源分离生活污水对污水处理厂碳排放的影响

以已建成运行的半集中式分质供排水和资源化系统为研究对象，研究分类排水系统对碳排放的影响，以期为污水处理厂碳减排提供新的思路和参考。结果表明：黑水和灰水处理系统碳排放量均以电类碳排放量为主，分别占各自碳排放量的47.9%和58.1%。黑水处理系统碳排放量比灰水处理系统高40.8%,在采用再生水回用及污泥厌氧回收CH₄等措施后，可使得黑水处理系统碳排放总量比灰水处理系统低12.5%。分质供排水系统污水吨水碳排放量为2.81 kgCO₂eq·t^-1,高于混合排放、统一处理模式下的吨水碳排放量。因此，为提高源分离的效果和资源的利用效率，降低污水处理碳排放量，应进一步加强和完善设计、建设、管理和维护各环节的协调和监管。     

分散式污水处理-滴灌系统对重金属及病原微生物的去除效果

大型集中式污水处理工程不适合小城镇污水分散式排放的特点,同时与污水资源循环利用存在一定程度的脱节。针对小城镇污水排放分散、排放量少的特点,建立一套新型分散式污水处理-滴灌一体化系统,直接与农田滴灌设备相连,实现污水处理与农田灌溉利用的直接对接。在系统设计上,建立"去除有害物质、保留营养元素"的污水灌溉新理念。在介绍系统的组成与功能的基础上,对3年试运行期间系统对重金属与病原微生物的去除效果和对作物营养物质的保留效果进行分析,大肠菌群数的去除效率最高达99.7%,对Pb的去除效率最高达99.9%。结果表明该系统运行稳定,基本实现了设计的目标要求。     

生活污水源分离、分质处理与资源化

本文讨论了集中式和分散式污水处理系统的技术现状、作用和优缺点,指出生活污水源分离、分质处理和回用是实现最少化排污、最大化营养物再利用和水资源循环的可行选择.文章进一步讨论了生活污水源分离后的灰水、黑水、黄水和雨水等分类收集处理的技术发展现状和进展.     

工业污水处理系统研究现状

随着经济发展和人们生活质量的日益提高,环境保护问题越来越受到重视,尤其是在工业污水处理方面。针对我国日益增加的工业污水排放量与相对落后的污水处理系统这一问题,本文对污水处理方法的实现问题进行了详细论述,系统地介绍了目前污水处理的现状以及工艺流程,为完善污水处理自动监测系统提供了理论依据。     

自动化温室测控系统的设计

温室测控系统是对温室环境囚素(如温度、湿度和CO2浓度等)进行相应地修正或调整，使植物生长处于最佳或相对最佳的生长环境条件中。为此，介绍了自动化温室测控系统的工作原理和系统的硬件实现方法，并说明了软件的设计及功能。     

一体化膜生物处理装置在农村的开发与推广应用

该文描述了一体化膜生物反应器中水处理设备的开发及其工艺流程、原理和电控系统,并介绍了该设备在新农村生活污水处理中的应用。实践表明其完全能满足污水处理及中水回用的需要,处理后的出水水质指标CODcr、BOD5、SS等达到国家中水回用水质标准和杂用水标准。      

远程污水处理监控系统的设计与研究

设计远程污水处理解决方案,可以优化现有的污水处理系统、硬件设施及软件设施,实现污水处理系统的一体化管理,有利于污水处理及管理成本的降低。文章就远程污水处理监控的设计进行具体的分析和研究。     

区域污水处理系统绩效评价研究

区域污水处理工程的投入产出运行效率对区域水污染防治与河流生态环境健康发展具有举足轻重的作用，在剖析区域污水处理理论研究现状的基础上，对区域污水处理系统绩效的内涵进行了界定，提出了区域污水处理系统绩效评价的意义，从经济性、社会性、环境性、技术性以及资源性等方面，构建了区域污水处理系统绩效评价指标体系，并基于改进的数据包络分析模型，对区域污水处理系统的投入产出进行综合绩效评价研究。结合案例验证了模型的实效性，并根据案例分析结果，进一步提出了区域污水处理系统绩效优化的对策建议，以提高区域污水处理系统投入产出的运行效率，加强区域水污染防治，改善区域水生态环境。     

基于太阳能光伏光热的污水处理系统

西北农村地区水资源匮乏且处理污水困难，严重制约当地居民生活水平的提高，结合西北地区丰富的太阳能资源，设计了一套基于太阳能光伏光热的污水处理系统。该系统主要利用热管式PV/T和闪蒸冷凝技术实现农村污水处理，以兰州1家4口生活污水为研究对象，对该系统进行实验研究，结果表明：系统可实现兰州农村地区1家4口的污水处理，且系统理论年发电量为2251.4 kW·h,二十年内可节约标准煤约13.5 t,减少CO₂排放量约44.95 t, SO₂排放量约1350.8 kg,氮氧化物排放量约675.42 kg。     

