超声空化对软性磨粒流切削效率和质量的影响

为提高软性磨粒流切削的效能,研究了利用超声空化作用加快材料去除的方法。在分析磨粒抛光试验和计算流体动力学仿真结果的基础上,提出并验证磨粒碰撞壁面的动能是影响切削效率主要因素的假设;根据对超声空化气泡溃灭,及其在外围水域中冲击波形成与传播的研究结果,分析气泡溃灭在推动磨粒改变其动能时所起的增强湍流效果的作用。在此基础上搭建了超声辅助磨粒流试验装置,以表面覆有氧化层的硅片为试验对象,根据其表面氧化层的去除情况,分析超声空化对硅片表面材料去除能力的影响,并在磨粒流加工无氧化层硅片表面的试验中,观察到超声空化对磨粒流切削的显著影响。验证了超声空化能使磨粒流中的磨粒的动能发生改变,从而起到提高切削效率和提高表面质量的作用,以期为超声波作用下磨粒流加工工艺的改进提供参考。     

图像粒子测速技术测量软性磨粒流流场

软性磨粒流超精密加工方法已被应用于模具细微结构化表面的光整加工中,湍流形态下的软性磨粒流具有最佳加工效果,所以需要对软性磨粒流的流场形态进行判断。以汽车模具中的结构化表面为研究对象,采用可实现k-ε模型对软性磨粒流进行数学描述,对软性磨粒流流场内的压力、速度、湍流耗散率以及不同阶段的运动轨迹进行数值模拟研究;基于粒子图像测速(particles image velocimetry,PIV)技术,搭建软性磨粒流流场测量试验平台,得到了流场内的颗粒分布、速度矢量以及流场涡量,并将观测结果与数值模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,数值模拟与流场观测结果一致,软性磨粒流流场符合湍流特征,利用该状态下的软性磨粒流对模具结构化表面进行超精密光整加工,加工后模具工件表面粗糙度达到27μm。     

结构化流道环境下不同颗粒浓度的磨粒群分布及其动力学特性

结构化表面流道内,由于流体相的驱动作用,磨粒与磨粒之间、磨粒与壁面之间产生相互碰撞,从而壁面不断受到冲击力和摩擦力而发生磨损。该文基于液-固两相流体耦合理论,利用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型中的mixture模型和Realizablek-ε湍流模型对V型纹理半环形截面流道内液-固两相流在不同颗粒浓度下运行时的壁面湍流效应进行了数值模拟,计算了流场中湍流速度及湍动性能等参数。模拟结果表明:V型纹理的流道有利于涡流的产生,因此可以通过配置V型纹理的约束模块来提高湍流的紊乱程度;随着颗粒浓度的增大,在一定范围内磨粒流的速度逐渐增大,磨粒流的湍动能逐渐减小,磨粒体积分数的波动振幅越来越小;颗粒浓度的选择应适当,不同的颗粒浓度可以产生不同的磨粒流综合性能和颗粒分布效果。     

多种约束流道环境下的软性磨粒流流场特性

为了解决软性磨粒流加工中工件表面特定加工区域材料去除的难题,提出了一种通过改变约束模块结构控制约束流道内流场的方法。基于标准k-ε湍流模型和Mixture两相流模型,建立了面向液-固两相软性磨粒流湍流流型分析的动力学模型。以波浪形和矩形2种约束流道为具体模拟仿真对象,研究软性磨粒流流经2种约束流道过程中压力、速度等工艺参数。研究结果表明：简单流道内的湍流动能小于复杂流道内的湍动能,因此在流道内加入约束模块可提高湍流的紊乱程度;流道加工表面的静压力、动压力在波浪形约束模块作用下比在矩形约束模块的作用下流道性能有所提高,同时在波浪形流道内可根据约束形状形成明显的压力差值;加入不同形状的约束模块改变流道横截面积,可以改变加工表面压力、速度、磨粒入射角等工艺参数,并且能够获得更加明显的小涡流以提高加工精度。数值模拟结果为软性磨粒流加工工艺参数的选择提供了依据并部分通过试验得到验证。     

三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光机理与试验

为解决传统流体抛光效率低等问题,该文提出三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光方法,进行了理论分析和试验研究。利用计算流体力学对三相磨粒流有无文丘里管结构空化2种情况分别进行数值模拟,分析和对比流场内的速度矢量、动压力和湍动能等参数。为了验证数值模拟的正确性和所提出方法的有效性,一方面进行了PIV(Particle image velocimetry)观测试验,观察和分析流场内空化云团的演化,进一步分析空化辅助抛光机理;另一方面进行了三相磨粒流空化抛光试验,对工件的表面粗糙度和表面形貌进行测量和分析。理论和试验结果表明:空化辅助下的流场速度、动压力、湍动能和有效加工区域明显增大,数值分析与PIV观测试验、抛光试验结果具有很好的一致性,三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光方法显著提高了抛光效率。加工对比试验显示,空化辅助磨粒流抛光相比同参数的传统流体抛光效率大幅提高,经12 h抛光后工件表面粗糙度Ra从160 nm最低下降到4.95 nm。     

