大豆品种对花期低温反应的研究

将吉林３５和Ａｌｄａｎａ两个大豆品种在１４／１９℃和１７／１２℃两种低温下处理１０天,结果表明,两个大豆品种对花期低温的反应不同,极早熟品种Ａｌｄａｎａ耐低温能力好于晚熟品种吉林３５。大豆花期遇低温时二粒荚数和三粒荚数减少是降低大豆单株粒重的主要原因之一。     

盐胁迫对苗期番茄蔗糖代谢的影响

研究了不同浓度盐胁迫下番茄苗期蔗糖代谢相关酶（转化酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶）的活性变化与糖积累的关系。结果表明：盐胁迫在一定程度上可以提高番茄幼苗体内的果糖和葡萄糖含量,降低蔗糖的含量。短期盐胁迫可以提高番茄幼苗体内转化酶的活性,使相应的可溶性酸性转化酶mRNA水平提高,处理后期转化酶活性及可溶性酸性转化酶mRNA水平下降;蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性降低,但与对照之间的差异不显著;表明盐胁迫主要通过调节转化酶表达与活性变化来影响番茄苗期的蔗糖代谢水平。     

氟磺胺草醚对大豆根瘤固氮和蔗糖代谢的影响

采用田间试验方法研究了氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理对大豆根瘤固氮酶和蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明:不同剂量的氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理对大豆根瘤生长无影响。氟磺胺草醚525g a.i./hm²用量下,根瘤固氮酶活性在施药后的38d内始终受到显著抑制,叶片和根中蔗糖合成酶活性受到长时间的抑制,同时叶片、茎、根系和根瘤中蔗糖含量均显著降低;263g a.i./hm²用量下,根瘤固氮酶活性在施药后的24d内显著降低,对叶片和根中蔗糖合成酶活性抑制作用最高值分别出现施药后的第10天和第18天,酶活性与对照相比分别降低15.22%和11.76%。氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理后,叶片、茎、根系和根瘤中蔗糖含量显著降低,蔗糖向根瘤中的供应不足是造成大豆根瘤固氮酶活性降低的一个重要原因。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对甜玉米籽粒糖分积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为明确高温对甜玉米籽粒产量和品质的影响,以甜玉米厦甜1号和粤甜16为材料, 人工授粉3 d后, 利用人工气候室分别进行昼间高温(HT)35℃和正常气温(CK)处理, 研究了甜玉米籽粒灌浆过程中粒重、糖分积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化。结果表明, 与正常气温相比, 高温缩短甜玉米灌浆进程, 显著降低粒重、含水量, 提高皮渣率。在最佳采收期(水分含量为68%~74%)甜玉米鲜百粒重分别下降了20.8% (厦甜1号)和16.4% (粤甜16)。在甜玉米籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性糖和蔗糖的含量随授粉后时间先升高后降低, 高温处理不利于可溶性糖和蔗糖积累, 籽粒中糖分含量降低, 淀粉含量升高。籽粒中蔗糖的合成与分解主要由磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)催化, SS催化反应是可逆的。高温明显降低SPS和SS合成方向活性, 提高SS分解方向活性, 导致糖分含量降低, 品质变劣。高温缩短两品种SS(合成方向)活性峰值出现的时间, 而对于SPS活性峰值出现时间厦甜1号被缩短, 粤甜16 为不变。     

播期对棉铃对位叶蔗糖代谢及棉铃产量性状、纤维品质的影响

【目的】探讨棉铃对位叶蔗糖代谢机制及棉铃产量性状、纤维品质对不同播期条件的响应。【方法】以棉铃产量性状具有明显差异的两个陆地棉品系A705和A201为供试材料,于2016―2017年进行大田试验研究,在不同播期(早播2016年4月12日,2017年4月15日;晚播2016年5月6日,2017年5月28日)条件下,研究棉铃对位叶非结构性碳水化合物(蔗糖、己糖、淀粉)和蔗糖代谢关键酶(液泡酸性转化酶、细胞壁酸性转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶)的动态变化及差异,及不同播期对棉铃产量性状和纤维品质的影响。【结果】晚播棉铃铃期更长,铃重、单铃种子质量、籽指和纤维上半部平均长度增加,衣分和马克隆值降低。晚播导致棉铃对位叶细胞壁酸性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶活性降低,蔗糖浓度升高,可能为棉铃的发育提供了更充足的碳源。【结论】晚播相对低温条件下,棉铃发育更完全,在生产上适当晚播可以提高纤维品质。     

褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆产量及AsA-GSH循环的影响

为探究褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环的影响,以大豆品种绥农26为材料,采用盆栽称重法,设置3个处理,分别为正常供水（CK）、干旱胁迫（D）和干旱胁迫喷施褪黑素（D+M）。结果表明,与CK处理相比,D处理大豆叶片的超氧阴离子（O₂^-.）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量显著提高,D+M处理相比D处理在干旱后15d时,O₂^-.和H₂O₂含量分别显著下降了18.09%和17.37%。在干旱胁迫后10d时,D+M处理相比D处理AsA和GSH含量分别显著提高了22.39%和15.30%。相比D处理,D+M处理单株粒重显著提高了9.20%。综上所述,外源褪黑素可以提高干旱胁迫下AsA-GSH循环的效率,缓解干旱胁迫对大豆造成的氧化损伤。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

