施氮水平和打顶后涂抹NAA 对盐渍土壤上长绒棉铃脱落和产量的影响

为探讨减少盐碱地棉花铃脱落的途径, 田间条件下研究了土壤供应低氮(N 226.5 kg·hm^-2)和高氮(N 346.5 kg·hm^-2)条件下, 不打顶、打顶和打顶后涂抹生长素对棉花铃脱落和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明, 低氮和高氮水平下, 打顶、打顶后涂抹NAA 处理果枝落铃率都低于不打顶处理。打顶后涂抹浓度为0.3 mmol·L^-1 的NAA 处理在低氮水平下的成铃率比传统打顶处理高1.3 个百分点, 而铃脱落率比传统打顶处理低0.8 个百分点, 皮棉产量比传统打顶处理高23.7%。高氮水平下, 与传统打顶处理相比, 打顶后涂抹浓度为3 mmol·L^-1 的NAA 单株成铃率、铃脱落率、皮棉产量之间差异不显著。在同一处理中, 高氮水平的单株成铃数、单铃重和吐絮数均低于低氮水平, 而衣分无明显差异, 从而导致皮棉产量下降。上述结果说明, 打顶后涂抹一定浓度的NAA 可增加棉花单株现铃、成铃、吐絮数, 增加单铃重, 降低落铃率, 从而提高产量, 而过量施用氮肥会导致产量下降。     

新型化学打顶剂对陇棉3号生长发育的影响

以陇棉3号为材料,观察了新型化学打顶剂不同打顶时间和剂量对棉花农艺性状、新生节间长度、新生果枝长度及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,该新型化学打顶剂能够降低棉花株高,较人工打顶能够增加果枝数、降低上部果枝长,增加果节数,并能有效抑制新生节间和新生果枝长度,对单株铃数、铃重、衣分和绒长无明显影响。与人工打顶相比,同期喷施750 mL/hm2该化学打顶剂,籽棉产量无显著差异,可以起到替代人工打顶的作用。     

短期高温胁迫对海岛棉不同部位果枝产量形成的影响

高温是影响棉花产量的重要环境因子,研究盛花期短期高温胁迫对海岛棉不同部位果枝产量及产量构成因素的影响,有助于为海岛棉选育耐热稳产性品种、制定丰产抗逆栽培技术提供理论方法。以‘新海43号’和‘新海49号’为材料,于盛花期在田间搭设增温棚,设置不同增温持续时间[0 d （CK）、3 d （H3）、6 d （H6）、9 d （H9）]模拟短期高温胁迫对海岛棉干物质积累、叶片净光合速率、蕾铃脱落率、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明：盛花期短期高温胁迫,导致‘新海43号’和‘新海49号’中部果枝蕾铃脱落率显著增加,棉株总干物质积累量下降。在花后30~50 d,各增温处理棉铃的干物质量与对照相比显著降低;而花后40~50 d,两品种H6、H9处理茎、叶干物质量与对照相比显著升高。随生育进程的推进,‘新海43号’和‘新海49号’在H3、H6、H9处理下棉铃最大干物质量比对照分别降低8.9%、29.3%、36.3%和11.8%、28.1%、42.6%;棉铃日均积累量分别下降10.9%、32.8%、42.2%和12.8%、30.3%、45.9%;而达到快速积累期终止时期所需的时间分别增加5 d、8 d、14 d和1 d、5 d、10 d。在增温处理期间,两品种主茎叶P_n随增温持续时间的延长呈大幅下降趋势;增温结束后,各处理叶片P_n的衰减速度不同,在生殖生长后期（花后40 d） H3、H6、H9处理下叶片P_n均高于对照,表现为H9 > H6 > H3 > CK。短期高温胁迫导致两品种单株结铃数、单铃重和衣分显著降低,其中单株结铃数变异系数（15.4%~18.5%）最大,衣分变异系数（4.1%~4.7%）最小。‘新海43号’和‘新海49号’H3、H6、H9处理下单株结铃数分别减少21.6%、22.5%、28.9%和16.6%、26.4%、34.7%;而增温显著增加了上部果枝铃数,进而提高了上部果枝产量及产量贡献率。品种间,‘新海49号’净光合速率、单株结铃数和单铃重下降幅度以及蕾铃脱落率的增加幅度均大于‘新海43号’,说明‘新海43号’具有更好的耐热性。     

