔡家川流域不同土地利用方式对土壤抗冲性及糙率的影响及其与可能的影响因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各样地土壤有机质含量大小为次生林地>农地>刺槐林地>荒草地。有机质含量与土壤抗冲性呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。(2)试验地的糙率系数介于0.005 6～0.251之间,糙率系数n值大小顺序为次生林地>刺槐林地>农地>荒草地;(3)土壤抗冲性受土地利用方式、植物根系以及坡度等因素的影响较大。土壤抗冲性随根系生物量的增加而增强,且与<1mm的根系密度极显著相关(p<0.01);不同土地利用方式下土壤抗冲性大小表现为:次生林地土壤抗冲性能最强,刺槐林地和荒草地次之,农地最差。     

滇中尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳分布特征

土壤活性有机碳对土地利用方式最为敏感,定量分析不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳分布特征的影响对流域的土壤碳循环研究具有重要意义。从滇中尖山河小流域坡耕地、荒草地、林地、园地4种不同土地利用类型角度,系统地分析了0—10,10—20,20—30 cm土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、微生物有机碳（MBC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）及可溶性有机碳（DOC）的分布特征及其相关性。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下土壤SOC,MBC,EOC,DOC整体均表现为园地 > 林地 > 坡耕地 > 荒草地;4种土地利用类型MBC,EOC,DOC整体上随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,且主要分布在0—20 cm土层,在20—30 cm土层含量较低（低于30%）;4种土地利用类型下SOC和MBC,EOC,DOC呈极显著正相关关系,MBC,EOC,DOC两两之间也表现出极显著正相关。综上,退耕还林以及在荒草地种植人工林可作为提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量的有效措施,并将在减少流域水土流失和面源污染、改善土壤质量、恢复土壤肥力等方面起到重要作用。     

元阳梯田水源区不同坡位土壤水分变化研究

利用2012年5月~2013年4月元阳梯田水源区林地、灌木地、荒草地的土壤含水率数据,对元阳梯田水源区典型土地利用方式下,不同坡位土壤水分的变化进行了分析。结果表明,研究区0~100 cm深度内,土壤表层水分的变化均比深层强烈。林地旱季的变化范围明显比雨季大;灌木地、荒草地分别于20 cm处和40~60 cm处存在"根系层"和水分的低湿层,该层上下土壤透水性和水力传导度不同。同时,不同土地利用方式下,不同坡位土壤水分的变化各异,各坡位土壤含水率之间的差异性也各不相同。     

紫色土团聚体抗蚀特征研究

从水稳性、力稳性和化学稳定性3方面研究了紫色土团聚体稳定性和抗蚀性特征及内在机理,结果表明:不同利用方式土壤>3mm,>1mm,>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量均表现为荒草地>林地>园地>耕地,结构破坏率表现为耕地>园地>林地>荒草地;力稳性参数"原始稳定性"表现出荒草地>林地>园地>耕地,"崩解速率"表现为耕地>园地>林地>荒草地,不同利用方式土壤团聚体力稳性表现为荒草地>林地>园地>耕地;蓬莱镇组、遂宁组和沙溪庙组3种母质发育的土壤,遂宁组母质发育土壤抗蚀性最强,不同利用方式抗蚀强弱表现为荒草地>林地>园地>耕地;土壤有机质和粘粒含量显著地影响土壤团聚体的"原始稳定性"和"崩解速率",是影响土壤团聚体抗蚀性的主要内在因素。     

滇池宝象河流域土壤磷的累积及吸附特征研究

磷是导致湖泊水体富营养化的主要污染物质。本文对滇池宝象河流域稀疏林地、坡耕地、平地耕地及大棚土壤的0～5cm、5～10cm、10～20cm层土壤全磷、有效磷、磷固定量及磷吸持指数(PSI)等指标进行了测定或计算,并就磷的累积与分布特征、吸附特征等进行了评价。结果表明:流域表层土壤的全磷、Olsen-P和水溶性磷均有明显的累积,尤以大棚土壤磷的累积效应最为明显(平均值分别为1·67gkg-1、75·9mgkg-1和27·7mgkg-1),且Olsen-P和水溶性磷的含量在耕层各层次上表现为从上往下依次降低的趋势。吸附特征方面,表层土壤的磷固定量在68·4～351·2mgkg-1之间,不同土地利用类型不同土壤层次间的土壤磷固定量无显著差异;而土壤的PSI值以上游稀疏林地和坡耕地土壤中的显著较高,根据PSI值低于30的比例,推测出中上游平地耕地和下游大棚区土壤磷素存在着较大的潜在流失风险。     

