Effects of storage conditions and hemolysis on vitamin E concentrations in porcine serum and liver.

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is an antioxidant vitamin important in protecting unsaturated fatty acids in lipid membranes from peroxidation. Variation in collection, storage, and shipping conditions of samples can potentially lead to breakdown of vitamin E prior to analysis. Therefore, the purposes of this project were 1) to determine the stability of vitamin E in refrigerated and frozen porcine liver and serum and 2) to evaluate the effects of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis on porcine serum vitamin E concentrations. Porcine liver and nonhemolyzed serum were collected and stored refrigerated or frozen. Samples were analyzed for vitamin E immediately or on days 2, 3, 7, or 14. In addition, porcine RBCs were added to normal serum at concentrations from 1 x 10(6) to 1 X 10(9) RBC/ml and hemolyzed by freeze-thaw prior to analysis for vitamin E or products of lipid peroxidation.     

影响精液冷冻和人工授精效果的因素

通过对精液冷冻保存的细胞反应原理的阐述 ,指出冷冻保护剂甘油对精液保存具有利弊效应 ,提出精子膜脂组成的差异使得不同品种的精子对冷冻损伤的易感性不同。雌性生殖道解剖结构的品种差异 ,精子形态 ,精子运行机制的细微差异 ,人工授精时间及精子的运行能力 ,采精方式等因素对精液冷冻保存和人工授精的成功有决定性作用。研究精子质膜的生物学特性可解决低活力精子的问题 ,然而这并不能解决冷冻后精子质量的个体差异。对精细胞基因组的研究可以找出这些个体的遗传差异。因此 ,冷冻精子和精原细胞 (用于细胞外注射 )的差异已经成为完整基因组问题。     

Changes in the amount of proteins, glycogen and lipids in porcine oocytes during in vitro meiotic maturation

Changes in the cytoplasmic inclusions during meiotic maturation were histochemically examined in cultured porcine oocytes. The oocytes contained a small amount of protein and glycogen granules throughout the maturation culture, as well as Sudanophilic lipids composed of small, medium and large droplets. Soon after collection, the amount of Sudanophilic lipid droplets of small and medium size was small and there were 167 ± 11.2 large droplets. After being cultured for 22 h, the number of large lipid droplets decreased remarkably, while the number of small and medium ones increased. There were no differences in the number of Sudanophilic lipid droplets of different sizes between ovulated oocytes and the oocytes cultured for 44 h. The oocytes always contained a large amount of neutral fats and lipoids, but not cholesterols. In the oocytes cultured for 22 h with olomoucine, both the resumption of nuclear maturation and the decrease in the size of the Sudanophilic lipid droplets were inhibited. From the present findings, it appears that the change in the size of the Sudanophilic lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of porcine oocytes is closely related to nuclear maturation.     

Regulation Effects and Mchanism of Amino Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Mammals

Lipid metabolism not only affects human health but also is vital to livestock and poultry production. Therefore, it is necessary to study the nutrition regulation strategy of lipid metabolism. This paper mainly introduces the four amino acids which are important for the regulation of lipid metabolism, including methionine (Met),leucine (Leu),arginine (Arg) and glutamate (Glu), and summarizes the regulation effects and mechanism on lipid metabolism of the four amino acids at the physiological level, cellular level and molecular level. This paper introduces these four amino acids in the role of nutritional research, physiological effects in animal experiments,the mechanism of regulation effect on lipid metabolism and the combination effect. Meanwhile,the regulation and mechanism of amino acid on lipid metabolism in adipose,liver and muscle tissue were emphatically discussed. This paper reviews the progress of four amino acids in basic research and livestock production application, and further analyze the potential directions in the future research on the deep mechanism of lipid metabolism to clarify the regulation effects and potential mechanism of the amino acids on mammals' lipid metabolism, which was aimed to provide a reference for the accuracy using of amino acids.     