花铃期高温胁迫对海岛棉不同部位果枝成铃质量的影响

以耐热差异明显的海岛棉品种‘新海43号’（XH43）和‘新海49号’（XH49）为材料,于盛花期在田间搭设塑料棚进行为期3d（H3）、6d（H6）和9d（H9）的增温处理,增温结束后立即恢复自然温度,以田间不搭棚的自然温度为对照（CK）,研究不同天数高温处理对海岛棉净光合速率、成铃率及不同部位果枝产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）高温胁迫降低了XH43和XH49的产量及产量构成因素,其中H6、H9处理均达到显著水平;高温胁迫显著降低了中部果枝的铃数、单铃重、衣分和籽棉产量,但显著增加了上部果枝铃数,促进了上部果枝产量的提高。（2）高温胁迫对XH43和XH49的纤维品质无显著影响,但导致两品种中部果枝棉铃上半部平均长度、整齐度指数和断裂比强度显著降低。而高温胁迫显著提高了上部果枝棉铃的断裂比强度,其中H6、H9处理均达到显著水平,较对照分别增加2.19%～5.12%和4.48%～7.59%。（3）高温胁迫下XH49各部位产量和品质变化幅度均大于XH43,表明高温胁迫对XH49影响更为严重。（4）花铃期短期高温胁迫,导致中部果枝棉铃大量脱落及发育受阻。在生殖生长后期,H6、H9处理后的棉株净光合速率显著高于对照,增温处理增强了棉株后期光合生产能力,进而提高了上部果枝的铃数、产量和断裂比强度。     

利用复合杂交群体定位陆地棉产量性状QTL

以共同亲本渝棉1号分别与中棉所35和贝尔斯诺杂交F1代,再次杂交得到复合杂交群体.利用6 565对SSR引物对3亲本进行多态性引物筛选,获得92对多态性引物.以多态性引物检测复合杂交群体172个单株的标记基因型,共获得96个标记位点,其中4对引物产生两个位点.构建的遗传连锁图谱包括63个标记、19个连锁群,总长656.0 cM,标记问平均距离10.4 cM,覆盖棉花基因组14.8%.利用多QTL作图方法,以复合杂交群体F2株系的产量性状鉴定结果,检测到7个产量性状QTL,即1个单株铃数(BN)、2个单铃重(BW)、1个衣分(LP)、1个单株籽棉(SC)和2个单株皮棉(LC).7个QTL分布于4条D基因组染色体,其中第19染色体分布4个QTL.同时,不同亲本之间存在产量性状QTL等位基因的差异.     

土壤速效钾含量和追施不同形态氮肥对棉花产量的影响

盆栽试验于2017～2018年进行,研究不同土壤速效钾含量条件下,初花期追施铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主区为6种不同速效钾含量土壤(71.1、79.7、86.8、95.5、122.6、154.1 mg·kg-1),副区为初花期追施2种相同有效含量的不同形态氮肥(硫酸铵和硝酸钙)。结果表明,2个年度,土壤速效钾含量均显著影响了棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数和籽棉产量,但对单铃重无显著影响,棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数和籽棉产量均随土壤速效钾含量的增加呈开口向下的二次曲线增加;初花期追施硫酸铵和硝酸钙对棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数、单铃重和单株籽棉产量均影响不显著,2017和2018年初花期追施硝酸钙比追施硫酸铵单株籽棉产量分别高5.6%和1.9%。土壤速效钾含量和初花期追施硫酸铵和硝酸钙对棉花单株干物质质量、成铃数、单铃重和单株籽棉产量的交互作用均未达到显著水平。本研究结果为不同土壤钾肥力条件下氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

氮素对棉花果枝、果节及蕾铃发生与脱落影响的模拟

为了探明氮素对棉花形态指标与蕾铃脱落的影响,该研究通过设置施氮量试验,以累积温光效应为驱动变量,以花铃期棉株下部果枝对位叶平均氮浓度为氮营养指标,模拟氮营养水平对棉花主要形态指标与蕾铃脱落率的动态影响。结果表明,棉花下部果枝对位叶氮浓度随花后天数呈幂函数下降趋势,其平均氮浓度出现的花后天数占花铃期总天数的比值较稳定,可作为植株N营养状态指标;棉株的果枝数、果节数、成铃数随累积温光效应（cumulative thermal and solar radiative effectiveness,TSE）呈logistic曲线变化,棉蕾数和幼铃数随TSE呈二次曲线变化,且各拟合方程中的参数响应N处理而变化,与花铃期棉株下部果枝对位叶平均氮浓度呈二次函数关系。利用独立的试验资料检验,在不同施氮水平下,棉株果枝数、果节数、棉蕾数、幼铃数、成铃数和脱落率的RMSE分别平均为1.1个/株、2.7个/株、2.4个/株、1.6个/株、1.4个/株和3.5%,模拟值与观测值具有较好的吻合度;在不同种植密度条件下,模拟值与观测值也具有较好的吻合度。本研究可为棉田施肥管理提供参考。     

