大草蛉生物学特性研究

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmaer)在湖北省以预蛹越冬,全年可完成4—5个世代。雌虫1次交尾可终生产受精卵,单雌平均产卵量在800粒左右,最多可达1234粒。幼虫可捕食粮、棉多种害虫。成虫和幼虫均嗜食多种蚜虫。成虫有趋光性。温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹的存活率以及成虫寿命有较大影响,最适温度在25—30℃之间,卵在35℃恒温条件下不能孵化。各虫态发育的起点温度和有效积温分别是:卵期为8.17℃和63.21日度;一龄幼虫为12.99℃和37.80日度;二龄幼虫为10.83℃和39.17日度;三龄幼虫为9.35℃和60.23日度;蛹期为9.23℃和215.47日度。幼虫随着龄期的增长,抗寒能力加强。草蛉黑卵蜂(Telenomus aorobates)是抑制大草蛉种群数量的主要天敌。     

烟草甲的优良寄生蜂象虫金小蜂的生物学特性

本文研究了烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne（Fabricius）的寄生蜂象虫金小蜂Anisopteromalus calandrae（Howard）的生物学特性,包括在解剖镜下观察象虫金小蜂各虫态发育情况,发育历期,羽化、交配及产卵等行为,并观察补充营养（10%蜂蜜水）对象虫金小蜂成虫寿命和繁殖的影响。研究表明,该蜂主要寄生烟草甲的高龄幼虫和蛹,以老熟幼虫或蛹在寄主茧内越冬。在温度25℃,湿度70%,光周期16L：8D的条件下,各虫态的发育历期分别为卵期1.5 d,幼虫期5.9 d,蛹期9.9 d,成虫产卵前期0.9 d,成虫寿命15.1 d,完成一代需18.2 d。单雌出蜂量29～82头,平均54.75头。在25℃条件下,以10%蜂蜜水饲喂,成虫寿命为29.6 d,单雌平均出蜂量76.1头。以上结果表明,象虫金小蜂具有发育历期短,繁殖力高,搜索能力强等优点,是一种具有很大开发潜力的寄生性天敌。     

γ射线对甘薯小象甲的不育研究

本文报导了用γ射线处理甘薯小象甲取得的研究结果.抑制卵和幼虫发育为50戈瑞.处理羽化前2～3天蛹,50戈瑞基本使其不育.70戈瑞以上则完全不育.成虫比蛹需要量更大.完全不育的成虫寿命是未处理的一半.50～70戈瑞不影响成虫交尾能力,100戈瑞对雄虫产生生殖机能障碍.     

温度和寄主虫龄对单白绵绒茧蜂生长发育的影响

茶尺蠖幼虫期的重要寄生性天敌──单白绵绒茧蜂在１４和３４℃恒温下，供以寄主，无子蜂羽化。在１８～３０℃下，其幼期（卵──蛹）一般随温度上升而缩短，反之则延长；发育起点温度为９．９８±２．７８℃，有效积温２５０．００±４６．７７日度，由此推算在杭州年可发生ｌｌ～１３代。成虫寿命则随温度升高而下降，自然交温下趋势一致。寄主虫龄对该蜂的卵＋幼虫期无显著影响，而在寄主体外的预蛹＋蛹的历期则随寄主虫龄增大而缩短。     

温度对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响

以韭菜为食物,将异迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia difformis Frey)在10、15、20、25和30℃等5种恒温条件下饲养,观察温度对异迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示,异迟眼蕈蚊的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,在10℃时,卵至蛹的发育历期最长,平均为71.96d,30℃下,卵至蛹的平均发育历期缩短到16.28d。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵至蛹的发育起点温度分别为4.04、5.79、8.38和4.97℃,有效积温分别为102.36、218.03、48.57和395.79日·度。成虫寿命随着温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命均长于雄虫。单雌产卵量在25℃下最高,为117.25粒,10℃最低,为43.87粒。在10~25℃下,随着温度的升高其内禀增长率逐渐增高,25℃时达到0.207 2,4个温度之间存在显著差异。     

