序批式秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵过程物料理化及渗滤特性

序批式厌氧干发酵技术在规模化处理农业废弃物方面具备优势,通过工艺调控优化使产气效率得到明显改善,但对其物质转化特性的综合研究尚待深入。该文在发酵温度和秸秆粒径交互因素下,对不同干发酵环境理化特性及微生物群落进行比较,探寻提高物质转化效率机制、物料形态及渗滤液流动特性。结果表明,高温和细粒径条件显著改善生物转化效率,通过加速有机酸转化,使物料降解率和沼气产量提升了22.61%和56.17%。发酵10 d,细粒径物料结构-渗滤液流动规律基本稳定,形成渗滤液由反应器中区向外区流动趋势,并与Clostridiales、Bacillales、Methanosarcina、Methanoculleus丰度呈正相关（P＜0.05）,形成最佳转化状态。该研究可为评价和改善不同序批式厌氧干发酵体系运行效率提供理论依据。     

生物质成型燃料热解半焦产率及理化特性

序批式厌氧干发酵技术在规模化处理农业废弃物方面具备优势,通过工艺调控优化使产气效率得到明显改善,但对其物质转化特性的综合研究尚待深入。该文在发酵温度和秸秆粒径交互因素下,对不同干发酵环境理化特性及微生物群落进行比较,探寻提高物质转化效率机制、物料形态及渗滤液流动特性。结果表明,高温和细粒径条件显著改善生物转化效率,通过加速有机酸转化,使物料降解率和沼气产量提升了22.61%和56.17%。发酵10 d,细粒径物料结构-渗滤液流动规律基本稳定,形成渗滤液由反应器中区向外区流动趋势,并与Clostridiales、Bacillales、Methanosarcina、Methanoculleus丰度呈正相关（P＜0.05）,形成最佳转化状态。该研究可为评价和改善不同序批式厌氧干发酵体系运行效率提供理论依据。     

序批式玉米秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵产甲烷工艺优化研究

随着中国农业集约化水平的提高,秸秆、畜禽粪便等资源相对集中,为序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷技术应用创造了良好条件。而国内对干发酵技术研究尚不成熟,尤其是关键因素对发酵性质的影响极其相互作用关系尚不明确,限制了工艺优化效果。该文着重研究了不同喷淋频率、接种量、物料配比作用下,玉米秸秆-牛粪混合原料序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷、中间产物生成特性及其相互关系。结果表明:不同物料配比下,喷淋频率和接种量促进甲烷产量的作用方式不同,增加牛粪比例可显著提高产甲烷效率和产量。在甲烷产量快速增加阶段(第7～20天),不同关键因素的变化对中间产物总量及其组分影响显著(P0.05),丙酸积累至约350mg/L以上时导致干发酵体系产甲烷能力下降,而氨氮浓度提高则有利于甲烷产量的提高。最优工艺参数,秸秆-牛粪干物质比为3∶7、喷淋频率为间隔6 h,接种量为30%获得最大甲烷产量为135.7 L/kg。该研究可为规模化养殖场利用序批式厌氧干发酵技术处理农业废弃物高效生产清洁能源提供理论指导。     

喷淋次数和接种量对序批式秸秆牛粪混合干发酵产气性能的影响

序批式干法厌氧发酵产沼气技术可明显提高有机废弃物处理能力,但在提高以秸秆为主的农业废弃物发酵效率核心工艺及产气性能方面还缺乏系统的研究。该文通过调节喷淋次数和接种量研究了以玉米秸秆为主要原料的序批式干法厌氧发酵产气性能,并通过模型拟合、水解产物分析等手段揭示了影响水解和甲烷生产的制约因素。结果表明,调节喷淋次数和接种量均对沼气产量具有显著性影响（P<0.05）。喷淋次数为4次/d,接种量不低于质量分数20%时,沼气产量最大为251.6 L/kg。而且,产气高峰期甲烷体积分数平均为55%左右。增加接种量、提高喷淋次数可有效促进底物的水解。但是,甲烷产量、最大产甲烷率却呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并明显受到有机酸（丙酸）、氨氮积累浓度的制约,水解产物高效转化对提高产气效率具有重要作用。该研究可为改善秸秆序批式干法厌氧发酵工艺优化提供理论指导。     

