助阳中药粗提物对奥黄鸡免疫功能的影响

将１日龄健康雌性粤黄鸡１２０只随机均分为４且，１组饲喂基础日粮，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加２％淫羊藿粗提物，２％补骨脂粗提物、１％淫羊藿粗物＋１％补骨脂粗提物。在１４日时给每只鸡拉种１次鸡新城疫１系疫苗。试验期（８周），与组比较，Ⅱ、Ⅳ组胸腺指数显著减小，脾脏指数显著增大，Ⅳ组组的法氏囊指数也显著增大；外周血液中Ｔ淋巴是分率以Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高极显著，Ⅲ组升高显著；血清中ＮＤＶ抗体滴度Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高     

补益中药提取物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

本文观察了在饲喂基础日粮中分别添加０（１）、２％何首乌（Ⅱ）、２％补骨脂（Ⅲ）、１％何首乌＋１％补骨脂（Ⅳ）提取物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响。在１４日龄时给每羽鸡接种一次鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）１系疫苗。试验期８周。结果发现：在试验期末，与Ｉ组比较，法氏囊指数和脾脏指数Ⅱ、Ⅳ组显著增大（Ｐ〈０．０５）；胸腺指数Ⅱ组增大、Ⅲ组减小，但差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；血液中Ｔ淋巴细胞百分率Ⅱ、Ⅳ组升高极显著（Ｐ〈０．０     

饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂胃肠道消化酶活性以及空肠形态结构的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮蛋白质水平对冬毛期水貂胃肠道消化酶活性以及空肠形态结构的影响。选择 ９０日龄的健康公貂 ６０只,随机分成 ６组（每组 １０个重复,每个重复 １只）,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为 ２８％（Ⅰ组）、３０％（Ⅱ组）、３２％（Ⅲ组）、３４％（Ⅳ组）、３６％（Ⅴ组）和 ３８％（Ⅵ组）的试验饲粮。预试期 ７ｄ,正试期 １１５ｄ。饲养试验结束后进行屠宰,制备胃肠道内容物上清液,用于测定消化酶活性;制备空肠组织切片,用于观察空肠的形态结构。结果表明：Ⅴ组水貂的胃蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与Ⅳ和Ⅵ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ⅳ组水貂的十二指肠和空肠胰淀粉酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅳ和Ⅴ组水貂的回肠胰淀粉酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅳ组水貂的十二指肠胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,空肠胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅲ组水貂的回肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与其他各组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ⅵ组水貂的十二指肠胰脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）,空肠胰脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组水貂的回肠胰脂肪酶活性极显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅵ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,与Ⅳ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲粮蛋白质水平为 ３６％时,水貂空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值、黏膜厚度以及肠壁厚度均处在较高水平。由此得出,饲粮蛋白质水平可影响冬毛期水貂胃肠道消化酶活性,并可调节其空肠形态结构。     

蛋用小公鸡快速育肥添加剂对增重影响的初步试验

用淫羊藿、红花和淫羊藿、红花、黄芪作为快速育肥添加剂，用雌激素为作为增重剂饲喂６到１０周龄蛋用小公鸡，观察对试验鸡增重和部分器官重的影响。结果表明：淫羊藿、红花组试验鸡平均增重明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），增重剂组试验鸡末重明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），其增重比对照组高５％。各组肝、肌胃平均重量无明显差异，淫羊藿、红花组睾丸重高于对照组，而增重剂组睾丸重量显著低于对照组（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

有机螯合锰添加水平对准配期雌性水貂营养物质代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加不同水平的有机螯合锰对准配期雌性水貂营养物质消化代谢的影响。选取 １５０只平均体重为（１００５±１１３）ｇ的健康成年雌性水貂，根据随机区组法分成 ５组，每组设 ３０个重复，每个重复 １只水貂。各组锰添加水平分别为 ０（Ⅰ组）、１５（Ⅱ组）、５０（Ⅲ组）、１００（Ⅳ组）和 ５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅴ组），锰以有机螯合锰形式添加。试验预试期 １２ｄ，正试期 ３ｄ。结果表明：１）Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组干物质采食量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅴ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；各组干物质表观消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但以Ⅳ组最高，Ⅴ组最低。２）粗蛋白质存留质量以Ⅴ组最少，与其他各组之间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），以Ⅳ组最高；粗蛋白质表观消化率各组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），以Ⅳ组最高。３）粗脂肪表观消化率各组之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），随锰添加水平升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势。综上所述，在本试验条件下，准配期雌性水貂锰的适宜添加水平为 １００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