黑纹粉蝶的生物学

黑纹粉蝶PierismeleteMenetries是江西山区十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫，目前只发现在萝卜、白菜和芥菜上为害，以幼虫取食叶片和荚果。该虫在江西一年发生2～4代，春季1代，以蛹越夏，秋季1～3代，以蛹越冬。由于越夏代成虫的羽化期和产卵期长，导致了世代重叠。雌虫寿命一般7～15d，每雌产卵量可达200粒；卵单产于叶片背面，卵期3～8d；幼虫期12～26d；非滞育的蛹期7～24d，越夏的蛹期104～178d，越冬的蛹期97～157d。     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温。在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14．66℃,有效积温41．7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3．69±0．25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d-5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d-14d,蛹期为10d-15d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

温度对白面叉草蛉发育与繁殖的影响

白面叉草蛉Dichochrysa albofrontata Yang et Yang是螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus RusseⅡ的重要捕食性天敌。本文在实验室温(26℃～32℃)及特设(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃)下对白面叉草蛉的发育及繁殖情况进行了研究。结果表明:白面叉草蛉发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段,幼虫期分3个龄期。幼虫捕食螺旋粉虱的卵、若虫和拟蛹,偏嗜拟蛹,其中3龄幼虫捕食量大。在室温下,完成一个世代的时间为31.5d～41.5d,其中幼虫期平均14.3d,蛹期平均8.7d,卵期平均3.3d。在16℃～32℃温度范围内,白面叉草蛉均可完成世代发育,各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中在32℃下最短,分别为卵3.1d、1龄幼虫4.2d、2龄幼虫4.0d、3龄幼虫5.2d、蛹10.8d。各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵11.8℃、幼虫7.5℃、蛹9.5℃、世代10.5℃,卵、幼虫、蛹和世代完成发育所需的有效积温分别为62.7日度、310.5日度、230.7日度、716.1日度。据此估算,该虫在海南每年可完成6～7代。在16℃～32℃范围内各虫态及世代存活率随温度升高而...     

不同寄主植物对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响

在温度为25℃的实验条件下,测定了四季豆(红花架豆和红花地豆)、长豇豆和黄瓜等寄主对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响。结果表明,除卵历期外,美洲斑潜蝇幼虫、蛹、卵-蛹历期、雌成虫寿命和生殖力在四季豆、长豇豆和黄瓜3种寄主植物上均存在极显著的差异(p<0.01),而在四季豆的两个不同品种上差异不显著(p>0.05)。美洲斑潜蝇在选择性强的四季豆上发育历期最短,化蛹率最高,雌成虫寿命最长、生殖力最高;在选择性差的黄瓜上发育历期最长,化蛹率最低,雌成虫寿命最短,生殖力最低。孵化率、羽化率和成虫性比在供试寄主间差异很小。     

两种农药不同亚致死浓度对梨小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内将梨小食心虫即将孵化的卵置于浸药幼果上,测定高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯虫苯甲酰胺不同亚致死浓度对梨小食心虫不同龄期幼虫发育时间、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、化蛹率和成虫羽化率、成虫产卵量的影响。结果表明,两种药剂不同亚致死浓度均使害虫不同龄期发育时间、幼虫和蛹发育历期显著延长,且随药剂浓度增加而增加;对化蛹率影响较小;两种药剂较高浓度会显著影响羽化率。两种药剂不同亚致死浓度对蛹重和产卵量影响显著:高效氯氟氰菊酯3个浓度均会显著减轻雌、雄蛹重量,且对雌蛹重量抑制率要高于雄蛹,并使成虫产卵量减少;氯虫苯甲酰胺LC50剂量也会显著减轻雌、雄蛹重量,使成虫产卵量显著减少,当药剂浓度降至LC20和LC30时,氯虫苯甲酰胺对雌、雄蛹重量和成虫产卵量影响不显著,但抑制率出现负值。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.