基于PLC的污水处理控制系统设计

水是人类的生命之源,水污染问题仍是社会重点关注的问题。污水处理技术作为解决水污染问题的重要手段,正日益受到人们的重视,但污水处理过程较为复杂,如果所有流程都靠人工操作,将无法始终准确把握污水处理每个关键节点的控制,污水处理质量将受到一定影响。因此,如何改善污水处理过程中的控制效果,是污水处理控制的重点研究方向。笔者根据污水处理流程,对污水控制系统进行了以PLC为基础的系统网络架构,完成了上位机、下位机和控制柜的硬件设计,以及系统的控制模式和污水处理关键工艺的软件设计,并调试了系统的界面设计。仿真结果表明,该污水处理控制系统能准确检测、控制反应池溶解氧浓度数值,有效保证污水处理质量,增强了污水处理能力,提高了污水处理的智能化水平。     

不同水肥处理对南粳9108产量和淀粉结构的影响

以优质高产迟熟中粳南粳9108为研究材料，采取不同的氮肥和土壤水分处理，探求不同水肥措施对产量的影响。并以淀粉内部精细结构为突破口，结合内在分子量和晶体特性，解析外在的性状表现。研究结果表明:轻度干湿交替灌溉W2（-15 kPa）和中等氮肥水平N2（276 kg N/hm2）相结合，能够延缓结实期叶片的衰老，使稻株在结实后期依然有较高的活性，保持较强的光合作用能力，提高产量。此外，W2N2水肥模式下，水稻淀粉中的短链部分所占比例较大，内部片层的有序性和相对结晶度较高，有利于水稻淀粉的充分糊化，从而促进口感的提升。      

Some environmental problems associated with the use of treated wastewater for irrigation in Jordan

Treated effluent was used for eggplant (aubergine) irrigation through a trickle system at As-Samra experimental site. The soil characteristics were determined prior to irrigation. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the effluent were determined during the growing season. Suitability of the effluent for irrigation was studied. The crop and soil were tested for pathogenic pollution. The accumulation of salts and heavy metals in the soil as well as concentration of the nutrients and heavy metal accumulation in the plant tissues were determined. Clogging of the irrigation system was evaluated and treated. Yield was determined.Results of the study showed that the effluent has a low heavy metal content. It showed moderate restriction for surface trickle irrigation. Regarding the microbiological quality of the treated wastewater, it was found that the faecal coliform ranged from 2.1 × 10³ to 1.8 × 10 Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 ml at the irrigated site, while it is free from nematode eggs. The soil surface under the effluent irrigation water was found to contain faecal coliform, but the count drastically decreased with depth. Except for a very low coliform count on fruit skins, no colifonn count was found on the crop leaves, whether they were free or in contact with the soil. The effluent showed a rather high concentration of chlorophyll a due to the presence of algae. Results of soil analysis after eggplant harvest showed a slight increase in heavy metals and salt accumulation at the periphery of the wet zone. Nutrients and heavy metal concentration in eggplant tissue under treated effluent irrigation was within the normal range in agricultural crops. Although filtration of the effluent was not practised, there was minimum clogging of the irrigation system. This clogging was successfully controlled with acid and chlorine. Eggplant yield under treated effluent was twice the average eggplant production under fresh water irrigation using conventional fertiliser application in Jordan.     

农业有机废水的三维电解试验及参数优化

研究以13.275 mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液为试验对象模拟农业有机废水，分别以电解时间（5、10、15、20、25、30和35 min）、pH值（2、4、6、8、10和12）和电流密度（2、4、6、8、10和12 mA/cm2）为工艺条件进行单因素试验；以电解时间、pH值和电流密度为因素设计3因素3水平L9（33）正交试验，处理效果以废水中的COD去除率和脱色率为参考标准，得到以Fe2O3-GAC为三维电极的电解试验处理有机废水的最佳参数组合。试验结果表明，三维电解处理该废水的最佳工艺参数为电解时间30 min、电流密度8 mA/cm2和pH值为6，在最佳参数下，废水COD去除率可达59.7%，脱色率达到88.5%，实现较好的处理效果。      

伯胺类捕收剂初级生物降解的动力学

通过振荡培养法对典型伯胺类捕收剂十二胺（DA）和十八胺（OA）的初级生物降解的动力学进行分析研究，并建立DA和OA的生物初级降解模型。研究表明:DA和OA的生物初级降解符合一级动力学模型，其速率常数分别为-0.182 8h和-0.135 4h，反映这两种捕收剂残留与时间的关系，可以为处理含伯胺类浮选药剂的矿山废水提供理论参考。      

