基于MODIS EVI图像时间序列的冬小麦面积提取

植被指数的时间序列能够很好的反映植被在时间维上的生长变化,这为地表植被的分类以及作物面积的提取提供了思路。将TM数据作为过渡数据,利用地面测量数据间接对MODIS EVI数据进行了样本提取和验证,并结合冬小麦物候信息,将冬小麦植被指数时间曲线参量化为生长速率、衰减速率和峰值与休眠期比值,建立了华北平原冬小麦的面积提取模型。经验证,兖州地区MODIS数据和TM数据提取的冬小麦面积一致性为89.13%,整个华北地区选取13县市的MODIS提取面积与官方统计数据比对,表明有12县市的提取误差小于20%,误差主要源于MODIS的空间分辨率较粗而华北平原的地块较为细碎。     

综合季相节律和特征光谱的冬小麦种植面积遥感估算

及时准确地获取区域和国家尺度的作物种植面积和空间分布具有重要意义。针对目前中低分辨率遥感数据相结合方法的局限,提出一种新的作物类型识别方法。首先基于MODIS NDVI数据的时间优势,提取研究区各类植被的NDVI时间序列曲线,从而分析冬小麦在季相节律上的识别特征,构建冬小麦识别模型。再将MODIS像元分类处理,纯耕地像元利用冬小麦的季相节律特征识别;耕地与其他植被的混合像元利用混合像元分解的思想提取耕地组分的NDVI时间序列,从而进行识别,进一步根据空间关系将识别结果重新定位到中分辨率尺度上;冬小麦与其他作物的混合像元覆盖区则利用TM遥感影像的光谱差异加以区分。在伊洛河流域主要农业区,以冬小麦为识别对象,结果表明识别精度达到96.3%。该方法为作物种植信息的提取提供了新的解决问题的途径,也对其他类型作物的识别也具有重要的参考价值。     

基于HJ时间序列数据的农作物种植面积估算

通过对长时间序列遥感影像的波谱变化特征分析,可以有效地进行农作物种类识别与信息提取,提高农作物种植面积的遥感监测精度。中空间分辨率多光谱遥感影像适合于中国大范围大宗农作物面积监测,也是能够提供稳定时间序列遥感数据源之一。该研究以河北省衡水市为研究区域,采用2011年10月3日-2012年10月24日期间,16景30 m空间分辨率的HJ-1A/B卫星CCD(电荷耦合元件,charge-coupled device)影像月度NDVI(归一化植被指数,normalized difference vegetation index)时间序列数据,针对冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花、花生和大豆等主要作物类型,在全生育期波谱特征曲线分析基础上,提取主要作物类型的曲线特征,采用基于NDVI阈值的决策分类技术,进行了农作物种植面积遥感识别,以15个规则的2 km×2 km的地面实测GPS(全球定位系统,global positioning system)样方进行了精度验证。考虑到大豆和花生2种作物的NDVI时间序列特征相似性较高,将这2种作物合并为一类进行分类,并命名为小宗作物。结果表明,冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花和小宗作物等5类目标可以有效识别,分类总体精度达到90.9%,制图精度分别为94.7%、94.7%、82.4%、86.9%和81.2%,其他未分类类别精度为85.9%。利用中高分辨率遥感时间序列卫星影像,在大宗农作物时间序列的变化规律分析基础上,可以准确地提取大宗农作物种植面积,在农作物面积资源调查中具有较大的应用潜力。     