膜下滴灌棉花氮磷肥料施用效果研究

氮肥随水施用可显著提高棉花单株铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量,促进棉花对氮、磷素的吸收,尤其在壤土棉田的效果较明显。随水施用磷肥对棉花单株铃数影响不大,籽棉产量较不施磷肥处理提高8.80～17.40%,其在壤土棉田上的增产效果优于粘土棉田。磷肥随水滴施可提高氮、磷肥料利用率,与基施相比氮肥利用率提高4.85～12.34%,磷肥利用率提高36.75～45.88%,且在壤土棉田上的施用效果优于粘土棉田。     

施钾量和施钾时期对棉花产量及不同部位棉铃纤维品质性状的影响

在大田试验条件下,以鲁棉研28号为材料,设置两个施钾量（K2O 100和150 kg/hm2）,采用一次性基施,1/2基施、1/2花铃期追施,研究施钾量和施钾时期对棉花（Gossyium hirsutum L.）产量及不同部位棉铃纤维品质性状的影响。结果表明:与不施钾相比,施钾显著提高了籽棉产量和皮棉产量;在施钾量为K2O 150 kg/hm2的条件下,与一次性基施相比,分期施钾极显著提高了籽棉产量和皮棉产量;采用分期施钾时（1/2基施、1/2花铃期追施）,随施钾量增加,籽棉产量和皮棉产量均显著增加,单株成铃数的增加是产量提高的主要原因。结果还表明,与不施钾相比,施钾显著提高了中部及上部果枝内围果节的马克隆值,分期施用K2O 150 kg/hm2显著提高了中部果枝外围果节的纤维长度、比强度以及中部果枝内围果节的纤维成熟度;在施钾时期相同的条件下,增加施钾量对纤维长度、比强度无显著影响,在施钾量相同的条件下,与一次性基施相比,分期施钾对纤维比强度无显著影响。     

硫肥对棉花蕾铃脱落及产量的影响

本文就硫素与棉花蕾铃脱落和产量的关系进行了研究。试验结果表明,在传统施肥量330kg N/hm2,60kg P/hm2情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率达70.3%;在增加氮磷肥施用量并补施硫酸钾情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率为68.5%,说明硫酸钾有效降低了棉花的蕾铃脱落率。在传统施肥量基础上施用硫磺30.0kg/hm2对棉花的蕾铃脱落没有影响,但是增加了棉花单株结铃数、提高了产量。与不施硫相比,施硫使棉花单株结铃数增加14.7%,产量增加了15.7%。上述结果说明,在新疆高产棉田中使用单质硫肥能够进一步增加棉花产量。     

咸水畦灌棉花耐盐性鉴定指标与耐盐特征值研究

为了充分利用浅层地下咸水,通过5 a的咸水畦灌播前造墒大田试验,分析了不同程度盐分胁迫(1(对照)、2、4、6、8、10 g/L)与棉花生长指标和籽棉产量的响应关系,得出不同矿化度咸水播前造墒条件下棉花的耐盐性鉴定指标及耐盐特征值。结果显示,相对出苗率、相对株高、相对叶面积、相对地上部干物质质量、相对果枝数、相对成铃数和相对蕾花铃最大值均可以作为棉花的耐盐性鉴定指标,其中相对株高易于观测,盐害指示效果好,因此作为推荐使用耐盐性鉴定指标。同时,灌溉水矿化度控制在5.48 g/L以下时,咸水造墒连续灌溉5 a后,在产量与对照相比不减产。     

Quantifying the Impact Factors of Different Forms of Potassium and Absorptions by Different Cotton Genotypes

This study focuses on two genotypes of cotton and explores different factors that were able to affect the release of different forms of potassium (K) in the rhizosphere by considering a biogeochemical process integrating plants, soils, and microorganisms. The study indicated that both genotypes of cotton could effectively absorb exchangeable potassium (eK) under limited potassium (LK) supply, and cotton plants could use LK to sustain offspring, preferably under K-deficiency conditions. It was mainly due to its significantly greater active absorbing surface area of root and comparatively greater K⁺ maximum uptake rate (I_max), which caused more K accumulation in the high-efficiency genotype cotton (HEG). Although I_max of the low-efficiency genotype cotton’s (LEG’s) was greater, K accumulation in LEG was less, which might be attributed to its significantly lower HEG and feedback inhibition on K taken up by greater K concentration in the plant. The lint yield had a significant positive correlation with boll number per plant, single boll weight, plant height, and number of fruit branches, which indicated that increasing these agronomic parameters is the base for increasing lint yield. There was a synergic action among humus, microorganisms, and K in the rhizosphere soil. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of reduced soils was less under oxidized condition, due to collapse of the interlayer in response to increased layer charge upon structural Fe reduction. Crop yields can be increased when fertilizer K is applied according to proper ratio among different forms of potassium and humic acid in soils. The middle-high plant height, lower initial fruit branch, more fruit branches, more bolls, and larger boll size should receive more attention during high-yielding cotton breeding.     

