超声波微波协同改性乳清蛋白/壳聚糖可食膜工艺优化

为研究新型高性能可食膜及制备方法采用浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)为成膜基材,制备出可食膜,利用超声波微波协同作用对可食膜进行改性,试验结果表明超声波微波协同改性后的可食膜具有较低透气性;并研究成膜材料配比、山梨醇质量浓度、pH值和超声波微波协同作用时间对可食膜水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation,E)和透光率(transmittance,T)的影响。试验结果表明成膜材料配比WPC∶CS=5.8∶6.2、山梨醇质量浓度0.021 g/mL、pH值5.13、超声波微波协同作用5 min时,此时制备的可食膜透气性较低,且具有较好的物理性质,水蒸气透过系数为1.22×10-13 g/(cm·s·Pa),氧气透过率为1.29×10-5 cm3/(m2·d·Pa)。该文研究成果可为可食膜的研发提供新的参考。     

葵花籽壳纳米纤维素/壳聚糖/大豆分离蛋白可食膜制备工艺优化

为了研究具有良好性能的可食膜及其制备方法,该文以大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)为成膜基材,向其中添加葵花籽壳纳米纤维素(nano-crystalline cellulose,NCC)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)制备得到共混可食膜。通过研究成膜材料配比、pH值和丙三醇质量浓度对可食膜抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongarion,E)、水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)和氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)的影响,以可食膜综合性能为响应值,各因素为自变量,利用响应面法对工艺参数进行优化,并建立了二次多项式回归模型,通过对模型的分析得到各因素对可食膜性能综合分影响的大小顺序为pH值成膜材料配比丙三醇质量浓度。结果表明:成膜材料质量比NCC:CS:SPI为1.25:0.75:2,pH值为3.59,丙三醇质量浓度为0.02 g/m L时,可食膜性能(抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过系数和氧气透过率)的综合分达到最高为0.63。红外和扫描电镜结果表明成膜材料间具有良好的相容性。研究结果可为可食膜的生产应用提供参考。     

电场处理改善玉米醇溶蛋白膜理化性质

传统浇铸法制备的玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜表面粗糙,机械性质及耐水性较差。为了改善玉米醇溶蛋白理化性质,在传统浇铸法膜制备过程中引入平行匀强电场(1~5 A/m2)处理蛋白成膜液。经过电场处理后,玉米醇溶蛋白表面光滑、形状完整。试验结果表明:电场处理可改善薄膜力学性质、表面疏水性、水蒸气透过率等性质;随着电流密度的增大,薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、吸水率以及表面接触角呈现规律性增加或者减小;电场处理下薄膜热特性改变,与未处理组相比变性温度略有提高,最大增幅为19.5℃。当电流密度为4 A/m2时,薄膜理化性质较佳:拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别为73.09 MPa和9.68%,吸水率降低至14.87%,水蒸气透过率为2.55×10-8 g·m/(m2·h·Pa),静态接触角为62.18°,变性温度提高到118.39℃,热稳定性提高,薄膜表面光滑。电场可诱导成膜液中分子有序性排列,提高薄膜均一性;通过调节电流密度可得到具有一定力学强度和亲/疏水性的薄膜。试验结果为制备具有特定功能性的纯玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜材料提供了理论依据。     

纳米二氧化钛抗菌防雾膜的制备表征及对草莓的保鲜效果

为延长果蔬的货架期,制备了由防雾剂(司班-20和吐温-20)和纳米二氧化钛组成的防雾膜。测定了该膜的光学性能、防雾性能、水蒸气透过率(WVTR)、接触角(CA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等性能,并与对照膜进行了比较。研究表明,P-ST膜和P-ST-Ti O2膜均有具有良好的防雾性,但P-ST-TiO_2膜的防雾性更加稳定长效。P-ST-TiO_2膜的接触角最小为12.5°,水蒸气透过率最高达到4.871 g/m2·d。通过添加纳米二氧化钛,P-TiO_2膜和P-ST-TiO_2膜均具备了紫外线阻隔性。草莓保鲜试验显示,P-ST-TiO 2膜可在室温下延长草莓货架期1周。P-ST-Ti O2膜可作为一种有潜力的防雾包装材料来提高果蔬的货架期。     

纳米氧化锌/葡萄皮红改性大豆分离蛋白膜的制备与性能研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,将纳米氧化锌(Zno Nanoparticles,Zno NPs)和葡萄皮红(Grape-Skin Red,GSR)加入大豆分离蛋白(Sov ProteinIsolate,SPI)中制备SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜,对复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明当葡萄皮红、ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白以1:2:25的质量比制备复合膜时,相对于SPI/ZnO NPs膜,葡萄皮红可提高ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白的相容性,改善ZnO NPs在SPI膜中的分散性,并与ZnO NPs发挥协同作用提高SPI膜的机械性能、耐水性能和热稳定性(P0.05)。SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜相比较于SPI膜,拉伸强度从1.37 MPa升至3.28 MPa,熔点从194℃升至231℃,含水率从34.41%降至25.37%,水蒸气透过系数从5.57×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)降至4.74×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)。此外,复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出优异的抗菌性能,抑菌圈直径随着活性成分的添加呈上升趋势(大肠杆菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.29 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR 膜 2.36 cm;金黄色葡萄球菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.32 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR膜2.42 cm),在活性包装应用中具有极大潜力。研究结果为大豆分离蛋白基薄膜的生产应用提供参考。     