华北平原2001-2011年冬小麦播种面积变化遥感监测

为及时、准确地获取华北平原冬小麦时空分布信息,构建多源遥感监测系统,基于MODIS EVI时间序列数据和两景TM影像,建立华北平原冬小麦时序波谱曲线库,并结合农作物物候历制订统一规则,在此基础上,重建华北平原2001-2011年冬小麦播种面积时空变化过程。结果表明:1)多源遥感监测系统提取华北平原2001-2011年冬小麦信息,在栅格尺度上获得了稳定的较高分类精度,平均为76.36%;在县域行政单元尺度上,2011年的冬小麦遥感监测面积与统计数据的耦合度也较高(决定系数为0.89,均方根误差为1.29×104 hm2);2)华北平原2001-2011年的冬小麦播种面积呈持续上升趋势,2011年比2001年增加了156.05×104 hm2(14.96%);3)冬小麦播种面积大致呈"南增北减"的时空变化格局:平原中南部的鲁西南平原、胶莱平原、豫东平原和皖北平原冬小麦种植面积扩张趋势显著;而北部的京津冀地区冬小麦面积明显收缩。该研究旨在为华北平原调整农业种植结构、制订粮食安全策略及优化水资源管理提供数据支持,也可为大范围、长时间尺度的作物播种面积时空变化遥感监测提供方法借鉴。     

基于决策树和混合像元分解的江苏省冬小麦种植面积提取

归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)时间序列曲线能提供作物生长动态变化信息,将其应用于农作物种植面积提取具有一定优势。该文以江苏省为研究区域,采用2013年1月1日-2014年12月19日46景250 m空间分辨率的MODIS-NDVI时间序列数据、2014年4月23日的MOD09A1反射率影像及Landsat数据,开展冬小麦种植面积的遥感识别,首先利用MODIS数据建立作物的归一化植被指数时间序列曲线,再采用Savitzky-Golay滤波方法对NDVI时间序列数据进行重构,并基于农作物物候历、种植结构和种植模式等信息,提取研究区域典型地物物候生长期的关键值,在分析冬小麦、林地、水稻物候期(生长期开始时间、生长期结束时间、生长期幅度、生长期长度及生长期的NDVI最大值)变化趋势的基础上,综合比较分析不同地物平滑重构后的NDVI时间序列曲线特征,界定作物种类,确定训练规则,利用快速、高效的决策树方法,通过多阈值限定进行分类,初步提取冬小麦的空间分布范围;但是由于存在混合像元,阈值范围的设定会影响冬小麦种植面积的提取精度,针对此类问题,运用地表反射率影像数据提取冬小麦端元波谱曲线,结合线性光谱混合模型进行混合像元分解,进而根据冬小麦丰度比例精确提取冬小麦种植面积;最后利用统计数据和空间分辨率较高的Landsat TM 8影像数据对提取结果进行县域级验证。精度评价结果表明,研究区域的冬小麦种植面积提取精度达到90%,能够较准确地反映研究区域冬小麦的分布情况,表明运用中高分辨率遥感时间序列影像数据可以准确提取作物种植面积,为农作物种植面积信息提取提供参考。     

基于时间序列叶面积指数傅里叶变换的作物种植区域提取

为了获取不同农作物的空间分布信息,以华北平原黄河以北地区为研究区域,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波对2014—2016年的时间序列叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)进行重构,进而应用一阶差分法和重构LAI的傅里叶变换的谐波特征对研究区域主要农作物冬小麦、玉米和棉花种植区域进行识别和提取,并对不同作物的识别精度进行验证。结果表明,基于Savitzky-Golay滤波重构的LAI能够去除由云、大气等因素造成的LAI骤降的影响,重构LAI曲线平滑且符合作物的生长规律特征。研究区域2014—2016年作物识别的总体精度均大于80.00%,2015年达到87.08%,冬小麦-夏玉米、春玉米、棉花和单季夏玉米的识别精度分别为92.50%、80.00%、85.00%和82.50%,表明利用一阶差分法能够准确提取研究区域一年一季和一年两季作物种植区域。结合傅里叶变换方法和作物物候信息能够有效地识别不同作物的种植区域,进而获取研究区域主要农作物的分布信息。该研究可为研究区域主要作物的长势监测及产量估测预测提供参考。     