基于微好氧同步预升温的序批式厌氧干发酵特性

序批式厌氧干发酵是规模化处理农业农村废弃物生产清洁能源的重要技术,存在物料分解速率低、运行能耗高、传质传热不均匀等突出问题,制约甲烷产率的提高。该研究通过调节发酵初期反应器溶氧浓度,建立微好氧同步预升温高效序批式厌氧干发酵体系,进一步研究微好氧状态下物料自升温、分解、中间产物性质,以及关键微生物群落对促进物料升温及甲烷生产的作用机制。结果表明:微好氧环境使物料升温速率提高27.12%,产甲烷过程不依靠外源加热温度仍可保持在42.48℃以上。发酵初始阶段的少量曝气使厌氧发酵过程中间产物转化效率显著提升(P0.05),特别是丙酸积累含量下降了82.63%,累积沼气和甲烷产量分别提高了56.76%和41.79%。细菌Bacteroidales、Clostridiales和古菌Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium有利于促进微好氧同步预升温和甲烷生产效率提升,并与降解率和有机酸浓度具有显著的相关性。该研究可为探索序批式厌氧干发酵实际工程高效调控工艺提供理论基础。     

柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置运行参数优化

针对湿发酵工艺存在需水量大、沼液处理成本高、发酵原料单一、发酵浓度小、单位容积产气率低等不足,研究一种新型干法厌氧发酵工艺,并对干发酵工艺条件进行优化研究,旨在为干发酵沼气工程提供发酵原料最佳配比、沼液传质传热最佳效果、发酵原料最大降解率、单位容积产气率最高、沼气工程运行时间最短、成本最低等工艺参数,为当前国内干发酵沼气工程的健康、稳定运行提供一定的科学依据。该文应用设计的柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置,以秸秆、牛粪混合物为发酵原料,进行了厌氧干发酵生产试验。研究了物料配比、发酵温度、沼液喷淋次数、发酵时间四因素对产气量和原料降解率的影响,通过L9(34)正交试验设计,对运行工艺进行优化,并与湿发酵方式进行了比较。结果表明:该装置的最佳运行工艺参数为:物料配比牛粪∶秸秆为4∶1、发酵温度35℃、沼液每天喷淋2次、发酵时间35 d。此时容积产气率为0.63m3/(m3·d)、CH4体积分数为65%、原料降解率为45%,容积产气率和原料降解率均高于湿法厌氧发酵方式。该厌氧发酵工艺克服了湿法厌氧发酵的不足,为厌氧干发酵规模化生产提供参考。     

分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响

为避免厌氧干发酵酸抑制,提高产气效率,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为发酵原料,采用中温批式试验,在总固体(Total Solid,TS)为20%、接种比为25%的条件下研究分层接种和混合接种对猪粪干发酵厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明:2种接种方式下的发酵体系内挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acids, VFAs)均发生明显积累,其中,分层接种在第15天的TVFAs质量浓度达到33.0mg/g,之后明显降低,至发酵结束时VFAs消耗殆尽。混合接种从第15天至发酵结束,TVFAs质量浓度维持在29.2～38.5 mg/g高水平范围内。分层接种的累积挥发性固体甲烷产率为211.5 mL/g。高通量测序结果显示,氢营养型产甲烷途径在2种接种方式下均占主导,但分层接种增加了发酵体系中微生物的丰富度和多样性,且群落结构更加稳定。进一步分析表明,乙酸和pH值是影响厌氧干发酵中微生态结构的主要环境因子。该研究结果为解除畜禽养殖废弃物酸抑制、提高产气效率提供理论依据与有益借鉴。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.