异型眼蕈蚊简易饲养技术

为了获得大量虫龄一致的幼虫进行室内试验,对异型眼蕈蚊人工饲养的营养及温度条件进行了试验。结果表明:人工饲养异型眼蕈蚊的最佳温度为20～25℃,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短。卵和蛹期对湿度敏感,适宜卵孵化、蛹羽化的湿度为75%～85%。幼虫饲养以生姜片最佳。同时,总结提出了各虫态人工饲养的关键技术及应注意的问题。     

灭蝇胺对异型眼蕈蚊的室内毒力及药效评价

为筛选防治异型眼蕈蚊的药剂,研究了灭蝇胺对生姜贮藏期害虫的防治效果,评价了其对生姜的安全性。结果表明,灭蝇胺是防治异型眼蕈蚊的高效药剂,LC 50为4.7646mg/L,且对生姜无不利影响。生姜贮存期试验表明,灭蝇胺对异型眼蕈蚊具有良好的防治效果,且防治效果与浓度呈正相关,20%灭蝇胺可溶粉剂适宜使用剂量为有效成分量10~15g/t姜(制剂量50~75g/t姜)。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生动态及其防治研究

韭菜迟蕈蚊(Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang)在山东年重叠6代,田间种群呈春、秋两个高峰。发育适温为13—28℃,全世代发育起点温度为4.2±0.4℃、有效积温为514.7±3.7日度。种群生殖力受季节影响;土壤温湿度是影响种群数量的主导因素,温度高于30℃、含水量低于5％或高于20％,存活率显著下降。药剂防治以50％辛硫磷乳油和40.7％乐斯本乳油效果较好,残留量也较低,药效受土壤类型的影响。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊室内毒力测定方法

采用毛笔挑取均匀一致的末龄韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫10～20头 ,应用浸渍法将供试幼虫在药剂中浸渍 30s后 ,移到葱白上20～22℃培养 48h ,以毛笔触虫体 ,幼虫不动为死亡 ,作为该虫室内毒力测定方法。此法简便实用 ,稳定性和重复性好。     

平菇厉眼蕈蚊的识别与防治

平菇厉眼蕈蚊是菇类生产上的重要害虫,本文描述了该种的形态特征,附有识别特征图,根据其生活习性提出了防治方法。     

平菇厉眼蕈蚊为害药用真菌初报

平菇厉眼蕈蚊为害药用真菌初报杨春清,张学敏（中国医科院药植所北京１００９４）（中国农科院原子能所）平菇厉眼蕈蚊ＬｙｃｏｒｉｅＩｌａｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｉＹａｎｇｅｔＺｈａｎｇ属双翅目（Ｄｉｐｔｅｒａ）长角亚目（Ｎｅｍａｔｏｃｅｒａ）眼蕈蚊科（Ｓｃｉａｒｉｄ...     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊研究进展

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是葱韭蒜类蔬菜重要的地下害虫,尤喜食韭菜,其幼虫俗称韭蛆。因该虫发生量大且为害严重,近几年有些菜农大量使用化学农药,造成韭菜农药残留超标,\"毒韭菜\"事件频发,已引起社会各界的广泛关注。有关韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究主要集中在生物学特性和防治方法两方面,如生活习性、发生规律、化学杀虫剂室内毒力测定和田间药效比较、筛选等。有关组织学、解剖学、生理学的研究甚少,而分子生物学方面的研究尚未见报道。本文对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究成果进行了综述,分析了当前防治方法存在的问题,为今后的研究和防治提供新的思路。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在生菜上的为害及鉴定

近年在北京郊区多个生菜基地发现根蛆为害,严重威胁生菜生产。本文对北京地区生菜根蛆的为害情况进行了调查,并利用mtDNA COⅠ分子标记和成虫形态比对对其种类进行了鉴定。结果表明:生菜根蛆在生菜苗期为害可造成死苗或植株生长矮小,在生菜成熟期亦可为害根茎外表皮,但损失不明显;分子标记鉴定结果显示生菜根蛆mtDNA COⅠ基因序列与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的一致性为100%,生菜根蛆成虫形态特征与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊形态特征一致,可基本确定北京地区生菜根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫。本研究明确了近年在北京郊区生菜上暴发为害的根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga,为生菜根蛆的绿色防控提供了科学依据。     