基施水溶肥对油白菜生长及经济效益的影响

为分析水溶肥作为基肥对油白菜生长和产量的影响，对武威清源镇井水灌溉区的油白菜进行施肥试验。结果表明，基施水溶肥（含Ca+Mg）可改善油白菜的株高、开展度、莲座直径、单株叶片数、叶片性状和叶绿色等性状，较空白对照组可增产108.1%，较常规施肥可增产12.1%，肥料投入产值比为1∶23.3，且施肥经济效益明显。研究结果可为基施水溶性肥对其他作物增产增效提供理论指导。      

The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries

The volume of wastewater generated by domestic, industrial and commercial sources has increased with population, urbanization, improved living conditions, and economic development. The productive use of wastewater has also increased, as millions of small-scale farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries depend on wastewater or wastewater polluted water sources to irrigate high-value edible crops for urban markets, often as they have no alternative sources of irrigation water. Undesirable constituents in wastewater can harm human health and the environment. Hence, wastewater irrigation is an issue of concern to public agencies responsible for maintaining public health and environmental quality. For diverse reasons, many developing countries are still unable to implement comprehensive wastewater treatment programs. Therefore in the near term, risk management and interim solutions are needed to prevent adverse impacts from wastewater irrigation. A combination of source control, and farm-level and post-harvest measures can be used to protect farm workers and consumers. The WHO guidelines revised in 2006 for wastewater use suggest measures beyond the traditional recommendations of producing only industrial or non-edible crops, as in many situations it is impossible to enforce a change in the current cash crop pattern, or provide alternative vegetable supply to urban markets.There are several opportunities for improving wastewater management via improved policies, institutional dialogues and financial mechanisms, which would reduce the risks in agriculture. Effluent standards combined with incentives or enforcement can motivate improvements in water management by household and industrial sectors discharging wastewater from point sources. Segregation of chemical pollutants from urban wastewater facilitates treatment and reduces risk. Strengthening institutional capacity and establishing links between water delivery and sanitation sectors through inter-institutional coordination leads to more efficient management of wastewater and risk reduction.     

再生水灌溉水质安全性分析与评价研究

对北京市主要污水处理厂出水的再生水常规(农田灌溉水质标准涉及的)水质指标、持久性有毒有机污染物进行了监测,结合国外再生水灌溉作物类型、发达国家的水质标准进行分析,得出北京市再生水的水质指标符合相关标准,持久性有毒有机污染物的毒性较小,风险极低。应制定与完善适合我国国情的再生水灌溉水质标准、再生水灌溉技术规范、再生水农业利用区划导则、再生水灌区环境影响评价规程、再生水灌区工程管理规范等标准规范,实现再生水安全利用。     

Reuse of tertiary municipal wastewater effluent for irrigation of Cucumis melo L.

The reuse of tertiary wastewater for crop irrigation presents itself as an alternative to the scarcity of quality water suffered by many countries in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, this resource can provide an important saving of fertilizers as well as benefits to the environment, as it avoids the discharge of contaminated water into public waterways. This study focuses on the effect of irrigation with ozonized wastewater on the melon crop. In this study, melon crops were irrigated with either ozonized wastewater or ground water commonly used in the agricultural area (control treatment). Fertigation, by means of drip irrigation, was delivered according to the crop’s needs, evaluating the fertilizers contributed by each of the waters and that added in mineral form. Throughout the crop’s development, the characteristics of the water, soil and plant (leaf and fruit) were studied from a chemical, physicochemical and microbiological perspective. The results obtained show that irrigation with ozonized wastewater, in these conditions of crop growth, produces similar effects as ground water on the soil properties, on the concentration of macroelements in the leaf and fruit and on the yield of melon fruit. Furthermore, the reuse of this effluent leads to a greater saving in nitrogenous and potassium fertilizers compared to fertigation of the crop with ground water.     

膜生物反应器（MBR）联合高级氧化（AOPs）工艺处理餐厨废水

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）-高级氧化（AOPs）工艺对餐饮废水进行了深度处理试验研究。结果显示,经一级高级氧化预处理后进水COD平均值为1 370 mgL,MBR出水均值可达118 mgL,高级氧化深度处理出水为57 mgL,同时工艺对去除SS、色度等优势明显,出水均达到国家中水回用标准（GBT 19820-2002城市杂用水标准）。      

Wastewater treatment,renovation and reuse for agricultural irrigation in small communities

The necessity for water and the risks associated with inadequate sewage treatment have stimulated attempts to reuse domestic wastewater for diverse purposes, primarily for agricultural irrigation. This strategy has now become practical. The use of wastewater in small communities depends on a series of factors, such as community size, socio-economic aspects, relative location to other communities, and land availability for effluent reuse. Two main types of small and isolated communities can be identified. One has limited water supply and land resources, and its' main problems are associated with wastewater treatment and disposal. The second has enough land for effluent reuse, but lacks the additional amounts needed for cultivation. The extra amounts of effluent can be obtained from an adjacent municipality of the first type which, for its part, needs to solve wastewater disposal problems.