生物质能源作物——能源甜菜的开发利用

随着全世界能源物质的不断扩展,可再生的生物质能源将是21世纪主要的能源物质。能源甜菜是新兴的可再生能源作物,它具有生物学产量高,乙醇转化率高,含糖量适中等特点,是取之不尽、用之不竭的环保能源,对环境几乎没有污染;同时又是糖饲兼收的作物。利用能源甜菜通过酒精发酵创造乙醇燃料新能源,可以减轻或消除与粮食争地的矛盾,是保证粮食安全和能源安全的双赢举措。     

大豆苗期干旱胁迫对糖分吸收与相关酶活性的影响

以黑农65、黑农44,绥农29大豆品种为材料,研究了在不同程度干旱胁迫下,大豆苗期可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖含量的变化,以及蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性变化。结果显示:随着干旱胁迫的加强,可溶性糖含量显著升高,且呈先升高后降低趋势,蔗糖含量显著降低,果糖含量显著升高,酶类物质的活性逐渐降低。不同品种之间受干旱影响差异显著,其中黑农44受干旱影响最大。同一品种不同部位之间受干旱影响程度为叶>柄>茎。     

植物Trihelix转录因子响应非生物胁迫的研究进展

Trihelix转录因子家族因其特有的三螺旋结构域(螺旋-环-螺旋-环-螺旋)而命名,该结构域高度保守,能与GT元件特异性地结合,因此该家族又被称为GT因子家族。Trihelix转录因子家族分为GT-1、GT-2、GTγ、SH4和SIP1等5个亚家族。前期研究表明Trihelix转录因子不仅调控光应答基因的表达,还参与植物生长发育的各个过程,同时受高盐、干旱、冷害和病害的强烈诱导,广泛参与植物对生物和非生物胁迫的应答反应。Trihelix转录因子通过与其他基因互作等方式调控下游靶基因的表达,从而响应生物和非生物胁迫。本综述对植物Trihelix转录因子的结构特征及生物学功能进行介绍,详细阐述Trihelix转录因子在草本和木本植物中响应非生物胁迫的最新研究进展,为深入探究Trihelix转录因子响应非生物胁迫的分子机制提供理论基础。     

有机生态肥对作物产量及土壤肥力的影响

通过施用有机生态肥 ,可使小麦增产 1 0 9% ,玉米增产 1 3 4 % ,每公顷年增纯收益3370 2元 ,土壤有机质、有效磷、有效钾含量明显提高     

菠萝AcSAP转录因子对非生物胁迫和生物胁迫的应答响应

STERILE APETALA (SAP)是调节花序、花和胚珠发育,调控分生组织细胞的增殖和器官大小的多功能基因。本研究利用生物信息学的方法对菠萝SAP转录因子进行序列分析,并通过qRT-PCR技术研究了非生物胁迫和生物胁迫对菠萝SAP基因表达的影响。结果表明,菠萝SAP蛋白为稳定疏水酸性蛋白且含有3个WD40重复区域,蛋白质二级结构显示,菠萝SAP蛋白主要结构元件为延伸链和无规则卷曲;qRT-PCR分析显示,逆境胁迫下,AcSAP的表达量与对照差异显著。在H2O2、NaCl、SA、ABA、Eth、低温(4℃)和病菌侵染胁迫下,AcSAP的表达量显著升高。研究表明,逆境胁迫能使AcSAP基因的表达受到影响,进而直接或间接影响植物生长发育,为今后菠萝的抗逆研究和分子育种提供了理论依据。     

植物非生物胁迫中蛋白质磷酸化的研究进展

作为固着生物,外界生物胁迫和非生物胁迫极大地影响植物的正常生长发育。可逆的蛋白磷酸化作为真核生物体内最普遍的翻译后修饰之一,在植物抵御外界胁迫过程中起着最主要的作用。本综述重点总结了近年来植物在低温、盐渍和干旱等胁迫响应中的蛋白磷酸化研究进展,分析与讨论了其中重要的激酶和磷酸酶的作用,并对此方面的研究热点做了展望。深入了解蛋白磷酸化修饰在植物应对非生物胁迫信号通路中的重要作用及意义,有助于耐胁迫作物的选育。     

盐碱胁迫对农牧作物种子萌发的影响研究进展

种子萌发期是植物生长发育的起点和关键环节,受环境影响尤为敏感。盐碱胁迫是影响种子萌发的重要环境压力和限制性因子。土壤盐碱化已危及人类生存和生活,研究盐碱胁迫对种子萌发的影响具有紧迫性和重要性。本研究论述了盐碱胁迫对种子萌发抑制的原理、生理生化变化和提高种子萌发耐盐性对策,为作物耐盐碱性研究和盐碱土地改良利用提供理论参考。     