不同土地利用类型对伊犁地区土壤活性有机碳库和碳库管理指数的影响

土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）可以比较准确地发现人为因素对土地利用的干扰情况。以伊犁河谷不同土地利用类型（耕地、林地、草地和荒地）为研究对象,分析了不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、活性有机碳含量及其在SOC中的分配情况,各类有机碳含量之间的相关性、CPMI。研究表明:（1）不同土地利用类型SOC含量和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）含量有显著差异,SOC含量为草地 > 林地 > 耕地 > 荒地;WSOC含量为耕地（最高） > 荒地（最低）;易氧化碳（ROC）含量为草地最低;在0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层,微生物量碳（MBC）含量为草地（最高） > 林地（最低）;ROC含量为荒地高于草地。不同土地利用类型SOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低;ROC含量均随土层深度增加而升高;除林地外,其他样地MBC含量均随土层深度增加呈先升高后降低趋势,而WSOC含量均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低。（2）不同土地利用类型下ROC,MBC和WSOC所占SOC比例各不相同,且碳库的活度主要取决于ROC所占比例,ROC所占比例为荒地 > 耕地 > 林地 > 草地;MBC所占比例为荒地 > 耕地 > 草地 > 林地;WSOC所占比例为耕地 > 林地 > 荒地 > 草地。同一土地利用类型各活性有机碳所占比例情况为ROC > MBC > WSOC。（3）不考虑土层深度影响,耕地ROC含量与MBC含量呈极显著线性负相关;林地SOC含量与ROC含量呈显著线性负相关;荒地SOC含量与WSOC含量呈极显著线性正相关。不同土地利用类型下SOC,ROC,MBC,WSOC含量之间线性相关程度总体偏低。（4）同一土地利用类型,CPMI均随土层深度的加深先增大后减小;0—20 cm土层的CPMI为林地 > 荒地（100） > 耕地 > 草地。土地利用类型由荒地、草地、耕地转变为林地,有利于CPMI的提高,有利于土壤培肥,促进碳循环。     

4种灌木林地土壤物理性状及抗侵蚀性能的研究

研究了济南石灰岩山区的黄栌、连翘、绣线菊和黄荆4种灌木林地土壤的物理性状和抗侵蚀性能。结果表明：同一层次不同灌木林地的土壤物理性状存在显著差异，在0～20cm土壤层，黄栌林地的土壤物理性状最好，连翘林地的次之；在20～40cm土壤层．连翘林地的土壤物理性状最好，黄栌林地的次之，黄荆林地和绣线菊林地0～40cm土壤层的物理性状都较差；同一林地0～20cm层的土壤物理性状明显优于20～40cm层;4种灌木林地0～20cm层土壤的有机质含量、水稳性指数和水稳性团聚体含量均大于荒坡地，土壤侵蚀量明显低于荒坡地。     

土壤CaCO_3淀积对降水量及环境变化的指示

测定了三工河流域土壤的pH值和CaCO3含量,分析了二者的变化趋势。结合土壤CaCO3的淀积深度,根据年降水量与碳酸钙淀积深度之间的定量关系模型(y=305x+168.5)估算了全新世以来的气候变化。得出在该区域曾有过一段降水较为丰沛的时期。并依据土壤CaCO3含量在垂直剖面上的变化预测了该区域的气候条件是向暖湿、不利于碳酸盐保存的气候环境变化的。这与近期的研究资料得出的结论相一致。本文的结论可作为研究该地区气候变化的参考依据。     

Cultivation affected the level of inorganic phosphorus more than the organic pool of the Pampas soils in Argentina

The effects of land use on soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) stocks were assessed in the Pampas, Argentina. Three hundred and eighty-six paired sites widely distributed over an area of ca. 50 Mha were sampled. Land use types included soils under trees, uncropped soils, cropped soils at the pasture phase of a mixed rotation, cropped soils at the crop phase of a mixed rotation, and flooded soils. Slight differences in organic P stocks were found among land uses. Organic P was 21–35% lower in flooded soil than in the other treatments in the 0–100 cm depth. Inorganic P was significantly lower (ca. 27%) in pasture and cropped soils than in the uncropped controls at 0–25 cm depth. The ratios of organic P/inorganic P and organic C/organic P decreased with depth and did not significantly differ among the sites. The influence of cultivation on inorganic P to a depth of 100 cm depended on the initial phosphorus content of the soil. Soils rich in phosphorus lost substantial amounts of their phosphorus stocks, in some cases losses were as high as 70%, whereas phosphorus-poor soils presented only small changes in their inorganic P levels.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型对土壤碳氮储量的影响

