秸秆热解炭化多联产技术应用模式及效益分析

通过秸秆热解多联产技术,能够将废弃的秸秆转化为燃气和生物炭等,既能提供清洁能源,改善用能结构,又能有效还田和固碳,具有较好的推广应用潜力。分析内加热式移动床生物质炭气联产技术、外加热式移动床生物质热解炭气联产技术、外加热式移动床生物质热解炭气油联产技术的工艺参数,提出了适宜自然村、村镇社区和规模化应用等3种不同规模用户的秸秆热解炭化生产技术应用模式,并以不同规模秸秆利用量为例,得到消耗每吨秸秆的纯利润分别为87、135和141元/t,销售利润率20%左右,温室气体碳排放交易可增加8%左右的纯收益,经济与环境效益良好。     

玉米秸秆连续干馏条件下能量平衡分析

为分析外源加热与分段连续干馏技术工艺条件下的生物质热解特性,以玉米秸秆为原料,通过自行开发的生物质连续热解炭气油联产平台,开展了生物质连续干馏试验测试,分析了炭气油三态产物的理化性质、组分分布和受工艺参数影响的基本规律,并在此基础上进行了系统热量衡算和能量平衡分析。结果表明,连续热解条件下,玉米秸秆炭品质受物料在反应室的滞留时间影响大,滞留时间一般应不低于30 min,热解气热值可达到15~20 MJ/m~3,热解油组分极其复杂;玉米秸秆炭携带热量最多,约占产物总能量的47.88%,热解气占产物总能量的36.17%,木焦油和轻油分别占13.14%和1.74%;连续热解系统能耗比为0.97,能量回收率为75.7%。该研究可为外加热分段连续式生物质炭化设备的开发和推广应用提供重要的基础支撑。     

生物质连续热解炭气油联产中试系统开发

针对目前多数生物质炭化设备生产连续性差、能耗高、生产过程中存在焦油水洗二次污染等问题,结合生物质炭化技术最新进展和农林剩余物原料特征,提出了生物质连续热解炭气油联产工艺方案,引入连续分段热解、多级组合除尘脱焦和燃油/燃气回用加热工艺方法.在此基础上,重点突破了多线螺旋抄板物料均匀有序输送、多腔旋流梯级高效换热、保温沉降密封出炭、系统压力与气体组分耦合预警等技术,开发了生物质连续热解中试生产系统.运行检测结果表明:系统运行稳定可靠,温度控制精度为±16℃,反应室压力控制精度为±-25 Pa,以花生壳为原料,原料处理量为28.2 kg/h,生物炭得率为31.3％,热解气产率29.6％,液体产物产率19.8％,热解气低位热值为16.3 MJ/m3,各项技术指标均达到了系统设计目标与要求.该中试系统的开发为设备放大及示范应用奠定了重要基础.     

生物质热解多联产在北方农村清洁供暖中的适用性评价

推进北方地区冬季清洁取暖,关系北方地区广大群众温暖过冬,关系雾霾天能不能减少。该文在总结中国北方农村地区采暖现状的基础上,阐释了清洁采暖的现实问题和基本需求。归纳梳理了生物质热解多联产的技术特征和主要多联产模式。在此基础上,提出了以生物质热解多联产技术为核心,适合中国北方农村地区清洁供暖的技术路径与应用模式,对各模式技术可行性、经济可行性和环境影响等进行了分析。研究结果表明,现有经济技术条件下,生物质热解多联产适用于北方地区农村清洁供暖,尤其适合优先示范推广以自然村或新型农村社区为单位的小型集中或分散供暖,200户左右的自然村供暖项目初投资一般不超过300万元,投资回收期为4~5 a。该研究为破解北方地区农村清洁取暖问题提供了新思路、新途径。     

农林废弃物高效循环利用模式与效益分析

中低慢速热解技术将生物质在绝氧或低氧环境中加热分解,生产生物炭、热解油和不可冷凝气体产物,是农林废弃物高效利用的重要途径。该文基于生物质热解炭气联产技术,构建了农林废弃物能源化资源化高效循环利用应用模式,秸秆炭用于还田,木质炭成型后用于供暖,热解气用于居民炊事和热水,热解油回用燃烧为系统加热,木醋液稀释后用作杀虫剂。前南峪热解联产示范工程年运行5 500～6 000 h的条件下,可处理各类农林废弃物2 500 t,生产生物炭700 t(其中秸秆炭约150 t、木质炭550 t),生产热解气20余万m~3,木质型炭和热解气可满足全村386户居民冬季取暖和全年炊事热水用能需求,秸秆炭与人畜粪便复混,全部用于还田。原料收购采用生物炭兑换方式,本村居民5 t农林废弃物原料兑换1t炭基肥或木质型炭,热解气以0.9元/m~3的价格出售给本村农民,工程运行可持续、可复制,具有良好的社会环境效益。项目可实现农林废弃物的高值利用,改善农村用能结构,促进农业可持续发展。     