Effects of Low Temperature Treatment at Seedling Stage on Soybean Growth, Development and Final Yield

The after effect of continuous and variable chilling temperatures acting periodically for 7 days at seedling stage (day/night: 2/2°C, 5/5°C, 15/2°C, 15/5°C, 15/15°C and control–22/18°C) on growth, development and final yield of soybean cultivar Polan and Progres were investigated. The temperature decrease lengthened the duration of the vegetation period before flowering for both cultivars, which allowed compensation for the reduced–as an effect of chilling–rate of daily increments in the leaf area and the dry weight of the above-ground parts of the plants. The most important symptom of chilling treatment was a considerable increase in the number of axillary branches after flowering, which caused an increase in the dry weight of plants. The subsequent reaction of the growth of leaves to chilling at seedling stage was, after flowering, variety dependent. The area of leaves bigger at Polan or similar to control at Progres ensured good seed filling in an increased number of pods developed on axillary branches. Chill-induced delay in plants development allowed the avoidance of low temperature occurring during flowering in this experiment. This chilling during flowering was one of the reasons of worse-pod setting and reduction of seeds per pod number at control plants.     

花铃期干旱对不同部位棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响

以美棉33B为材料,于棉花中部果枝开花时进行干旱处理(土壤相对含水量由(75±5)%自然减少直至吐絮),研究花铃期干旱对棉铃对位叶糖代谢及铃重的影响。结果表明,花铃期干旱处理,棉铃对位叶净光合速率降低,且中部降幅上部下部;棉铃对位叶可溶性糖含量下部和上部果枝增加而中部降低,蔗糖含量增加而淀粉降低,表明干旱促进叶片光合产物向蔗糖分配;棉铃对位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶活性降低、酸性转化酶活性先降低后增加,且对中部和上部的影响大于下部,表明蔗糖合成受抑制,而其降解先抑制后促进,降低可供外运的蔗糖水平。干旱条件下铃重降低,中部降幅上部下部。因此,棉铃对位叶蔗糖合成减少和外运受抑制是花铃期干旱条件下铃重降低的蔗糖代谢基础。     

Effects of Drought on the Sucrose Metabolism of Subtending Leaves of Cotton Bolls at Different Fruiting Branches and Boll Weight during Flowering and Bolling Stages

This study aimed to illustrate the mechanism of sucrose metabolism in subtending leaves of cotton bolls and its relationship with boll weight under drought stress during flowering and bolling stages. The 2-year-long experiments were conducted using pools of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, NuCOTN 33B, subjected to drought stress (relative water content reduced naturally until the boll opening stage) on the day of anthesis of the middle fruiting branches (MFB), using well-watered conditions as the control. The net photosynthetic rate declined under drought stress in the boll's subtending leaf, respectively, and the decline range was MFB>upper fruiting branch (UFB)>lower fruiting branch (LFB). Drought stress increased the soluble sugar contents of subtending leaves at LFB and UFB but decreased them at MFB. Sucrose content was increased and starch content decreased concomitantly, indicating that drought facilitated the partitioning of photosynthate into sucrose. Drought stress also depressed the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase, while acid invertase activity was initially decreased and then increased. The changes of MFB and UFB exceeded those of LFB, indicating that sucrose synthesis was inhibited, the degradation was first inhibited then promoted, causing a reduction in the amount of sucrose available for export. As a result, the boll weight declined during drought, and the decline range was MFB>UFB>LFB. In conclusion, the decreased sucrose synthesis and the impaired sucrose efflux of subtending leaves of bolls were the main causes for decreased boll weight under drought conditions during flowering and bolling stages of cotton.     

黄淮海地区大豆品种苗期根系性状的遗传变异及与耐逆境胁迫的关系

从83份黄淮海地区代表性大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)中按根系类型选取32份,用以研究苗期根系性状的遗传特点、与地上部性状的相关以及与逆境胁迫的关系。大豆苗期一级侧根数、主根长、根干质量、总根长和根体积等性状,在品种间、各苗龄间均存在显著遗传变异;根系性状与整株干质量呈高度相关;根干质量、根总长和根体积的相对值与耐旱平均隶属函数值,一级侧根数、主根长、总根长、根体积、根干质量的相对值与耐铝毒平均隶属函数值呈极显著相关,且根系性状的相对值在品种间存在显著变异,可用做耐逆性选择的根系指标。     

孕穗期低温条件下ABA对水稻结实率及叶片生理特性的影响

为了明确ABA对孕穗期低温下水稻结实率及叶片生理特性的调控效应,本试验在盆栽条件下,以2个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种‘龙粳11’（冷敏型）和‘龙稻5’（耐冷型）为材料,于孕穗期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃,持续1,2,3,4,5天）处理,并喷施不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA),研究低温条件下ABA对不同水稻结实率的调控效应,同时探讨了ABA和低温对水稻叶片膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理特性的影响。结果表明：低温条件下,‘龙稻5’的结实率变化不大,‘龙粳11’的结实率显著降低,20 mg/L的ABA能够有效缓解低温伤害,相对提高低温胁迫下水稻的结实率。叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现出先升高后下降的变化趋势,‘龙稻5’的抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量高于‘龙粳11’,但丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率低于‘龙粳11’。ABA可提高冷敏品种的抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,同时可降低MDA含量和相对电导率。这说明ABA可以通过调控水稻抗氧化酶、可溶性糖等生理指标的活性及含量,进而提高冷敏水稻品种的耐冷性。     

Effect of Simulated Lodging on Soybean Yield

Soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) grain yields may be reduced when the plants lodge. The magnitude of yield reduction is dependent on the growth stage at which lodging occurs. The stage of plant development most vulnerable to yield reduction from lodging has not been conclusively determined. The objective of this two-year study was to determine soybean yield reduction caused by simulated lodging at three stages of reproductive development: the onset of flowering (R1), beginning pod (R3) and beginning seed (R5). At each developmental stage the plants were lodged at either 45° or 90°. A natural lodging control and an artificially maintained erect treatment were included.
The 1976 results indicated no yield differences due to any of the lodging treatments. In 1977, yields were significantly reduced for the R3 lodging treatments. Soybeans lodged 90° at the R1, R3, and R5 growth stages yielded 2.63, 1.88 and 2.26 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. The natural lodging and erect treatments yielded 2.73 and 2.43 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively.
Lodging treatments applied at the R1 stage produced plants with a two-year average of 30% of their seeds on the main stems, compared to 62% of the seeds on the main stems for the R5 stage treatments. The percentage of seeds on the main stem was 69% on the erect plants, as compared with 45% on the 90° lodged plants. In 1977, lodging treatments also reduced pods per plant, seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and seed weight per plant.     

花期高温胁迫对水稻花药生理特性及花粉性状的影响

为探明花期高温胁迫对水稻花器官的影响机制,以耐热水稻品系996和热敏感水稻品系4628为材料,在人工气候室进行高温(8:00~17:00,37℃;17:00~次日8:00,30℃)和适温处理(8:00~17:00, 30℃;17:00~次日8:00,25℃), 研究高温胁迫对水稻花药抗氧化酶活性、膜透性、MDA含量及花粉性状等生理特性的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下,水稻花药中SOD、POD、CAT、AsA-POD活性在高温胁迫初期均明显增加,尔后快速下降,耐热品系996这四种酶活性增幅大于热敏感品系4628;热敏感品系4628花药中MDA含量和膜透性在高温胁迫下增幅大于耐热性品系996;高温胁迫导致花药开裂、花粉萌发率和柱头上花粉粒数的显著下降,花粉粒直径增大。但耐热品系996的前3项参数显著高于热敏感品系4628。高温胁迫下水稻花药中保持较高抗氧化酶活性、较好的花粉散落特性和花粉萌发特性及较低的膜透性和MDA含量,是品种耐高温的生理基础。     

Sensitivity to Drought Stress of Three Soybean Cultivars During Different Growth Stages

Three soybean ( Glycine max L.) culivars, Lee-74, Wright , and Ra 401 , were subjected to 100 % (control), 75 %, and 50 % of field capacity during vegetative (VI), flowering (R2), and pod-filling (R4) stages in greenhouse and field studies. Stress applied at R2 significantly reduced the yield in the greenhouse, while in the field, the maximum reduction was observed when the plants were subjected to stress at R4. Stress during VI reduced the yield components less than stress applied during R2 or R4 stages in both studies. The pod number and seed weight were the yield components most affected by drought stress, and the number of seeds per pod the least affected. Yield stress index was significantly correlated with the yield and its components. The reproductive stage was clearly more sensitive to drought than the vegetative stage. The cultivar Lee 74 had the highest yield and the second highest yield stress index whereas the cultivar Ra 401 had the lowest yield.     

Soybean Yield and Yield Components in Two Planting Patterns

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m⁻². The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square- and zigzag- (an equilateral triangle-planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m⁻²).
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m⁻². Seed number m⁻² due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m⁻² (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m⁻² and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m⁻²).     

灌水时期及灌水量对大豆产量及产量因子的影响

为了研究不同时期不同灌水量处理对大豆产量及产量因子的影响,以‘晋豆19’为材料,采用二因素完全随机区组设计的方法,进行一次性灌水试验,设3个不同灌水时期4个不同灌水量处理。结果表明,3个灌水时期中,花荚期灌水对大豆产量的促进效应最佳,其次是鼓粒期、分枝期,但花荚期灌水时随着灌水量的增加,产量呈先增后减的趋势。灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆产量的促进作用最明显。花荚期灌水对大豆株高促进作用最明显,其次是分枝期、鼓粒期。灌水时期和灌水量两因素对大豆株高的互作效应极显著,多重比较表明,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆株高影响最大;灌水时期对大豆干物质重的影响顺序为花荚期、鼓粒期、分枝期,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆干物质重影响最大。本试验认为在干旱半干旱地区进行一次性灌水时,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2为宜。