通过对比晋西黄土区蔡家川流域人工刺槐林地、人工油松林地、退耕荒草地和农地土壤有机碳和总氮含量的差异性,探讨了土地利用变化对该流域土壤碳氮储量的影响。结果表明:（1）4种土地利用类型下,土壤有机碳和总氮均表现出表聚效应,且荒草地垂向降幅最大,各样地土壤有机碳和总氮均呈极显著线性正相关;（2）油松林地0—48 cm土层有机碳含量高于其他样地,刺槐林地0—48 cm土层总氮含量显著高于其他样地,而4种土地利用类型在48—96 cm土层和96—160 cm土层中有机碳和总氮含量差异不显著;（3）从蔡家川流域退耕土壤固碳和固氮效应整体而言,退耕林地具有显著的土壤碳氮固存效应,随着人工林地面积占比的增加,流域土壤总有机碳和总氮储量相应增加。     

Variation in soil chemical properties along toposequences in an arid region of the Levant

Detailed characterization of soils and their variation along different topography positions has not been investigated in depth for Mediterranean arid regions. There is a need to accurately understand the variation and the spatial distribution of soil properties within dry region of the Levant. Such understanding is required to optimize the use and management of scarce land and water resources. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of hillslope characteristics on the variation of selected soil chemical properties in an arid Mediterranean climate. At each of five selected transects four sites were chosen to represent four different topographic positions: summit, shoulder, backslope and toeslope. A soil profile was examined at each site and a representative sample from each horizon was withdrawn for chemical analyses. The analyses indicated that generally, the carbonate contents of the surface horizons decreased from higher to lower positions of the toposequence, the carbonate content increased with depth for profiles occupying the lower positions. This suggests more intense leaching within soil at lower positions. The effect of steepness and curvature on controlling the variation of soil properties was obvious at the summit and shoulder positions. Leaching process seems to hinder the effect of steepness and curvature for soils at lower positions. Lower positions receive runoff water and organic matter from upper positions, which complicate the relationship between landform shape and organic matter content. Continuous tillage resulted in lower organic matter contents for soils at lower positions. Higher pH values were reported for soils down along the transect due to the movement of soil material from upper hillslope positions. Electrical conductivity, exchangeable calcium and potassium contents decreased downslope due to higher moisture accumulation. However, no obvious relationship was found between the variation of pH or EC in one hand and the variation of steepness and curvature on the other. Potassium content was variable due to its greater mobility. The analyses indicated that variation in the soil CEC is governed by two factors: the leaching pattern, which is controlled by hillslope position, and the accumulation of Eolian carbonates at the soil surface. The distribution of iron oxides and types of clay minerals indicated more weathering in a descending direction and with soil depth, which is attributed to higher availability of soil moisture along the same direction. These relationships suggested systematic variation of chemical properties along toposequences in this arid environment.     

黄土高原的形成与整治对策

本文以雨土和雨尘等泥质“细粒团”的形成和细小矿粒楔入粗粒等现象,作为只有经过风力吹扬搬运才能形成的“专一”特征,来检查250万年以来黄土高原各期黄土后,发现黄土确系西来黄尘在黄土高原上空与东来湿气相遇不断降落、堆积增厚所成。这样堆积以颗粒支架式接触为主的黄土层,本来就具有良好的通透性能,后来因植被的繁生,尤其是禾本科草本植物根系的作用,而更加提高和巩固。这是在自然环境下,黄土高原堆积厚达100m以上完整的黄土——古土壤系列的唯一背景和根源。目前黄土高原水土流失剧烈进行,其主要原因就是人为活动对天然植被的无情破坏,从根本上破坏了土壤的入渗和抗冲性能。当前黄土高原整治的对策也只有按照“全部降水就地入渗拦蓄”为战略目标,采取“米粮下川上塬;林果下沟上岔;草灌上坡下坬”,并与社会经济需求紧密结合,来安排土地合理利用和具体生产措施。     