甲醛交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的透光性和透气性

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用价值,扩大碱木质素的应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素加入量、甲醛加入量、溶液pH值对碱木质素-聚乙烯醇(PVA,poly vinyl alcohol)反应膜透光性和透气性的影响。采用紫外可见分光光度计分析了薄膜的光学性能,压差法测定薄膜的透气性。采用SEM(scanning electron microscopy)和FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)方法分析反应膜的表面形貌和化学结构,利用静态接触角测量仪测定薄膜的接触角。结果表明:碱木质素加入后,在紫外光区200～400 nm薄膜的透过率为零,对紫外线全吸收,在可见光区400～800 nm薄膜透过率降低,当碱木质素与PVA质量比为1:4时,在600 nm处薄膜的透过率为16.12%;随着甲醛加入量的提高,薄膜可见光区的透光率逐渐增大;随着pH值增大,木质素逐渐溶解,pH值为9时,薄膜600 nm处薄膜透过率为20.85%。与纯PVA薄膜相比较,碱木质素加入后薄膜二氧化碳和氧气的透气性都减小;经甲醛交联后,薄膜的氧气和二氧化碳的透过量都增大;pH值由小到大变化时,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜对二氧化碳和氧气的透气量先增大后减小。FT-IR表征说明碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜结构中有醚键生成,碱木质素和PVA发生了交联反应;电镜图片显示碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜表面较光滑;接触角分析说明碱木质素的加入增大了薄膜与水的接触角,薄膜表面亲水性降低,并且交联反应薄膜的接触角大于共混薄膜的接触角,交联提高了薄膜的耐水性。与戊二醛相比甲醛做交联剂时碱木质素和PVA之间的交联反应程度更大,交联薄膜在可见光区的透光性更大。薄膜对紫外线吸收主要是受碱木质素的影响。碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应膜可作为良好的紫外吸收材料,应用于地膜中。     

不同工艺生产大豆分离蛋白的成膜性能

为了制作出具有良好机械性和阻隔性的大豆分离蛋白可食性膜,优选出成膜性能优良的大豆分离蛋白,该文研究了7种不同生产工艺下的大豆分离蛋白,分别以7种蛋白为材料制膜,测定其机械性能、水溶性、水蒸气透过性、O2透过性、脂质渗透性等性能,进行模糊综合评价,并用扫描电镜观察膜的表面结构。结果表明:GS5000型普通型未经造粒的大豆分离蛋白综合评价分数最高,表明其成膜性能优于其他6种大豆分离蛋白,并且电镜扫描照片也显示用其制出的膜结构更加致密,因此,GS5000型大豆分离蛋白比较适合制作可食性膜。该研究为进一步开发优质大豆分离蛋白膜进行了初步的探索。     

天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶复合膜的制备和表征

为了开发天然的抗氧化活性包装材料,以紫甘蓝、黑米、玫瑰、蓝莓为原料制备天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶的复合膜,比较分析了不同天然花青素提取物对复合膜的物理、机械、抗氧化活性及形貌结构的影响。结果表明：天然花青素提取物的加入,增加了膜的厚度,显著（P<0.05）影响膜的含水率、水溶性及外观形貌。壳聚糖明胶复合膜的水蒸汽透过率（water vapor permeability,WVP）为10.69×10-11 g/(m·s·Pa)。玫瑰花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值降低,而其他花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值增大。玫瑰复合膜的拉伸强度最大,达到27.03 MPa,断裂伸长率最小,黑米花青素提取物可增加复合膜的延展性,断裂伸长率最大为57.67%。傅里叶红外光谱表明天然花青素提取物的羟基基团与壳聚糖的氨基基团产生相互作用。扫描电镜结果表明花青素提取物影响微观结构,而且生物相容性较好。加入天然花青素提取物后,复合膜抗氧化活性均显著（P<0.05）提高,且玫瑰复合膜有着较高的抗氧化活性,1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力达到95.47%。结果表明：玫瑰花青素提取物更有利于开发阻湿性能好,水溶性低,抗拉伸和抗氧化活性高的包装材料,具有良好的应用前景。     