非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是重要的粮食作物,其产量与粮食安全和经济发展密切相关。水稻抽穗期是一个重要的农艺性状,对水稻播种季节、产量和适宜种植地区有着极其重要的影响。水稻抽穗期的调控涉及了一系列的基因,而且这些基因彼此之间存在着复杂的相互调控关系。盐、干旱和温度等非生物胁迫严重影响水稻抽穗期,解析非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响及其分子机理,有助于抗逆水稻新品种的选育。本研究梳理了水稻抽穗期调控的分子机制,以及非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响,以期为水稻耐逆品种的选育提供理论指导。     

作物渗透调节及抗渗透胁迫基因工程研究进展

干旱、盐渍和低温等非生物逆境引起的渗透胁迫是抑制作物生长发育和产量形成的重要因素。综述了渗透胁迫对作物的伤害、渗透调节物质以及杭渗透胁迫基因工程的研究进展。初步提出了渗透胁迫的解决方案。     

作物镉胁迫研究进展及其在水稻中的应用展望

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,镉(Cd)污染会严重影响水稻的生长发育.Cd可以被水稻植株吸收和转移,并富集在水稻体内,成为危害人类健康的重要威胁.从Cd胁迫对作物的种子萌发、幼苗、根系、地上部及光合作用等方面进行综述,并展望了水稻Cd胁迫研究,以期为开展作物Cd污染的防治、耐Cd水稻品种的选育、水稻的质量安全和水稻产...     

不同氮肥施用量对甜菜蔗糖代谢关键酶和可溶性糖含量的影响

为了筛选合适的氮素施用量,研究氮素营养和甜菜蔗糖代谢的关系。以尿素为氮源,采用HI003为试材,研究了不同的施氮水平对甜菜叶片和块根可溶性糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶活性的影响。结果表明：在生育期初期,叶片和块根中的可溶性糖含量随着施氮量的提高降低,后期糖分积累期,施氮量(40~160kg/hm²)可以提高块根的可溶性糖含量,超过160kg/hm²可溶性糖含量降低;叶片中,整个生育期施氮肥处理增加了蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,蔗糖合成酶在生育期前期随着施氮量增加活性降低;甜菜块根中,氮素处理在生育期初期,降低了蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,适宜的施氮量(120~160kg/hm²）可以提高甜菜生育期后期块根中的蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;试验发现较高的施氮量不利于糖的积累,适合的施氮量为120~160kg/hm²。     

Response of Sorghum to Abiotic Stresses: A Review

Sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench] is a highly productive crop plant, which can be used for alternative energy resource, human food, livestock feed or industrial purposes. The biomass of sorghum can be utilized as solid fuel via thermochemical routes or as a carbohydrate substrate via fermentation processes. The plant has a great adaptation potential to drought, high salinity and high temperature, which are important characteristics of genotypes growing in extreme environments. However, the climate change in the 21st century may bring about new challenges in the cultivated areas. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature about the responses of sorghum to the most important abiotic stresses: nutrient deficiency, aluminium stress, drought, high salinity, waterlogging or temperature stress the plants have to cope with during cultivation. The advanced molecular and system biological tools provide new opportunities for breeders to select stress‐tolerant and high‐yielding cultivars.     

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

For three successive growing seasons (1999–2001), a completely randomized block design experiment was established at the surrounding area of each of four sugar beet processing plants of Hellenic Sugar Industry SA, Greece (a total of 12 experiments). Nitrogen was applied at five rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹) and six replications per rate. Nitrogen fertilization had site-specific effects on quantitative (fresh root and sugar yields) and qualitative (sucrose content, K, Na, α-amino N) traits. When data were combined over years and sites, fresh root and sugar yields were maximized at high N rates (330.75 and 295 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively), as derived from quadratic functions fitted to data. In three trials, increased N rates had negative effects on root and sugar yield. These sites were characterized by high yield in control plots, light soil texture (sand > 50 %) and low CEC values. When data were converted into relative values (the ratio of the trait values to the control mean of each experiment), root and sugar yield was found to be maximized at higher N rates (350 and 316 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). Sucrose content was strongly and linearly reduced by the increased N rates when data were combined but a significant reduction with increasing N rates was found in only two sites. Non-sugar impurities (K, Na, α-amino N) were positively related to the increased N rates when data were combined. Sodium and α-amino N showed to be most affected by N fertilization as positive relationships were found in six and eight of 12 locations, respectively. Increased N supply resulted in higher soil NO₃-N concentrations (0–90 cm depth) at harvest which were related with amino N contents in sugar beet roots (in 1999 and 2001).     