生长期牦牛蛋白质需要量的研究

将１８头１．５岁生长牦牛分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组，分别饲喂含ＣＰ６．７１％，１０．１４％，１３．４３％的日粮，用比较屠宰试验、消化代谢试验和饲养试验相结合的方法研究其氮代谢。结果表明：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日增重分别为５４．０６ｇ，１９３．６７ｇ，２４７．４７ｇ，其中Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；相应的尿氮（ＵＮ）排出（ｇ／ｄ·Ｗ￣（０．０５２））分别为０．５６２，１．２９１，１．７６２，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ与Ⅰ差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ与Ⅲ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在氮沉积（ＮＲ）、采食氮利用效率方面，三组均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。生长牦牛的维持需要量ＲＤＣＰｍ＝６．０９３Ｗ￣（０．５２），增重需要量ＲＤＣＰｇ＝（１．１５４８／△Ｗ＋０．０５０９／Ｗ￣（０．５２））￣（－１）。得出的三个回归方程均呈强直线相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）：１．ＵＮ与进食氮（ＮＩ）的回归方程ＵＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．１１Ｗ￣（０．５２）＋０．４７３２ＮＩ（ｎ＝９，ｒ＝０．９２８）２．粪氮（ＦＮ）与干物质进食量（ＤＭＩ）及ＮＩ的回归方程ＦＮ（ｇ／ｄ）＝－０．７５１０（１＋０．８     

蛋鸡饲料中添加蒲公英粉的研究

本文研究了炎热夏季，在饲料中添加蒲公英对鸡产蛋性能的影响及效益分析，结果表明饲料中添加２％蒲公英粉（Ⅱ组）可级显著提高产蛋率（Ｐ＜０．０１），蛋重有增加趋势，但着异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；添加４％蒲公英粉（Ⅲ组）的产蛋率显著高于Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），但平均日耗料量极显著高于Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），显著高于Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在３５d的试验中，Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组多盈利８０．３４元，Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组多盈利３２元。     

水牛慢性氟中毒X线诊断的研究

本试验将７０头水牛分为Ⅰ组（３２头来源于氟值水平正常地区的水牛）、Ⅱ组（１４头来源于氟污染地区但未见有临诊症状的水牛）和Ⅲ组（２４头来源于污染地区且有临诊症状的水牛），并对所有水牛进行了骨矿物质含量和１７项生化指标的检测。骨矿物质含量在Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组间、Ⅰ组与Ⅱ＋Ⅲ组间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ⅱ组Ⅲ组水牛骨Ｘ线变化可归为中度氟骨症。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－和尿Ｆ－的差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ＨＹＰ的差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、ＨＹＰ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－及尿Ｆ－差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清ＬＤＨ差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ⅰ组与Ⅱ＋Ⅲ组间血清ＡＣＰ、Ｔ－Ｐ、ＡＬＢ、ＨＹＰ、Ｃａ＋＋、Ｍｇ＋＋、Ｋ＋、ＨＰＯ４２－、Ｆ－及尿Ｆ－差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ⅱ组Ⅲ组间所有生化指标均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ｘ线检查和生化指标的测定具有一致性。     

中草药添加剂对小公鸡增重和免疫器官的影响

用黄芪和淫羊藿、红花合剂作小公鸡饲料添加剂，观察对小公鸡增重及免疫机能的影响。结果表明，黄芪试验组的小公鸡增重、外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞正常值及法氏囊重均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。黄芪试验组和淫羊藿、红花合剂试验组的小公鸡其肌胃重均明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。同时，两试验组小公鸡小肠对葡萄糖溶液的吸收程度也显著高于对照组Ｐ＜００５）。     

稀释液中——添加不同浓度血清对精子活力的影响

在稀释液中添加５％（试验组Ⅰ）和１０％（试验组Ⅱ）血清与对照组Ⅲ比较结果：（１）平衡活力,试验组Ⅰ较对照组Ⅲ降低６１％,差异极显著（Ｐ＜００１）,试验组Ⅱ比对照组Ⅲ提高０１７％,差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。（２）冻后活力,试验组Ⅰ比对照组Ⅲ降低９１％,差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）,试验组Ⅱ比对照组Ⅲ提高５１％,差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。（３）耐冻性能,由平衡到解冻,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组活力分别下降４０４２％、３５４２％和３８４５％,试验组Ⅰ耐冻性最差,试验组Ⅱ耐冻性最好。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -