复合菌系MC1预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷效率的提高

采用高效纤维素分解菌复合系MC1对玉米秸秆进行预处理,以提高玉米秸秆厌氧甲烷发酵的效率和产气量。复合菌系预处理的结果表明,预处理发酵液的pH值呈先下降后升高的趋势,与以往的复合菌系发酵产物pH值特性相似。在14 d的预处理过程中,秸秆质量减少了59.0%,其中纤维素减少了53.1%,半纤维素减少了76.4%。发酵液中的可溶性糖含量最大值出现在第2 d,为1.44 g/L。化学需氧量（COD）和挥发性产物最大值均出现在第4 d,监测到的5种挥发性产物的量分别为乙醇2.38 g/L、乙酸0.57 g/L、丙酸0.11 g/L、丁酸0.62 g/L和甘油0.22 g/L,因此,处理4 d后最适合甲烷发酵。厌氧发酵的结果表明,与未处理的玉米秸秆的厌氧发酵相比,预处理后的秸秆总产气量和总甲烷量分别了提高了33.0%和58.1%。结果表明,MC1对玉米秸秆预处理后,可明显提高甲烷产量,具有较高的利用潜力。     

复合菌剂和NaOH预处理提高秸秆厌氧消化性能

为提高纤维素类原料厌氧消化性能,降低处理成本,该研究采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH（以玉米秸秆干物质质量计）对以玉米秸秆为代表的纤维素类发酵原料进行预处理,研究不同预处理方式对纤维素等成分的含量、厌氧消化性能和生产成本的影响。试验结果表明,经复合菌剂和NaOH处理后,秸秆的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素总含量显著降低,产气量和产气效率提高,其中,添加6%NaOH的预处理方式效果最佳,复合菌剂次之,与未处理相比,单位干物质质量产气量从120.70 mL/g分别提高到374.30和334.76 mL/g,厌氧消化时间从大于30 d缩短到18和19 d。采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH预处理生产沼气所需的可变成本分别为0.72、0.80、0.98、1.09和1.57元/m3。综合考虑产气效率和生产成本,复合菌剂预处理由于具有较低的处理成本、较高的产气效率和较短的消化时间更利于推广应用。     

CaO预处理提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气性能

为探索CaO预处理方法对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的影响,采用了3种不同质量百分数的CaO分别在3种不同处理时间下对玉米秸秆进行预处理,并在中温条件下进行了厌氧消化试验。试验结果表明,经过CaO预处理后,玉米秸秆的组分被不同程度破坏,厌氧消化产沼气能力有较大提高,厌氧消化时间有所缩短。综合日产气量、累积产气量、厌氧消化时间等各项参数来看,以5%CaO预处理3d的处理效果最佳,与未经预处理的效果相比,累积产气量提高了136.85%,消化时间缩短了5d,总固体（TS）和挥发性固体（VS）去除率分别提高了21.72%和7.18%,综合效果要优于其他处理组,有效地提高了玉米秸秆厌氧消化的产气量和产气效率。     

氨化预处理对稻草厌氧消化产气性能影响

为了节省秸秆厌氧消化阶段另加N源调配营养的运行成本,同时又要保持良好产气效率。本试验选用氨化法对秸秆进行预处理,研究了不同浓度的氨对稻草厌氧消化产气性能的影响。以NH3·H2O为预处理药剂,按2%、4%、6%（相对于稻草的干质量）的NH3质量分数对稻草进行氨化,分别以50、65、80 g/L 3个不同负荷进行厌氧消化。结果表明：不同浓度的氨化预处理中,4%NH3氨化预处理效果最好。在65 g/L负荷率下,4%NH3预处理的消化70 d累积产气量为37?010 mL,消化产气量达总体积的90%（计T90）时产气量为33?920 mL,分别比未预处理稻草、2%和6%NH3预处理稻草T90时产气提高了38.3%、14.6%和8.2%,甲烷总产量分别提高了34.8%、15.1%和9.6%,比未预处理稻草同期（45 d）累积产气量以及甲烷总产量分别提高了60.8%和60.3%,产气周期提前10 d结束。消化后总固体（TS）、挥发性固体（VS）的减少量分别由41.6%和46.6%提高到了46.4%和58.6%,半纤维素和木质素质量分数分别由27.7%和6.9%减少到20.8%和5.2%,粗蛋白质量分数从4.0%提高到10.1%。本研究提供了一个有效地提高产气量的方法,研究结果将为大中型秸秆沼气工程提供设计依据。     

