多指标综合评价法在进出境植物检疫疫情截获评价体系中的应用研究

本文结合我国进出境植物检疫工作的特点,分析了进出境植物检疫疫情截获影响因素,运用多指标综合评价法及专家评判法制定出疫情截获评价指标,并使用专家评判法和层次分析法得出指标体系各指标的权重系数,构建了进出境植物疫情截获综合评价指标体系。     

三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系和评价方法

稳定性是生态系统的重要特征之一,也是衡量生态系统健康状况的重要指标。构建稳定性评价指标体系并对其进行评价,是保护湿地资源、维持其正常功能的有效有段之一。文中在遵循科学性、综合性、主导性、可操作性和可持续性等稳定性评价指标选取原则的基础上,从三江平原湿地实际情况出发,通过湿地生态环境、湿地服务功能、人类社会影响3方面分析,遴选24项指标,构建了三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系,并就其各指标生态意义进行了解释。参考已有研究成果,通过评价指标量化、指标权重确定、评价指标因子赋值、稳定性评价数学模型构建等步骤,将三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性划分为很不稳定、不稳定、轻度稳定、中度稳定、高度稳定5个等级层次。三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系的构建及其应用,可以解释该区湿地稳定性的成因与机制,明确湿地稳定性空间分布特征及其主要影响因素,并为政府制定政策提供理论依据,协调湿地保护与农业生产之间的关系,以获取最佳的经济-社会-生态效益。     

地下水环境风险评价指标体系的探讨与应用

本文结合海河流域地下水环境的具体情况,分别构建了地下水资源量评价指标体系和水质评价指标体系,并将其应用于天津、沧州、衡水、石家庄和唐山五个典型区域的地下水环境风险评价中,结果表明石家庄地区水质优良,地下水储存量较丰富;天津及唐山地区水质尚可,水资源存储量较差;沧州和衡水地区地下水质劣于一般程度,存储量较差,且超采现象很严重。这与相关资料显示的各区域地下水系统实际环境情况基本吻合,验证了所建立指标体系选取的合理性,可为其它区域的地下水环境质量综合评价提供参考。     

干旱区绿洲系统生态-生产-生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础。本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态 -生产 -生活承载力内涵的基础上 ,参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础 ,依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题 ,构建了一套绿洲系统“三生”承载力评价指标体系。绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成 ,因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成。生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成 ,包括资源利用指标、生态指标和环境污染及其治理指标。生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成 ,包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标。生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成 ,包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标。最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨。     

国外引种风险评价指标体系研究

在分析影响种苗引种风险的基础上,使用专家评估法,研究筛选了国外引种风险评价指标,分析并确定了各指标权重、评判标准及评判等级.针对各指标问的内在逻辑关系,利用适当的数学关系,确定了国外引种风险评价数学模型,从而构建形成了国外引种风险评价指标体系,为我国从国外引种的检疫风险分析提供了科学依据.     

甘肃省生态环境综合评价指标体系研究

甘肃省生态系统分为社会经济系统和自然生态系统两大类 ,社会经济系统指标体系由社会经济条件和人为环境压力构成 ;自然生态系统由水环境、森林生态系统、草地生态系统和土壤生态系统四个次一级系统组成 ,每个次一级生态系统由各自所属指标体系来系统评定。利用因子分析法、Delphi法和头脑风暴法经过多次综合专家意见最终确定 2 6项指标作为甘肃省生态环境质量综合评价体系。利用层次分析法 (AHP)定量各指标的权重。通过综合评价表明 ,甘南州、陇南地区、张掖地区的生态环境质量较好 ,甘肃中部广大黄土高原地区次之 ,河西走廊的武威市、金昌市和嘉峪关市环境质量最差。评价结果真实地反映了甘肃省生态环境的基本状况 ,说明该指标体系具有科学性 ,能够用于不同地区之间或同一地区不同时间的环境质量对比与变化研究。     

城市人居环境与经济发展协调度评价研究——以乌鲁木齐市为例

选取与城市人居环境和经济发展水平密切相关的23个指标建立综合评价指标体系,然后利用综合性协调度评价方法构建协调度模型,定量分析两系统的协调度,并对各年份的协调度进行等级划分。结果表明：乌鲁木齐市1998-2002年间人居环境与经济发展协调度均处于低水平的协调阶段,经济发展相对滞后,但是有明显的上升趋势,并于2003年达...     

新疆各城市城市化水平比较研究

城市化是经济、社会发展的产物,越来越引起广泛的关注。因而,对城市化发展进行客观、综合评价就显得十分必要。本文通过构建新疆各城市城市化水平指标体系,使用层次分析法(AHP)以及德尔菲法(Delphi)来确定各指标的权重,采用多指标综合评价模型对新疆19个城市的城市化水平作出比较评价。依据评价结果,对新疆各城市的城市化水平作了阶段性分析,找出了各阶段的变化特点及各城市的发展状况。据此,总结了新疆城市化发展的特点,并提出了各个城市应看清楚各自城市的优势和差距,以利于其在城市发展方面扬长避短,充分利用西部大开发提供的各方面优惠政策,制定相应对策促进其经济、社会、环境的全面发展。     

干旱区绿洲系统生态一生产一生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路骨

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础.本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态-生产-生活承载力内涵的基础上参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础,依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题构建了一套绿洲系统"三生"承载力评价指标体系.绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成,因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成.生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成,包括资源利用指标、生态指标和环境污染及其治理指标.生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成,包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标.生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成,包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标.最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨.     

干旱区绿洲系统生态—生产—生活承载力评价指标体系构建思路

构建绿洲系统承载力评价指标体系是定量研究绿洲系统承载力的基础。本文在以全新的视角解释绿洲系统生态－生产－生活承载力内涵的基础上，参照绿洲承载力评价指标体系构建的国际国内基础，依据指标体系构建的原则和应注意的问题，构建了一套绿洲系统“三生”承载力评价指标体系。绿洲系统承载力是由绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力构成，因此绿洲系统承载力指标体系也由分别反映绿洲生态承载力、生产承载力与生活承载力的指标构成。生态承载力指标主要由反映生态系统承载能力的指标构成，包括资源利用指标、生态指标其治理指标。生产承载力指标主要由反映经济系统承载能力的指标构成，包括经济总量指标、经济结构指标、经济增长指标和经济效益指标。生活承载力指标主要由反映社会系统承载力指标构成，包括人口发展指标、基础设施指标、生活质量指标和科技教育指标。最后本文对指标体系的综合集成与赋权方法进行了探讨。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.