生物质制粒机环模的磨损机理分析

环模是制粒机的核心部件,目前存在磨损快、寿命短等问题。该文对X46Cr13钢环模进行600 h实际生产状态下的磨损试验;对环模内壁和模孔内壁的磨损量与表面硬度进行测量;对磨损面进行表观形貌和微观磨损形貌观察;从宏观和微观角度对磨损机理进行分析,旨在通过研究环模磨损机理与磨损分布规律,对环模改进提出建议。结果表明：不同磨损位置起主导作用的磨损机制有所不同;环模内壁磨损十分严重,磨损机理为以微切削作用为主的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损交互作用;模孔内壁磨损量较小,模孔入口附近以磨粒磨损为主,出口附近则以疲劳磨损为主,从模孔入口到出口磨损量呈指数形式逐渐减小,磨损由磨粒磨损为主逐渐向疲劳磨损为主过渡。研究结果可为改善环模耐磨性能和延长使用寿命提供参考。     

稻谷与钉齿碰撞损伤的有限元分析

建立了稻谷3层椭球体结构CAD模型,在前处理软件HyperMesh中划分网格,设置单元、材料属性和接触碰撞参数,生成了稻谷的有限元模型。利用LS-DYNA软件仿真分析了稻谷与钉齿碰撞过程,仿真结果表明：碰撞接触区为椭圆,受压应力作用,区域中心处应力值最大。籽实皮和胚乳的Von Mises等效应力值随碰撞速度的增加逐步增大。稻谷与钉齿碰撞时,胚乳达到临界Von Mises等效应力值31.68?MPa对应的临界速度为24.2?m/s,而籽实皮碰撞损伤的临界速度要大得多。稻谷与钉齿碰撞形成宏观应力裂纹是从胚乳中心或近中心扩展而成的。     

流冰对引水隧洞撞击破坏力学特性数值分析与验证

寒旱地区冬季寒冷,昼夜温差大,长距离输水工程在解冻期易形成流冰,不同尺寸的流冰对隧洞形成不同的挤压力或撞击力,甚至导致衬砌破损,工程失效。该文通过深入研究流冰与引水隧洞碰撞时的相互作用问题,并利用有限元接触-碰撞算法的对称罚函数算法,进行了流冰撞击引水隧洞衬砌的接触-碰撞算法的理论分析。应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,建立隧洞模型和流冰模型,选用LS-DYNA SOLVER求解器进行求解,分析流冰对隧洞的破坏程度;并通过物理模型试验采用几何比尺为C_l为28进行验证,揭示流冰对引水隧洞的撞击破坏机理。结果表明:流冰在不同流速、不同平面尺寸、不同厚度等工况下,流冰与隧洞衬砌碰撞时,隧洞衬砌表面会产生不同程度的变形和破坏;随着流速增大,撞击应力值也相应增大,两者呈线性关系;当流冰平面尺寸变化时,其撞击应力随着流冰平面尺寸的增大而增大,两者呈非线性关系;当流冰厚度增加时,流冰厚度小于0.5 m时,撞击力随着流冰厚度的增大而增大;其厚度超过0.5 m时,撞击应力值变化不大,其流冰平面尺寸和最大应力呈现近似线性关系。同时,通过软件模拟和试验观测得出的计算结果基本一致,流冰与隧洞衬砌碰撞时,隧洞衬砌表面会产生不同程度变形,变形对隧洞稳定性影响不大。但是,流冰冲刷会导致隧洞衬砌表面破碎,长期会影响结构的强度与稳定性。其结果可为寒旱地区冬季输水工程安全提供理论支撑和技术保障。     

润滑油分离机内部流场数值模拟与分离效率分析

用数值方法研究碟式分离机内部流场是优化其设计的重要手段。针对润滑油碟式分离机,采用VOF多相流模型并结合RNG k-ε湍流模型和离散相模型对其内部油水固分离过程和分离效率进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,碟片间隙中流场基本为层流,在中性孔和碟片外缘为湍流区;入口速度对油水分离结果影响不大,而对固体颗粒的分离会产生较大的影响;固体颗粒计算分离效率和实测分离效率最大相对误差为1.5%,额定处理量为700 L/h时,入口速度为2.5 m/s,此时分离效率为97.2%,满足设计要求。研究结果表明,该文提出的三相流分析方法是可行的,对碟式分离机的结构优化设计具有重要的指导意义,同时也减少了所需的试验时间和费用。     

滴灌用水力旋流器中颗粒分离的数值模拟

针对滴灌用水力旋流器,采用高浓度混合多相流模型并结合雷诺应力模型和颗粒动力学理论对其内部颗粒体积浓度分布和分离效率进行了数值模拟。模拟首先得到了水力旋流器内不同粒径颗粒浓度分布情况和分离效果,对于小粒径颗粒主要集中在内旋流区域,分离效率较差,而大粒径颗粒集中在外旋流区域,分离效率较高;对于颗粒分离效率,混合多相流模型和欧拉多相流模型的计算结果基本一致;最后分析了旋流器进口速度和浓度变化对颗粒分离效率的影响。计算结果表明,混合多相流模型可用于水力旋流器内高浓度多相流的数值模拟,对滴灌用水力旋流器的选择和结构优化设计具有重要的指导意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.