氨基酸对哺乳动物脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理

脂质代谢不仅影响人类健康,对畜禽生产也至关重要,研究脂质代谢的营养调控策略有重要意义。作者主要介绍了蛋氨酸（Met）、亮氨酸（Leu）、精氨酸（Arg）和谷氨酸（Glu）这4种对脂质代谢调控作用显著的氨基酸。从生理水平、细胞水平和分子水平上总结了4种氨基酸对哺乳动物脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理,并从4种氨基酸在营养学研究中的作用、在动物试验中的生理效应、对脂质代谢调控的作用机理及各种氨基酸的组合效应等方面进行综述,重点综述了氨基酸对脂肪、肝脏和肌肉组织脂质代谢的调控及其作用机理。同时回顾了4种氨基酸在基础研究与畜牧生产应用上取得的进展,进一步分析了未来研究氨基酸对脂质代谢调控深层机理的可能方向,以期为氨基酸的精准利用提供参考。     

维生素A对动物脂类代谢的调节作用与机制

维生素A是影响动物组织脂类代谢的关键因子。本文综述了维生素A对动物脂类代谢的影响,并从脂类代谢相关基因的表达及其信号通路、脂肪细胞的数量、脂肪细胞因子分泌和参与表观遗传学修饰的角度综述了其可能的影响机制,为深入探讨维生素A对动物脂类代谢的影响机制及通过维生素A调控动物的脂肪代谢提供了理论依据。     

饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成及消化酶活性的影响

本试验以初始体重为(0.042±0.002)g的拟穴青蟹仔蟹为研究对象,以鱼油和大豆油(1∶1)为脂肪源,配制脂肪水平分别为1.93%、3.95%、6.35%、8.14%、10.54%、12.30%、14.22%(实测值)的7种等氮等能试验饲料,养殖期为3周,用以研究饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成及消化酶活性的影响。每100只拟穴青蟹仔蟹为1个重复,每3个重复饲喂1种试验饲料。结果表明:1)饲料脂肪水平对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的增重率和特定生长率有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,增重率和特定生长率均呈先增后降的趋势,在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%时,增重率和特定生长率达到最大值。二次曲线回归分析确定当增重率达到最大值时,饲料脂肪水平为7.52%。拟穴青蟹仔蟹的成活率在饲料脂肪水平为14.22%的组最低,显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。2)饲料脂肪水平对全蟹中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量有影响显著(P0.05)。全蟹粗蛋白质含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高先升后降,在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%的组全蟹粗蛋白质含量达到最高;全蟹粗脂肪含量则随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而持续上升,在饲料脂肪水平为14.22%的组全蟹粗脂肪含量达到最高。饲料脂肪水平对全蟹中水分和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。3)随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,拟穴青蟹仔蟹蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均呈先增后降的趋势,3种酶活性的最大值均出现在饲料脂肪水平为8.14%的组。由此得出,以增重率为评价指标,拟穴青蟹仔蟹饲料中最适脂肪水平为7.52%。     

Failure of oestradiol administration to induce fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in the laying hen

Studies were carried out to investigate whether the administration of oestradiol to laying hens induced fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). Short term oestradiol administration (up to 6 d) significantly increased liver size and plasma lipid concentration but had no effect on liver lipid concentration or hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. Longer-term hormone treatment (up to 28 d) again significantly increased liver size and plasma lipid concentration. Liver lipid concentration was substantially reduced and lipogenic enzyme activity significantly reduced in oestradiol-treated birds. These effects had some similarities to those seen in oestrogenised immature birds and were additive to the effects of endogenous oestrogen in the laying bird. There were no deaths from FLHS and oestradiol treatment did not cause liver haemorrhages or affect egg production.     

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Supplementation in Cooling and Freezing Extenders Enhances Stallion Semen Characteristics

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of the nicotinic acid (NA) at three concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mM) on the equine cooled and frozen-thawed spermatozoa quality markers including viability, plasma membrane or acrosome integrity, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, and total oxidant levels. We also evaluated the effects of NA on preservation of the post-thaw sperm quality after 6 hours of cold storage before freezing. Five stallions were used for semen collections. The current experiment was repeated six times using pooled semen samples from two stallions, each time. We showed that NA at 20 and 40 mM concentrations could significantly improve the stallion sperm quality markers during cold storage. However, the protective effects were not different between 20 mM and 40 mM concentrations in most measures. Nicotinic acid could also improve the post-thaw stallion sperm quality at 10, 20, and 40 mM concentrations. However, the 40 mM concentration showed a negative impact on some post-thaw kinematic sperm parameters. Nicotinic acid at 10 and 20 mM concentrations could preserve the sperm cryo-tolerance to be frozen up to 8 hours after collection without a significant decline in most of the post-thaw sperm quality measures. Nicotinic acid could also decrease the level of the lipid peroxidation and total reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the cooled and frozen-thawed spermatozoa, in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, NA at 20 mM concentration could preserve most of the stallion sperm quality measures during cold storage (42 hours, 5°C) and enabled storage of cooled stallion semen for 6 hours before freezing without significant deterioration of the post-thaw sperm quality.     

不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性、血清生化指标、糖原含量及消化酶活性等的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,其中脂肪设5%、10%2个水平,葡萄糖设10%、20%、30%3个水平,共配制6种试验饲料。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养平均体重为(14.79±0.13)g的大黄鱼幼鱼50尾。试验期为8周。结果表明:饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)的影响不显著(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,WGR和SGR随饲料葡萄糖水平增加而降低,30%葡萄糖组的WGR和SGR显著低于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼全鱼水分和粗脂肪含量的影响显著(P0.05),而对全鱼粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝糖原、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,而肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先升高后降低;在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先降低后升高,肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖含量及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性无显著影响(P0.05);然而,在饲料脂肪水平相同时,血清葡萄糖含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,30%葡萄糖组血清葡萄糖含量显著高于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)活性有显著影响(P0.05),而对丙酮酸激酶(PK)、1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)、6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6 Pase)活性无显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高,肝脏GK、PFK活性升高,肝脏PEPCK活性先升高后降低。由结果可知,与饲料脂肪水平为10%时相比,在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,随饲料葡萄糖的水平的升高,大黄鱼能够通过调节糖代谢关键酶活性及肝糖原含量来维持血糖含量的平衡,有效利用饲料中的葡萄糖。综合本试验结果,建议大黄鱼幼鱼阶段饲料适宜的脂肪和糖水平分别为10%和20%。     

Marine fat. Digestibility of its fatty acids in young calves

This paper describes the results from an experiment with four Jersey calves. The calves were bucket fed with a milk substitute consisting of skimmed milk powder and marine fat, supplemented with soyalecithin, vitamins and minerals. They were slaughtered after 30–32 days of such feeding. During the last two weeks a balance study was performed with a collection period of two days. Hay was given ad lib., and during the balance period the calves took between 125–150 g per day. The lipid content of the hay was considered negligible. Total content and distribution of fatty acids in the milk substitute are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the age of the calves, the total intake of lipid and fatty acids, and the total amount of fatty acids excreted with feces. The apparent digestibility coefficients of the individual fatty acids in each trial are shown in Table 3.     

Genetic parameter estimation for beef bull semen attributes

Improvements in bull reproductive performance are necessary to optimize the efficiency of cattle production. Female fertility has been enhanced through assisted reproductive technologies as well as genetic selection; however, improving beef bull fertility has been largely ignored. Phenotypes routinely collected at bull semen collection facilities are believed to affect fertility and provide the phenotypes necessary for a genetic evaluation. The first objective of this study was to determine the significant fixed effects for modeling beef bull fertility using data from bull semen collection facilities. The second objective was to estimate variance components, heritabilities, repeatabilities, and correlations between beef bull semen attributes. Beef bull fertility phenotypes including volume (VOL), concentration (CONC), number of spermatozoa (NSP), initial motility (IMot), post-thaw motility (PTMot), 3-h post-thaw motility (3HRPTMot), percentage of normal spermatozoa (%NORM), primary abnormalities (PRIM), and secondary abnormalities (SEC) were obtained from two bull semen collection facilities. A total of 1,819 Angus bulls with 50,624 collection records were analyzed. Of the fixed class and covariate effects tested, the significant class effects were collection location and collection day within year and the significant covariate effects included age at collection, days since previous collection, and cumulative comprehensive climate index (CCI). For this study, the CCI was calculated for a 75-d period including the 61-d spermatogenesis cycle and 14-d epididymal transit time. The 75 d prior to collection accounted for the environmental stress a bull may have experienced over the course of development of the spermatozoa, which was more significant than the CCI calculated for collection day or spermatogenesis start date. Pre-thaw beef bull semen traits had low heritability estimates of 0.11 ± 0.02 (VOL), 0.09 ± 0.02 (CONC), 0.08 ± 0.02 (NSP), and 0.12 ± 0.03 (IMot). Heritabilities of post-thaw beef bull semen attributes were more variable at 0.10 ± 0.02 (PTMot), 0.05 ± 0.04 (3HRPTMot), 0.10 ± 0.04 (%NORM), 0.03 ± 0.03 (PRIM), and 0.18 ± 0.04 (SEC). Correlations of breeding values for these traits with scrotal circumference (SC) expected progeny difference (EPD) are low. The low to moderate heritability estimates indicate that genetic improvement can be made in beef bull semen quality traits if new tools are developed to augment the scrotal circumference EPD that are currently available within the industry.     

Prevention of urethral blockage following semen collection in two species of lemur, Varecia variegata variegata and Lemur catta.

Lemurs are a diverse group of primates comprised of five families, all of which are found only on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Of the 60 known species, 17 are endangered and 5 of these are considered critically endangered. The effects of inbreeding on population health and viability have been well described; though negative inbreeding effects can be ameliorated through the introduction of new genetic material. Introduction of new individuals into a population can be extremely challenging because of the highly social nature of lemurs. Semen collection in lemur species is notoriously challenging, as the ejaculate forms a coagulum. During normal breeding, the coagulum forms a copulatory plug in the female. However, this coagulum can present a life-threatening situation when retained in the urethra abnormally following electroejaculation. This study investigates the use of ascorbic acid in preventing urethral blockage in two lemur species during semen collection, demonstrates successful collection of semen by electroejaculation from two species of lemur during the breeding season, and discusses removal of urethral plugs subsequent to semen collection. Semen was collected successfully from all animals. Urethral plugs formed during each collection and were abnormally retained in 2/11 collections. Both plugs were successfully and immediately removed with the use of retropulsion through a urethral catheter. Although the results of this study are encouraging, more investigation is required to establish whether or not this procedure can be safely performed in the field.     

黄粉虫幼虫脂类抗菌物质提取纯化及其抗果蔬病原真菌应用研究

为了探索黄粉虫幼虫体内脂类抗菌物质的抗真菌活性及其应用,用乙酸乙酯对黄粉虫幼虫体内的抗菌物质进行浸提,并用硅胶柱层析法对粗提物进行分离,检测幼虫脂类抗菌物质对2种病原真菌(枣炭疽、番茄枯萎)的抑制作用.结果表明:黄粉虫幼虫脂类粗提物的乙醇洗脱成分对2种病原真菌均有显著的抑制作用,对番茄枯萎病原菌的体外抑制效果强于对枣炭...     

影响断奶仔猪脂肪利用率的因素分析

断奶仔猪对饲料油脂的消化率受诸多因素的影响,其中动物本身的消化生理变化和油脂本身的理化特性是影响脂肪消化率的两个最重要的因素。文章就断奶后仔猪消化生理特点和油脂组成、脂肪酸链长度和饱和度、油脂添加量对饲料油脂的消化率影响作一综述。     

季节和方法对牛、绵羊卵母细胞回收及体外成熟的影响

利用屠宰牛、绵羊卵巢,研究了季节和方法对卵母细胞回收及体外成熟的影响。结果表明,季节对牛卵母细胞的回收和利用没有影响;抽吸法是合适的牛卵巢卵母细胞采集方法;季节对绵羊卵母细胞的回收和利用有显著影响,绵羊在非繁殖季节卵母细胞的回收率和可用率显著高于繁殖季节（P<0.05）,而体外成熟率极显著低于繁殖季节（P<0.01）;切割法回收的绵羊卵母细胞可用率（P<0.01）和体外成熟率（P<0.05）显著高于抽吸法,适合绵羊卵母细胞的回收。     

固体脂质纳米粒理化性质对纳米粒吸附蛋白的影响

蛋白载体在兽医药有特定的研究价值和应用前景,我们前期研究证实固体脂质纳米粒(Solid lipid particles,SLN)表面对不同蛋白有较强的吸附作用,是良好蛋白的载体。通过改变脂质材料、乳化时间或加入表面修饰材料等制备了不同性状的SLN,并以BSA为标志蛋白进一步研究了纳米粒理化性质对蛋白吸附的影响。结果显示,纳米粒主要理化性质对蛋白吸附率有显著影响:不同脂质材料制备的纳米粒对蛋白的吸附率不同;小粒径纳米粒吸附能力更强;正电位纳米粒吸附率显著高于负电位纳米粒;但乳化剂浓度对吸附率无明显影响。研究结果可为固体脂质纳米粒作为蛋白载体的制备及组方优化提供依据,为提高载蛋白效率提供帮助。     

Parental dietary arachidonic acid altered serum fatty acid profile,hepatic antioxidant capacity,and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary arachidonic acid on serum fatty acid profile, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing arachidonic acid in their parental diets. A completely randomized design was conducted consisting of control group, 0.05% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, 0.1% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, and 0.2% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group. Six randomly selected squabs from each group were sampled on Day 21 post-hatch. Results indicated that moderate level (0.05%) of arachidonic acid in parental diets for pigeon squabs improved lipid metabolism via regulation on serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition and tended to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in the premise of negligible damage to antioxidant status. Unfortunately, excessive parental supplementation of dietary arachidonic acid might be harmful to squab health. The regulatory effects of arachidonic acid were sensitive to the arachidonic acid doses. In conclusion, parental dietary arachidonic acid at 0.05% could be beneficial for squabs to maintain health as reflective aspects in ameliorative serum lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation.     

不同品种、月份、月龄及采精间隔对猪精液品质的影响

为研究不同品种、采精月份、采精月龄和采精间隔等因素对加系公猪精液品质的影响,以及品种、初次采精周龄对精液质量稳定性的影响,本研究以江西某种公猪站79头加系大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克猪种公猪为试验群体,收集2018年12月至2020年12月3 921条精液采集与精液质量数据,通过混合线性模型与方差分析探究各因素对精液量、精液密度、精子活力、总精子数及其稳定性的影响。结果显示,从不同品种对精液质量的影响来看,长白猪精液量和总精子数均高于大白猪、杜洛克猪,但杜洛克猪精液密度高于长白猪、大白猪,杜洛克猪精子活力最低;从不同月份来看,1~3月采精精液密度最高,4~6月采精精子活力最高,10~12月采精精液量和总精子数最高,精液量呈现秋冬多、春夏少的季节变化规律。公猪不同月龄采精,精液质量指标也存在差异,月龄越小精液量越低,但精液密度偏高,精子活力相对较好,在19~24月龄黄金期总精子数最高。不同采精间隔对精液质量有较大影响,采精间隔越长,精液量、精液密度、精子活力和总精子数相对较好,采精间隔为5 d时综合性能最佳,但过长的采精间隔导致精子活力降低。品种影响总精子数稳定性,长白猪、大白猪总精子数稳定性显著优于杜洛克猪（P<0.05）。本研究结果表明,品种、采精月份、采精月龄和采精间隔均会影响公猪精液质量,关注这些因素有助于公猪站制定更完善的生产计划,提高公猪利用率。