秸秆类生物质气炭联产全生命周期评价

为探究秸秆类生物质热解转化生物炭及热解气过程的能源转化过程的效率、经济性及温室气体排放,该文依据全生命周期评价分析原理,建立秸秆类生物质气炭联产全生命周期3E(economic,energy and environment)模型,对以玉米秸秆为原料的生物质气炭联产过程进行全生命周期分析,评价范围从作物种植到生物气炭产物的利用,系统分为玉米作物种植阶段、秸秆从田间到转化工厂的收储运阶段、生物质气炭转化阶段、生物质气炭应用阶段等4个阶段,并对比分析了横流移动床生物质气炭联产和竖流移动床生物质气炭联产2种工艺技术优劣。结果表明,横流移动床生物质气炭联产的净能量6 542.2 MJ/t,能量产出投入比为4.5,其中,居能源消费的前三位的是种植氮肥、种植农机油耗、热解电耗,分别占总能耗的30.8%、20.4%、17.2%;气炭联产转化的总成本319.4元/t,其中热解气炭转化阶段成本最高,约占总成本34.0%,产品收入567.6元/t,纯利润248.2元/t;能源消耗过程的温室气体CO_2当量排放量18.05 g/MJ,经生物炭还田固碳,CO_2当量减排量约为40 g/MJ。竖流移动床生物质气炭联产技术能源效益较横流略低,但经济效益较高,2种生物质热解气炭联产技术各具优势,可根据产品应用特点选择最适宜的转化工艺方案。2种气炭联产技术具有一定的经济效益,而且均有较大的节能、减少温室气体排放的效益,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

内加热连续式生物质炭化中试设备炭化温度优化试验

为分析内源加热与分段连续热解技术工艺条件下不同物料的热解炭化特性,探明炭化工艺参数对生物炭理化性质、生物炭得率及设备生产率的影响规律,以玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳为原料,进行了设备生产工艺试验。试验结果表明,引风机转速为725 r/min,通过自动调节各进风口开度,使炉内负压维持在60 Pa左右时,不同炭化温度下的生物炭理化性质、设备生产率和生物炭得率均表现出较大差异,其中,固定碳含量和灰分等指标存在显著性差异(P0.05),玉米秸秆对炭化工艺参数最敏感。通过多指标综合评价分析,结合生产实际,玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳的推荐炭化温度分别为550~600、600~650和600~650℃。该研究可为内加热连续式生物质炭化设备的推广应用提供重要的技术支撑。     

农业废弃物处理技术的分析

农业废弃物的资源化利用是节能减排和实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文首先分析了农业废弃物处理现状与存在问题,介绍了目前的能源化、肥料化、饲料化、材料化、基质化和生态化等利用方式;其次,分别介绍了秸秆、畜禽粪便、农村垃圾、农村污水4种主要农业废弃物的常用处理技术,同时对各项技术的应用特点、发展难点和发展前景进行了分析;最后,提出了农业废弃物处理的分类利用模式,提出了加快发展农业废弃物处理的政策建议。     

农业废弃物综合利用技术的试验研究

阐述了有关农业废弃物综合利用试验研究成果。在农业废弃物的固化技术方面,指出了工艺参数对挤压成型机工作性能的影响,提出了热压成型工艺参数的大致范围;在生物质块的炭化技术方面,给出了热解工艺及其操作规范;在热解产物回收技术方面,指出了热解产物回收的工艺流程及其应用。     

生物质和生物质能的开发利用

从我国农村环境现状和生物质资源情况入手,分析了我国农村丰富的、可再生的生物质能资源,主要是农业生产和生活中的废弃物和污染物如大量农作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、生活垃圾的无害化处理和资源化利用的方式,以及液体生物燃料的开发途径,这对于解决我国农村节能减排问题和农村环境污染问题具有重要意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.