微咸水滴灌对绿洲棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响

在南疆绿洲棉田,以河水为对照(CK),利用咸水与河水混合方式,设置矿化度为3,5g/L的微咸水,研究微咸水滴灌对棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:矿化度为3,5g/L处理的土壤含水量、含盐量在整个生育期呈上升趋势,且随矿化度增加而增大,盛花期(7月21日)前土壤含水量差异不显著,CK的土壤含盐量最高,盛花期后土壤含盐量5g/L3g/LCK,差异显著(p0.05)。垂直方向,土壤深度增加土壤含水量增大,且随着微咸水矿化度增加土壤含水量呈增大趋势,不同处理在盛花期以后差异显著;随土壤深度的增加土壤含盐量呈下降趋势,滴灌次数越多处理间差异越大,至盛铃期(8月4日)达显著水平。水平方向,距离滴头越远土壤含水量越小,且随着矿化度增加土壤含水量逐渐增大;3,5g/L土壤含盐量在盛花期前低于CK,盛花期后距离滴头越远土壤含盐量下降越小,且与矿化度呈正相关。与CK相比,3g/L皮棉产量下降2.1%,差异不显著,5g/L则下降9.6%,差异显著,产量下降主要原因是单株结铃数和单铃重显著下降,而对衣分影响不显著。因此,棉花盛花期前可利用微咸水进行滴灌,且微咸水矿化度不宜超过3g/L。     

硼氮配施对棉花产量、叶柄环带以及养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了硼、氮配施对棉花产量及其构成因子、叶柄环带及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:硼、氮在棉花上,有一定的交互作用,在相同施氮量下,棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数均随施硼量的增加而显著降低;施硼量从0 kg/hm~2增至13.5 kg/hm~2时,叶片的氮、磷、硼和叶绿素含量增加,棉花的株高、分枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和产量均显著提高。施硼量从13.5 kg/hm~2增至27 kg/hm~2时,两个氮水平下的叶片磷、钾、硼和叶绿素含量没有显著变化,270 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片的氮含量、株高、铃重和铃数降低,产量没有变化,而在375 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片氮含量、株铃数、铃重、衣分和产量显著增加。对相同量硼处理,增施氮肥提高了棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数、叶片氮和叶绿素含量,而对叶片磷、钾、硼和产量没有显著影响。在施硼肥13.5 kg/hm~2,施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时,棉花产量达到最高值3 592 kg/hm~2。说明湖北天门地区棉田适当增加硼肥的同时减少氮肥用量可有效缓解棉花缺硼症状和提高产量。     

Foliar Application of Manganese Increases Seed Yield and Improves Seed Quality of Cotton Grown on Calcareous Soils

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is often grown on calcareous soils where manganese (Mn) deficiency is quite common. Despite the fact that Mn deficiency can limit cotton productivity the effect of foliar application of Mn was not determined. A field study was conducted to determine if foliar Mn applications during anthesis affects the growth and yield of cotton. Manganese increased the chlorophyll content by up to 17% compared with the control treatment with no difference between the two rates of Mn. Moreover, Mn increased the seed yield by an average of 30%, the number of bolls per plant by 31%, the number of bolls per square meter by 31% and boll retention by 37% compared with the control, but it did not affect the mean boll weight and the quality of the fibers. Foliar application of Mn increased seed germination by an average of 14% and increased seed vigor (AA) by an average of 28% compared with the control treatment. The results obtained here suggest that foliar Mn application can improve the lint and seed yield and also the seed quality of cotton grown for seed production on calcareous soils.     

Agronomic traits at the seedling stage,yield, and fiber quality in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Cotton is critical for phosphorus demands and very sensitive for its deficiency. However, identifying the effect of low-phosphorus tolerance on cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality by reducing phosphorus consumption. This may help to develop phosphorus-tolerant high-yielding cotton cultivars. In a two-year repeated (2015 and 2016) hydroponic experiment (using 0.01 and 1 mM KH₂PO₄), two cotton cultivars with phosphorus sensitivity (Lu 54; a low-phosphorus sensitive and Yuzaomian 9110; a low-phosphorus tolerant) were screened on the base of agronomic traits and physiological indices through correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis from 16 cotton cultivars. Low phosphorus nutrition reduced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, phosphorus accumulation and biomass in various organs of seedlings. The deficiency negatively affected the morphogenesis of seedlings, as well as yield and fiber quality. Further, these screened cultivars were tested in a pot experiment with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 during 2016 and 2017. It was found to have a significant (P< 0.05) difference in boll number, lint yield, fiber strength, and micronaire at the harvest. Furthermore, after collectively analyzed the characteristics of Lu 54 and Yuzaomian 9110, there were six key indices that could improve the low phosphorus tolerance of cotton cultivars. These were root phosphorus accumulation, stem phosphorus accumulation percentage, leaf and total biomass of seedlings, seed cotton weight per boll and fiber length.