添加尿素和无机盐土对秸秆厌氧消化的影响

向厌氧消化体系加入外源添加剂是一种有效且简单的用于提高产气效率的方法。为了解决秸秆厌氧消化原料转化率低、易酸化、厌氧消化时间长等问题,该文选取尿素和无机盐土作为秸秆厌氧消化的添加剂,研究比较不同添加量对玉米秸秆厌氧消化过程产气特性、发酵环境、微生物活性以及物能转化效率的影响。结果表明,对于出现酸化问题且甲烷菌活性较低的厌氧消化系统,添加尿素和无机盐土有利于缓解酸化并促进微生物生长繁殖,三磷酸腺苷（ATP）峰值时的微生物数量可增加2.76×1011-5.31×1011个/L。添加一定量的尿素和无机盐土可使产气高峰提前,添加10%的无机盐土处理组与纯秸秆处理相比,产气高峰可提前4d;但酸化也会削弱尿素和无机盐土对产甲烷过程的促进作用,添加量越大,削弱效果越显著。研究结果可为秸秆厌氧消化的工程应用提供参考。     

外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力及微生物群落的影响

为探讨添加不同外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力和微生物群落结构的影响,该研究以小麦秸秆为黄贮原料,添加乙酸(3‰ACE组)和异型发酵乳酸菌复合系(3‰MI1组,6‰MI2组),调整含水率至50%,黄贮65 d后,以黄贮小麦秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,探究发酵过程中的指标性质和微生物群落结构。研究发现黄贮预处理后,发酵系统中的初始挥发性有机酸中的乳酸和乙酸增加、甲烷含量增加、可溶性化学需氧量(sCOD)增加。添加了外源添加剂的ACE组、MI1组、MI2组的累积甲烷产量较干黄小麦秸秆(WS组)提高了4.7%～10.6%,而未添加添加剂的CK组的累积甲烷产量较WS组降低了9%。发酵系统中的主要优势细菌为Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria,优势古菌为甲烷鬃菌属Methanosaeta,黄贮预处理改变了发酵系统微生物的群落结构,促进了小麦秸秆的甲烷转化,为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

碳氮比对猪粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧消化产沼气性能的影响

厌氧共消化是解决当前单一农业生物质废弃物厌氧消化过程中因碳氮元素比例不平衡而造成系统产能不高的问题的有效途径。该研究以猪粪和玉米秸秆为底物在连续搅拌厌氧消化反应器中进行中温厌氧共消化联产气肥,调控底物C/N分别为13.45(完全以猪粪为底物)、20、25、30、35和300(完全以玉米秸秆为底物),考察了底物C/N对工艺性能的影响。试验结果表明,当底物C/N为25时,厌氧共消化反应系统运行稳定,气肥联产性能最优,其中比产气率、甲烷体积分数和总养分质量浓度分别为514.75 mL/(g·d)、64.01%和660.26 mg/L。该研究为开发农业生物质废弃物高效发酵气肥联产工艺提供了技术参数和实践指导。     

低温产甲烷菌群对玉米秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用

为研究产甲烷菌群对秸秆低温厌氧消化的生物强化作用,试研究将长期驯化的低温产甲烷菌群投加至秸秆厌氧消化体系中,对比不同添加剂量(3%、6%、9%、12%、15%和18%)对低温(20℃)批式厌氧消化性能的影响。对产甲烷性能、中间代谢产物进行统计学和动力学分析,评价生物强化效果,确定最佳剂量,结合微生物群落分析揭示生物强化作用机制,结果表明：生物强化可促进秸秆低温厌氧消化,提高甲烷率1.27～2.24倍,促进乙酸和丙酸的降解,避免酸抑制,相比对照组缩短厌氧消化时间(T₈₀)12～19d;动力学分析表明：生物强化可缩短厌氧消化的延滞期;统计学分析表明：强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为12%,单位质量菌群强化甲烷产量的最佳剂量为6%;微生物群落分析显示生物强化促进低温厌氧消化的主要原因是提高了产甲烷菌Methanothrix和Methanosarcina相对丰度。     

复合菌系XDC-2分解未经化学处理的水稻秸秆

利用最近筛选得到的一组木质纤维素分解复合菌系XDC-2分解未经任何化学方法预处理的水稻秸秆,结果表明,接种后第6 d,胞外木聚糖酶活达335 U/mL。经分解12 d,水稻秸秆总质量减少率达39.71%,其中半纤维素质量减少率为78.27%,纤维素质量减少率为14.08%。在分解第6 d,产物种类及含量均达到最多,共检测出4主要的物质分别为乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和甘油,这些有机物均可在工业生产中得到转化和利用。DGGE分析表明,复合菌系XDC-2在分解未处理水稻秸秆过程中的微生物组成结构稳定。结果表明,复合菌系XCD-2对于未经任何化学方法预处理的水稻秸秆分解能力强,极具开发利用潜力。     

哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能

为提高玉米秸秆甲烷产率,该文研究了酶对玉米秸秆预处理后厌氧发酵的指标性质和对微生物的冲击。研究发现,哈茨木霉粗酶液(酶T)和黑曲霉粗酶液(酶A)预处理后,发酵体系中初始挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)显著增加,主要体现在乙酸的积累。发酵1 d后,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的碱度/VFA比值及可溶性化学需氧量/VFA(s COD/VFA)比值较CK组显著增加,该变化主要体现在VFA的大量减少。发酵20 d,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的累积产甲烷量分别比CK组提高了7.79%和10.06%。厌氧发酵24 h,酶T处理组中9个属的细菌丰度显著高于CK组,其中Clostridium,vadin BC27,Ruminofilibacter与纤维素的降解有关。发酵系统中古菌主要为Methanosaeta,Bathyarchaeota,Methanosarcina,Methanobacterium等。预处理影响了发酵系统中微生物的菌群结构,对改善发酵条件具有重要的调节作用。该研究为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

Soil movement by tillage as affected by slope

Exposure of subsoil material on ridge tops and adjacent sideslopes indicates soil movement away from these positions, i.e. soil erosion. A study was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southwestern Experiments Station to determine if soil movement by tillage could be a contributing factors to the apparent soil erosion present on many ridge tops. Numbered soil movement detection units (11-mm steel hexagonal nuts) were buried 10-cm deep in a grid network in 16 individual plots, on a sideslope with slopes ranging from 1 to 8%. Plots were moldboard plowed and disked in June, and again in August. The direction of tillage was either across the sideslope or up- and downslope. The soil movement detection units were then located with a metal detector, excavated and identified, and distance moved was measured in relation to movement perpendicular and parallel to the direction of tillage. Soil movement was directly related to slope. Movement perpendicular off the moldboard on the direction of tillage was greater than movement perpendicular off the moldboard. Calculations on the angle of movement in relation to tillage direction showed movement toward the downslope position. Results from this study suggest that soil movement by tillage can contribute to soil movement off ridge tops and adjacent sideslopes.     

Fertilizer nitrogen uptake by rice increased by biochar application

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase rice yield through improving nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization by rice plants under N application conditions. A pot experiment was done with a hybrid rice cultivar grown on a Fe-leachi-Stagnic Anthrosols with and without biochar application. The N fertilizer used was ¹⁵N-labeled urea. Results showed that biochar application resulted in 23–27 % increase in fertilizer N uptake by rice plants and consequently 8–10 % increase in grain yield. The higher fertilizer N uptake under biochar application was associated with a reduced fertilizer N loss. Fertilizer N loss rate was reduced by 9–10 % by applying biochar. We suggest that further studies are needed to assess the short-term and long-term effects of different biochars on N uptake and utilization by rice under field conditions.     

Soil pH changes induced by contamination by magnesium oxides dust

In this paper we evaluate the environmental impact of dust emission from a magnesite calcination factory during the last 40 years over an area of about 600 ha in northern Spain. Our study aimed to determine the contamination levels through the spatial modifications induced on the soil pH by deposition of the dust, mostly composed of magnesium oxides. A soil survey of the area has been conducted by collecting soil samples at three different depths (0–2, 2–32 and 32–52 cm) following a square grid pattern. Our survey has evidenced an important and general pH increase of the soils. Thus, from original values of around 7, pH reaches alkaline values of above 9·5. IDRISI GIS techniques have been used to analyse and represent the spatial distribution of the pH values. Variations in the expected concentric circular pattern of soil pH distribution appear to be related to climatic factors, such as precipitation, wind direction and intensity. Also topography affects pH distribution through its ‘screen’ effect. The contamination levels in the area have a strong environmental impact responsible for the abandonment of some agricultural lands. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