酸溶剂对葛根淀粉/壳聚糖复合可食膜性能的影响

为了考察壳聚糖酸溶剂对葛根淀粉/壳聚糖复合可食膜抗菌、物理和机械性能的影响,该文选择质量分数为1%的乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸为溶剂,配制质量体积比2g/L的葛根淀粉-壳聚糖复合膜液,以0.5g/L的抗坏血酸为活性添加剂,0.6g/L的丙三醇为增塑剂,0.1g/L的吐温20为表面活性剂,采用流延法制备可食性复合膜。结果表明:复合膜液具有一定的表面活性;酸溶剂未对膜液表面张力产生显著影响。有机酸溶剂种类对复合膜性能影响显著,其中乙酸复合膜的机械强度最大,平均抗拉强度和穿透力分别为5.73MPa和8.63N,水溶性最小,约34%,对抗坏血酸缓释效果最明显;乳酸复合膜的延展性最优,平均断裂伸长率和穿透距离分别为71.5%和6.05mm;苹果酸复合膜的抑菌效果最佳,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制率分别达到98.9%和81.2%,阻水性最强,透湿系数为4.824.82×10-11g/(m·s·Pa),故可根据不同使用目的选择相应复合膜。研究结果为该类复合包装膜在实际食品上的应用提供理论依据。     

茶多酚对可食性马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠复合膜性能影响及表征

为探究茶多酚(TP)对淀粉基复合可食膜功能化改性效果,本试验以马铃薯淀粉和海藻酸钠(7∶3,m∶m)为成膜基质,甘油为增塑剂,TP为功能活性物质,通过溶液共混法制备马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠/茶多酚复合膜,考察不同质量分数TP对复合膜的物理性能、力学性能、阻湿性能、抗菌和抗氧化性等的影响。结果表明,当TP质量分数为5%时,复合膜的综合性能较好,且各项指标均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),此时抗张强度为20.78 MPa,断裂伸长率为24.33%,水蒸气透过系数为2.33×10^-12 g·cm^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1,同时厚度为117.67μm,总酚含量为7.95 mg GAE·g^-1,DPPH自由基清除率为84.47%,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈面积为502.15 mm²。本研究结果为TP在基于淀粉等可食性膜的功能化及其在食品包装方面的应用提供了一定的理论指导和数据参考。     

柚子皮基可食性膜的制备及性能研究

为了促进果蔬加工副产物的高附加值利用,以柚子皮干粉为材料,海藻酸钠为增稠剂,甘油为增塑剂,采用流延法制备了柚子皮基可食性膜,分析柚子皮干粉质量分数、海藻酸钠、甘油质量分数对柚子皮基膜力学性能、阻湿性能和透光率等的影响,并对柚子皮基膜的制备配方进行优化。结果表明,柚子皮基膜的最佳制备配方为:柚子皮干粉质量分数3%、海藻酸钠质量分数0.15%(以柚子皮粉浆料质量为基础,下同)、甘油质量分数0.5%,此配方制备的柚子皮基膜外观平滑、颜色淡黄,具有较好的综合性能,其拉伸强度为17.53±0.35 MPa,断裂伸长率为19.46%±0.43%,水蒸气透过系数为(2.327±0.128)×10^-12g·cm^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1,透光率为63.2%±0.15%。本研究结果为柚子皮基可食性膜在食品包装等领域的应用提供了理论参考。     

秘鲁鱿鱼皮明胶-壳聚糖复合膜的性能与结构表征

为考察壳聚糖对鱿鱼皮明胶膜的改性效果,将壳聚糖添加到明胶溶液中,考察壳聚糖的添加量对鱿鱼皮明胶复合膜机械性能、水蒸气透过率、透光性及其结构的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖能有效改善鱿鱼皮明胶膜的有关性能指标,当鱿鱼皮明胶溶液与壳聚糖溶液以60∶40(v/v)比例混合,制得复合膜的断裂伸长率相比单一明胶膜下降,但其抗拉伸强度、透光率和水蒸气阻隔能力分别比单一明胶膜提高了652%、11%和48%;差示扫描量热仪、红外及扫描电镜分析结果显示,壳聚糖能与鱿鱼皮明胶相互作用,形成结构致密的均相体系,提高复合膜的热变性温度。综上可知,鱿鱼皮明胶与壳聚糖之间具有良好的相容性,壳聚糖是一种较理想的明胶膜改性材料。本试验结果为鱿鱼皮明胶作为食品保鲜膜的应用提了供依据。     