中低分辨率小波融合的玉米种植面积遥感估算

采用中分辨率与低分辨率数据相结合的遥感估算方法是获取大范围作物种植面积的主要趋势之一。在MODIS时序影像和TM影像支持下,采用小波变换融合方法获取30m分辨率的NDVI时间序列信息,构建主要秋季作物的NDVI标准生长曲线,以最小距离分类器进行分层分类,获得河南原阳县玉米种植面积总量信息和空间分布,并以野外实测地块样本进行精度评价。由于充分利用MODIS影像的时间序列优势和TM影像的空间分辨率优势,通过秋季作物之间的物候差异,有效地区分出各种秋季作物的空间分布,基于融合NDVI时间序列信息玉米种植面积遥感估算的位置和面积精度分别达到79%和89%,远高于常规的监督分类,为大范围玉米种植面积遥感估算提供了一种可行的方法。     

华北平原冬小麦面积遥感提取及时空变化研究

多年作物种植面积的时空变化可以反映种植结构的调整结果,并可用于进行驱动力分析。为解决连续遥感监测作物种植面积变化过程中,不同的训练样本或分类规则不能较好地反映作物种植面积时空格局变化的问题,本文首先根据研究区(华北平原)农业气象观测站提供的主要农作物物候观测资料获得主要农作物典型物候期特征,结合HANTS滤波后的NDVI时间序列数据提取不同地物类型的NDVI时序曲线,引入复种指数,探讨了CART算法在提取华北平原冬小麦种植面积的可行性,最后提取了2000—2013年华北平原冬小麦种植面积,并参考市级的农业统计数据进行精度评价。经检验,近13年的遥感监测种植面积与农业统计面积相关系数达到0.94(置信水平为95%),且各市13年面积一致性小于40%的概率仅为15%。利用遥感监测多年冬小麦空间分布信息获得其空间种植概率,能较好地反映研究区冬小麦的主要种植区,该方法可为大范围、连续年份冬小麦种植面积时空格局的遥感监测提供参考。     

基于MODISNDVI多年时序数据的农作物种植识别

为了获取陕西省农作物种植模式和类型分布信息,实现对于多年农作物长势分析及精确的估产和耕地生产力的估算,该文以2003-2012年的MOD09Q1时间序列遥感数据集为数据源,以陕西省主要农作物冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、水稻和油菜为研究对象,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波方法重建NDVI长时间序列数据集,充分利用农作物的物候信息,构建农作物年际间动态阈值方法,实现了农作物种植模式和类型的识别。通过对混合像元进行分解,更精确地提取农作物种植面积信息。利用空间和定量2种方式对农作物类型识别结果进行分析验证,空间对比分析得到分类的总体精度和Kappa系数为88.18%和59.64%,定量对比分析得到分类的总体一致性为87.56%。研究结果表明,结合物候信息与时间序列数据利用该文的分类方法可以有效的识别大尺度农作物信息。     

基于作物空间物候差异提取黄淮海夏玉米种植面积

考虑大区域内不同纬度间玉米物候差异,利用MODIS EVI时序曲线提取黄淮海夏玉米种植面积。基于Landsat影像和MOD13Q1数据集,提取参考区夏玉米MODIS EVI时间序列曲线;根据研究区内农业气象站夏玉米生育期观测数据,构建夏玉米各物候期与纬度的关系,以纬度作为参数修正参考区夏玉米MODIS EVI时序曲线,获取研究区夏玉米EVI标准时序曲线,结合平均绝对距离（MAD）和p-分位数法提取黄淮海平原夏玉米面积。结果表明,利用遥感影像提取的北京、天津、河北、河南以及山东夏玉米面积分别为125.3×103、162.6×103、2231.8×103、2963.6×103和2731.9×103hm2,各省提取精度均达到80%以上。在市级尺度上,决定系数R2为0.82,均方根误差RMSE为147.8×103hm2;在县级尺度上,决定系数R2为0.62,均方根误差RMSE为17.7×103hm2。说明利用本方法能够准确有效地提取大区域内夏玉米种植面积,为其它农作物在大范围内估计种植面积提供新思路。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.