固体颗粒对扇形雾喷头的冲蚀磨损分析

由于冲蚀磨损对喷雾质量产生影响,造成喷头磨损失效。通过对扇形雾喷头球头处固体颗粒的运动状态、边界层上颗粒受力、运动速度和攻角的分析,解释了扇形雾喷头的冲蚀磨损机理。并建立了扇形雾喷头球头处材料流失体积与攻角的关系式。结果表明,在扇形雾喷头处,当固体颗粒冲击位置的轴向尺寸小于其轴向临界尺寸时,攻角随轴向尺寸的增加而增大;反之,攻角随轴向尺寸的增加而减小。分析发现,扇形雾喷头喷口处磨损程度随喷头内表面轴向尺寸的增加而增加。在扇形雾喷头喷口短轴处,轴向尺寸最大,固体颗粒的攻角最小,磨损最严重。并通过喷头冲蚀磨损试验,试验结果与理论分析一致。该文对分析喷头磨损规律,计算磨损率和磨损失效预测提供了基础依据。     

Zinc sorption by acid tropical soils as affected by cultivation

The sorption of zinc (Zn) by two acid tropical soils, Mazowe clay loam (kaolinitic, coarse, Rhodic Kandiustalf) and Bulawayo clay loam (coarse, kaolinitic, Lithic Rodustalf), was studied over a wide range of Zn solution concentrations. Samples of the two soils used in the experiments were collected at both uncleared, uncultivated (virgin) sites and cultivated sites. The two virgin soils showed similar abilities to bind Zn. Mazowe soil (40 g organic matter kg^?1) presented the highest affinity for Zn. Yet, Bulawayo soil (23.5 g organic matter kg^?1) sorbed almost the same amount. Bulawayo soil had higher pH and Fe and Mn-oxide content than Mazowe soil. Once cultivated, the two soils behaved quite differently. After 50 years, Mazowe soil had lost 60% of its organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). In this soil, Zn sorption capacity had also been decreased by 60%. Clearing and 10 years under cultivation had affected neither the organic matter content nor the ECEC of Bulawayo soil. For this soil, Zn sorption was even higher in the cultivated soil, presumably due to an increase in the amount of Fe and Mn oxide from subsoiling. Zinc sorption was dependent upon pH, with retention dramatically increasing in the pH range 6–7. Sorption occurred at pH values below the point of zero charge (PZC), indicating that the sorption reaction can proceed even in the presence of electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged soil surface and the cation. In the two soils, the reversibility of the sorption reaction was very low. More than 90% of the sorbed Zn was apparently strongly bonded.     

Potassium uptake by soybean as affected by exchangeable potassium in soil

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) has been shown to have a great capacity to take K from soil, suggesting that it might absorb K from non‐exchangeable forms. In this paper, the effect of level of K fertilization on soil exchangeable K content and K uptake by soybean are discussed. The experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplortox (sandy loam), fertilized with 0, 40, 80, 160 and 240 kg K₂O/ha as KC1 or K₂SO₄. During five years before the experiment, half of the plots received those K rates annually and the other half only in the first three years, providing an opportunity to study the residual effect of applied K. Plant samples were taken at pod filling and at harvest. Soil cores were collected in 20 cm increments down to 80 cm deep at plant emergence, pod filling and after harvest. There was a residual effect of K, and 240 kg K₂O/ha applied in a 3‐year term led to the same yield and K uptake as 80 kg ICO/ha applied annually for 3 years. Fertilized plants absorbed 160% more K than unfertilized ones, but soil exchangeable K accounted for less than 50% of plant uptake; therefore the exchangeable pool must have been replaced in time for soybean uptake. On the other hand, the K recycled from the plant to the soil was not found in the exchangeable form. There was evidence of K leaching deeper than 80 cm, and in addition, the K recycled from the plants may have turned into non‐exchangeable forms in the soil.     

Clarification of juice by thermolabile valencia pectinmethylesterase is accelerated by cations

Pectinmethylesterase (PME) was isolated from Valencia orange pulp and added to reconstituted juice at 1.2 units/mL of juice in the presence or absence of cations at 4.2 or 16.7 mM. The percent transmittance (%T) of control juices with no added PME or cation did not clarify. The %T of juices with added PME and added cation was 45-55% by the second day. Increases in the average particle size was observed with PME- or cation-added juices and preceded increases in %T. Most likely, cations displaced PME from an inactive pectin substrate complex and increased clarification. PME, in the absence of cations, increased particle size but did not affect %T, suggesting a direct interaction of PME with cloud particles.     

Uptake of zinc by Brassica napus as affected by sulphur supply

Industrial crops provide a possibility for utilization of heavy metal polluted soils. Knowledge of the factors which affect metal uptake by crops is therefore essential in order to develop concepts for the management of such soils. In pot experiments the uptake of Zn by oilseed rape increased considerably with the Zn supply. The increase of Zn uptake was counteracted partly by S. This protective effect of S was, however, not related to Zn retention in the roots.