40%毒死蜱乳油防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果显著

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊 (ＢｒａｄｙｓｉａｏｄｏｒｉｐｈａｇａＹａｎｇｅｔＺｈａｎｇ) ,俗称韭菜根蛆 ,是危害韭菜较重的一种地下害虫 ,在阜宁地区常年大面积发生 ,严重影响韭菜产量和品质 ,常用药剂防效不理想 ,防治较难。毒死蜱具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用 ,对土壤害虫有防效。为明确     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在北苍术上的发生、鉴定与防治

为明确河北省深泽县北苍术种植田根蛆为害情况、根蛆种类及苏云金芽胞杆菌对根蛆的田间防治效果,采用5点取样法调查北苍术根蛆的为害情况,并利用mtCOI分子标记和成虫形态对比鉴定其种类,同时施用苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117水剂对北苍术根蛆进行田间防治。结果表明,深泽县北苍术根蛆为害率为2.0%～25.0%,死苗率高达10%,单株平均虫口数量可达27.4头。北苍术根蛆mtCOI基因序列与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的一致性为100%,其成虫形态特征与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊形态特征一致,确定北苍术根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊。苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117水剂8000 mL/亩对北苍术根蛆的防治效果和保株效果分别为70.72%和79.21%。本研究明确了为害深泽县北苍术的根蛆种类、为害情况及苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117的田间防治效果,旨在为今后北苍术根蛆的绿色防控提供科学依据。     

苹果斯氏刺瘿螨发生与危害调查

斯氏刺瘿螨是四川省苹果上新发现的一种危害苹果叶片的害螨,以雌成螨在苹果芽的芽腋两侧越冬,翌年苹果芽萌动时开始出蛰。全年以５月中旬至６月中旬发生数量最多。气候温暖、低湿、少雨发生重,相反则轻。在调查的８个品种中,叶片多茸毛的品种受害重。天敌主要为捕食螨     

滑刃线虫属一新种——西洋参叶线虫

 1990~1991年在吉林左家中国农科院特产研究所试验地的西洋参叶片上发现多角形褐色病斑,由一种滑刃线虫为害引起。其种的鉴别特征为:口针较短(7.5~10.0 μm),唇区基部缢缩,排泄孔的位置位于神经环和贲门之间,尾尖突为星状,雄虫的交合刺具较明显的顶尖和喙突,与滑刃线虫属内的其它种不同。经鉴定为滑刃线虫一新种,定名为西洋参叶线虫Aphelenchoides panaxofolia.     

引起西洋参锈腐病的Ilyonectria属4种病原菌的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性

 Ilyonectria属真菌是引起西洋参锈腐病的主要病原菌,每年给西洋参生产造成重要经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省及山东省栽培的西洋参的I. mors-panacis、I. robusta、I. vredehoekensis及I. communis 4种病原菌,通过平板培养,测定它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源和光照条件下菌丝生长和产孢量;采用生长速率法测定对6种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。生物学试验结果表明:Czapek培养基为Ilyonectria spp.菌丝生长的最适培养基,PDA、OA和CMA培养基有利于产孢;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和硝态氮,不同碳源对各菌株产孢的作用不同,最适产孢氮源为硫酸铵;I. vredehoekensis最适生长温度为25 ℃,I. robusta为20～25 ℃,其他2种菌则为20 ℃,产孢最适温度范围为15～20 ℃;黑暗条件适宜供试菌的生长,全光照有利于I. mors-panacis和I. robusta产孢,但不利于I. vredehoekensis和I. communis产孢。药剂试验结果表明:同一杀菌剂对4种病菌的作用存在差异,在供试的6种杀菌剂中,4种病菌对多菌灵最为敏感(EC₅₀<0.5 μg·mL^-1),其次是戊唑醇(EC₅₀<15 μg·mL^-1),恶霉灵的抑制效果最差(EC₅₀>960 μg·mL^-1)。上述研究结果为了解西洋参锈腐病菌Ilyonectria的环境适应性及防治策略提供了有益参考。     

90年代苏北沿海稻区褐稻虱发生特点及暴发原因分析

本文总结了苏北沿海稻区90年代褐稻虱的发生特点及暴发原因。     

Enhanced resistance to common scab of potato through somatic cell selection in cv. Iwa with the phytotoxin thaxtomin A