叶面喷施烯效唑和硼对塔额盆地甜菜产量和含糖率的影响

旨在为塔额盆地甜菜生产提质增效提供新途径。在塔额盆地滴灌施肥条件下,以甜菜‘Beta 468’为试验材料开展田间喷施试验,设置4个喷施处理(CK、Un、B、Un+B),喷施处理后测定甜菜生长情况、干物质积累、体内碳氮代谢酶活性及产量和含糖率。叶面喷施烯效唑、硼及烯效唑和复配与CK相比,根长分别增加了7.38%、14.76%和19.68%,总干物质积累增加了10.98%、13.32%和17.60%。块根硝酸还原酶活性提高了12.5%、37.64%和54.07%,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性提高了37.73%、60.24%和69.31%,蔗糖合成酶活性提高了32.95%、45.43%和21.22%,转化酶活性提高了26.87%、35.79%和33.20%。产量较CK分别增加了10.77%、2.85%和9.97%,含糖率增加了0.47%、0.55%和0.79%,产糖量增加了13.93%、6.21%和15.31%。叶丛期喷施烯效唑和硼复配可促进植株生长、提高甜菜产量和含糖率。     

生态因素对烤烟还原糖、总糖含量影响之研究进展

还原糖和总糖是评价烟叶化学成分的两个常用指标,而生态因素对二者造成的影响要大于品种等其他因素,因此适宜的生态条件才可能生产出糖类含量适中、化学成分协调的烤烟。分析了影响烤烟还原糖、总糖含量的重要因素,概述了温度、光照、海拔、土壤水分、土壤养分等生态因素对烤烟还原糖、总糖含量影响的研究进展     

Effect of Altitude on Energy Exchange Characteristics of Some Alpine Medicinal Crops from Central Himalayas

To explore the conservation and cultivation of endangered alpine medicinal crops at comparatively lower altitudes, a study on variations in morphological parameters and energy exchange characteristics was conducted on five herbaceous medicinal crops from the alpines of Central Himalayas. Plants of same age were selected from the alpine medicinal crop nursery, Tungnath (3600 m), and were planted at the nurseries at 2100 and 550 m altitudes. After well acclimatization at lower altitudes, plants were examined for morphological and energy exchange studies during their active growth period. The energy balance sheet of these plant species indicates that most of the energy absorbed by the leaves dissipates by re‐radiation, transpiration and thermal conductance across leaf surfaces. All species maintained leaf temperature below the surrounding air temperature at all altitudes and therefore gained energy by convection of heat as well as by boundary layer thermal conduction. Leaf‐to‐air temperature difference, gain of energy by convection of heat and boundary layer thermal conduction was maximum at an altitude of 2100 m in all the species. Boundary layer thermal conductivity, boundary layer thickness, thermal conductivity of the leaf and therefore, total energy absorbed by the leaves of these species increase significantly with decreasing altitude. Leaf thickness significantly decreases with decreasing altitude, which in turn enhances total energy absorption (r = ?0.975, P < 0.005) of the leaves in all the species. The results indicate that all these species absorb higher amount of energy at lower altitudes, which indicates their adaptability to warm temperatures at low altitudes (up to 550 m). Therefore, these species can be cultivated at relatively lower altitudes. However, a proper agronomic methodology needs to be developed for better yields.     

水肥一体化条件下不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响

通过对甜菜在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期的生理所需进行控水灌溉,研究不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响,确定少水、多糖、高产的最佳灌水方案,为甜菜节水灌溉提供理论依据,指导甜菜生产科学灌溉。试验设置3312.75、4005.30、4697.85、5390.40、6082.95、6775.50 m³/hm²等6个灌水梯度,在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期分别按各生长期需水比例灌入不同水量,收获时测定甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量,分析水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明,灌水量对甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量影响明显,全生育期灌水量为3312.80 m³/hm²时甜菜的产质量处于较低水平,随着灌水量的逐渐增加,甜菜的含糖率、产量和产糖量呈现上升趋势,全生育期灌水量为4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最高,但当灌水量高于4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量开始下降,在灌水量为6775.55 m³/hm²时,甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最低。因此在新疆石河子地区甜菜全生育期灌水7次时,总灌水量在4697.90 m³/hm²,可以使甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量达到最佳。     

中国热带能源作物产业发展策略研究

概述了我国热带能源作物发展现状、存在问题,并依据国外热带能源作物发展过程中的经验,提出中国热带能源作物发展建议。     

糖能兼用甘蔗品种（系）对不同播种密度的响应

为了解不同糖能兼用甘蔗品种（系）在不同播种密度条件下的生产性能表现,为今后进行能源甘蔗品种推广应用提供参考。对来自国内外的5个糖能兼用甘蔗品种（系）在5种不同播种密度下进行1年新植1年宿根种性比较试验。结果表明,不同播种密度水平之间的平均生物产量、蔗茎产量、蔗糖产量和总可发酵糖产量差异均不显著;B1、B8、GT26、GT97/69、GT22等品种（系）之间在生物产量、蔗茎产量、蔗糖产量、总可发酵糖产量和株高、茎径、有效茎数等产量构成因子方面的差异达到极显著水平;GT97/69、B1对播种密度反应比较敏感,其最适宜的播种量分别是每公顷12万芽和13.5万芽,其他品种反应则不敏感。甘蔗的产量主要由品种（系）的种性决定,不同品种对不同的播种密度反应不同,甘蔗新品种在推广应用之前应在不同栽培管理水平和环境条件下进行播种密度试验,确定比较合理的单位面积播种量。     

云南农村能源作物发展概况与建议

本文对云南省几种农村能源作物的分布状况进行了概述,并分析了云南省发展农村能源作物的优势和不足,同时对云南省未来如何发展农村能源作物提出了建议和措施。