植被工程与水土保持关系分析

五华河中游的乌陂河流域水上流失严重,人为恢复植被的速度仍赶不上自然水土流失的速度。本文在分析植被的作用,植被工程的特征与作用等问题的基础上,提出了实施植被工程的三条基本原则和两个不容忽视的问题,最后讨论了植被工程的开发利用问题。     

石灰性土壤团聚体中钙形态特征及其与有机碳含量的关系

本文选取5种碳酸钙含量(4.29、17.45、98.66、131.85、143.82 g/kg)差异显著的北方碱性旱地农田土壤(黑土、淡黑钙土、潮土、灰钙土和黄绵土)为研究对象,分析土壤及其各粒级团聚体中有机碳、碳酸钙和不同形态钙含量的分布特征及相关性,探讨碳酸钙对碱性旱地土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:全土有机碳含量与碳酸钙含量之间无显著相关关系,但在0.002～0.053、0.002 mm团聚体中二者含量显著负相关(R~2分别为0.67、0.83),碳酸钙含量过高影响微团聚体有机碳积累。土壤钙形态中酸溶态和可氧化态是影响微团聚体有机碳积累的主要钙形态,全土中占全钙含量都在64.09%以上,团聚体中其含量随粒径减小而增加。钙离子是有机无机复合体的重要胶结物,但钙离子过多则可能会抢占土壤颗粒上有机碳结合点位,与黏粒和粉粒结合形成微团粒结构,影响有机碳积累。     

How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky desertified land in Guizhou Province,PR China: phenomena and mechanisms

In southwestern China karst rocky desertification (a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease of soil productivity and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape) results from irrational land use on the fragile, thin karst soil. Soil particles in the Guizhou karst plateau were accumulated predominantly from residues left behind after the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and the thickness of the soil layer is related to the amount of argillaceous substances in the lost carbonate rock. This paper examines the spatial distribution of karst rocky desertified (KRD) land in Guizhou Province, and relates it to the different assemblages of basement carbonate rocks. Types of carbonate rock assemblages are discussed using a 1 : 500000 scale digital‐distribution map. Their distribution and sensitivity to erosion are analysed, demonstrating that the occurrence of KRD land is positively correlated to homogeneous carbonate rocks. Differences in physical and chemical properties of limestone and dolomite rocks lead to differences in dissolution, accumulation rate of soil particles and relief on the surface, and these factors influence land‐use potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nachweis 20-jähriger Wirksamkeit von Tieflockerungsmaßnahmen in lößbeeinflußten Graulehm-Pseudogleyen

Evidence of twenty years old effects of subsoil loosening in pseudogleys from greyloam with loess Soil-physical analyses were carried out on greyloam-pseudogleys covered by loess and Aqualts derived from loessloam. These soils were deeply loosened (60–80 cm) twenty years ago. The results are the followings: 1. Total pore volume, pores <50 μm, air permeability, water permeability and infiltration are higher on loosened soils. Resistence to shearing and bulk density are much lower. 2. There is a re-compaction at a depth of 30 to 40 cm but the density is not as high as before the loosening. The loosening effects exist also in loess soils but these soils have clay contents >25%. 3. The improved physical conditions of deeploosered soils were rising the yields up to 11 %. In soils which were loosened and fertilized the yield increase is up to 28%.     

不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土有机碳分布特征研究

以不同土地利用方式下（疏林荒草地、荒草地、林地和耕地）第四纪古红土和埋藏第四纪古红土剖面为研究对象,测定古红土各发生层全土及各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,比较不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土剖面及团聚体的有机碳分布特征。结果表明:（1）埋藏古红土有机碳含量较低,随深度分布均一,各粒级团聚体内有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而降低;（2）埋藏古红土出露地表后,由于受到人为活动影响,表层全土有机碳及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均增加,呈现林地 > 耕地 > 疏林荒草地 > 荒草地 > 埋藏古红土的特征,其中,林地显著高于其他土地利用方式,说明林地是古红土分布区的一种较合理的土地利用方式;（3）耕地0 ~ 10 cm土层粒径 > 1 mm和 < 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量均随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加,1 ~ 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小逐渐降低。其余土地利用方式下古红土均呈现 > 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随着团聚体粒径减小而逐渐降低,< 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加。