A somatic cell selection approach, developed using thaxtomin A as a positive selection agent, recovered 113 potato cell colonies of cv. Iwa from which 39 regenerated plants within a single subculture period. In glasshouse pathogenicity trials, 13 of these regenerated variants exhibited significantly greater resistance to common scab disease than the unselected parent cultivar, both in mean tuber surface coverage with lesions and the proportion of disease free tubers. The best variant had on average an 85–86% lower disease score (or 91–92% less estimated tuber surface cover) than the unselected parent cultivar. The disease-resistant variants varied in their response to thaxtomin A in detached leaflet and tuber slice bioassays. This suggested that the cell selection procedure and thaxtomin A screening had limited success in selecting for toxin tolerance, and that thaxtomin A tolerance was not necessarily the driving factor for induction of disease resistance observed. Variation in relative necrosis scores between leaflet and tuber assays for individual variants possibly suggests differential expression of thaxtomin A tolerance in the different tissues. Yield estimates from the glasshouse grown potatoes showed the majority of disease-resistant variants had tuber yields equivalent to the unselected parent cultivar. This suggests that selection for disease resistance was not associated with negative tuber yield attributes and that these variants may have commercial merit and are worthy of further agronomic testing.     

Temporal association of potato tuber development with susceptibility to common scab and Streptomyces scabiei‐induced responses in the potato periderm

Using hydroponics and novel non‐destructive pot culture systems which enable inoculation at specific tuber development stages, the dynamics of common scab infection patterns in potato were studied in order to provide more precise identification of tuber physiological factors associated with susceptibility. At the whole‐tuber level, infection percentages were greatest when Streptomyces scabiei inoculation occurred early; at 2 weeks after tuberization (WAT) 68% of tubers became infected, contrasting with late inoculation (8 WAT), when only 4% infection occurred. The first‐formed internodes were most susceptible to infection, whilst later‐forming and slower‐expanding internodes were less susceptible. Detailed tuber physiological examination of internode 2 showed that pathogen‐induced changes, including increased phellem (periderm) thickness, cell layers and phellem suberization (key physiological features believed critical to S. scabiei infection) were promoted through S. scabiei inoculation. Sequential harvesting showed enhanced phellem suberization (28% greater than the control) within 7 days of pathogen exposure, while phellem thickness and layer responses were also initiated early in the infection process (10–14 days after pathogen exposure) and these responses were independent of symptom expression. Differences in cultivar response were observed, with greater phellem suberization observed 10 days after tuberization (DAT) in the common‐scab‐tolerant cv. Russet Burbank than in the susceptible cv. Desiree. Likewise, Russet Burbank had thicker and more numerous cell layers in the phellem (up to eight cell layers) during early tuber growth (20–30 DAT) than Desiree (up to six cell layers).     

人参核盘菌菌核的菌丝型萌发特性研究

人参核盘菌菌核在自然环境及人工培养条件下很难产生子囊盘,主要通过菌核进行菌丝型萌发侵染寄主。为明确人参核盘菌菌核的菌丝型萌发特性,对人参核盘菌菌核的萌发历程和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,人参核盘菌菌核吸水性强,前期吸水速度较快,菌核吸水饱和后,是吸水前菌核平均质量的1.99倍。菌核吸水后3 d开始菌丝型萌发,8 d时菌核的菌丝型萌发率到达97.8%,而未吸水的菌核则不能萌发产生菌丝。菌核在干燥的土壤环境中的菌丝型萌发率极低,土壤湿度越大越利于菌丝型萌发。菌核龄越大所需的菌丝型萌发时间越长。15.0～22.5℃为菌核菌丝型萌发的适宜温度。pH为6.0时,其菌核的菌丝型萌发率最高。     

我国2012年草地螟发生特点与原因分析

为探明草地螟轻发年份的发生特点和主导因素,对2012年全国8省70余个监测点的草地螟虫情调查资料进行了系统分析。2012年我国草地螟的总体发生面积小、程度轻,但区域差异明显,其中新疆北疆一代幼虫大范围严重发生,山西北部局部二代幼虫集中为害。导致轻发生的内在因素是境内外有效虫源基数小;外在因素是春夏季气候条件不利,具体表现为春末夏初气温偏低不利于越冬代成虫羽化,气温偏低地区湿度过大不利于成虫产卵,夏季中后期降水分布与一代成虫和二代幼虫发生期不匹配。