Properties of aged montmorillonite-wheat gluten composite films

The properties of new and aged glycerol-plasticized vital wheat gluten films containing < or =4.5 wt % natural or quaternary ammonium salt modified montmorillonite clay were investigated. The films were cast from pH 4 or pH 11 ethanol/water solutions. The films, aged for < or =120 days, were characterized by tensile testing, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, water vapor permeability (11% relative humidity) and the content of volatile components were measured. The large reduction in the water vapor permeability with respect to the pristine polymer suggests that the clay platelets were evenly distributed within the films and oriented preferably with the platelet long axis parallel to the film surface. The film prepared from pH 11 solution containing natural clay was, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, almost completely exfoliated. This film was consequently also the strongest, the stiffest, and the most brittle and, together with the pH 11 film containing modified clay, it also showed the greatest decrease in water vapor permeability. The large blocking effect of the clay had no effect on the aging kinetics of the films. During aging, the pH 4 and pH 11 film strength and the pH 4 film stiffness increased and the pH 4 film ductility decreased at the same rate with or without clay. This suggests that the aging was not diffusion rate limited, that is, that the loss of volatile components or the migration of glycerol or glycerol/wheat gluten phase separation was not limited by diffusion kinetics. The aging rate seemed to be determined by slow structural changes, possibly involving protein denaturation and aggregation processes.     

低温等离子体制备CEO-SBA-15/马铃薯淀粉膜性能优化及结构表征

为提高CEO-SBA-15在马铃薯淀粉膜中的分散性以增强复合膜的物理性能,通过低温等离子体处理制备改性的CEO-SBA-15/马铃薯淀粉膜,以等离子体处理时间,马铃薯淀粉、甘油、CEO-SBA-15用量为考察因素,对复合膜的性能进行正交试验优化,对其进行微观结构表征,以及对复合膜进行物理、透气以及光学试验。结果表明,等离子体处理使CEO-SBA-15较均匀地分散在马铃薯淀粉膜中,且适合等离子体合成复合膜的最佳因素配比为等离子体处理马铃薯淀粉溶液时间6 min,马铃薯淀粉用量5 g/100 mL、甘油用量1.5 g/100 mL、CEO-SBA-15用量0.5 g/100 mL。X-射线衍射光谱与傅里叶变换红外光谱分析证实等离子体处理淀粉改性使CEO-SBA-15与马铃薯淀粉分子间形成较强的氢键;紫外光谱分析表明等离子体处理的复合膜具有较好的抗紫外光作用以及较好的透光率。此外,等离子体合成的复合膜包装物理性能得到增强,其透氧率、透水率、溶胀度较未改性处理的复合膜分别降低了4.32g/(m2•h)、4.48 g/(m2•h)、79.15%,拉伸强度提高了2.9 MPa,可较好地保护食品内容物不受外界因素干扰以及机械损伤。     

High-pressure homogenization lowers water vapor permeability of soybean protein isolate-beeswax films

Soybean-protein isolate (SPI) has excellent film-forming capacity. However, the water vapor permeability of SPI film is high, which will cause the moisture lose of packaged products. The effect of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) on the water vapor permeability of SPI-beeswax films was evaluated. The HPH was effective at lowering the water vapor permeability of SPI-beeswax films to about 50% of the control. The HPH reduced the particle size of films and made their matrix more compact. The HPH improved the hydrophobicity of SPI-beeswax films. For the first time, we proved that the HPH improved the bound-beeswax content in SPI-beeswax films. The bound beeswax was effective at lowering the water vapor permeability of films rather than the free beeswax in the film matrix. In summary, the HPH lowered water vapor permeability of SPI-beeswax films by reducing their particle size and raising their hydrophobicity and bound-beeswax content.     

Influence of emulsifier type and content on functional properties of polysaccharide lipid-based edible films

This study investigates the effect of different types of surfactant (glycerol monostearate, Tween 60, and Tween 80) on water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at breaking (E), and structure of an emulsified edible film composed of cornstarch, methylcellulose, and cocoa butter or soybean oil. Factorial designs at two levels were used to analyze the effect of emulsifier (EM) and lipid content on the functional properties of film. Results showed that the effects of independent variables on WVP, TS, and E depend on surfactant and lipid type. The presence of EM significantly decreased the WVP of cocoa butter films but did not improve the barrier or mechanical properties of soybean oil-based film.     

Solution and film properties of sodium caseinate/glycerol and sodium caseinate/polyethylene glycol edible coating systems.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of plasticizer hydrogen bonding capability and chain length on the molecular structure of sodium caseinate (NaCAS), in NaCAS/glycerol and NaCAS/polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) systems. Both solution and film phases were investigated. Glycerol and PEG reduced the viscosity of aqueous NaCAS, with the latter having a greater effect. This was explained in terms of protein/plasticizer aggregate size and changes to the conformation of the caseinate chain. In the film phase, glycerol caused more pronounced changes to the film tensile strength compared with PEG. However, the effect of glycerol on film water vapor permeability was smaller. These observations are attributed to the differences in plasticizer size and hydrogen bonding strength that controls the protein-plasticizer and protein-protein interactions in the films. Glass transition calculations from the tensile strength data indicate that the distribution of bonding interactions is more homogeneous in NaCAS/PEG films than in NaCAS/glycerol films.