农业生态与土壤中化学元素关系的研究

研究农业生态与土壤环境中化学元素的关系结果表明，农业生态与土壤的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B、Mo、V、Co、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、Hg、Se、F、Tl、Ba、Te、Ta、Sr、Ti、Si及稀土元素密切有关。     

中国烤烟中部叶矿质营养元素浓度状况

于20012～004年,从重点植烟县采集了410个烤烟中部叶样品,运用ICP测定方法和概率密度分布函数对其氮、钾、磷、钙、镁、硫、锰、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、氯13个矿质元素的浓度特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)大量元素的变异系数较小,中量元素其次,微量元素较大;2)除氮、镁、硫、铜、锌、钠、铁外,其他元素的浓度在品种之间的差异显著,但不同指标在品种之间的高低秩序不同,例如,云烟87的磷浓度显著地高于云烟85、K326的磷浓度,而钾浓度按K326、云烟87、云烟85依次降低;3)所有元素在省份之间的差异极显著,但不同元素在地区之间的高低秩序不同,例如,河南烟叶的钾浓度显著地低于其他省份,贵州烟叶的氯离子浓度显著地高于其他地方;4)钾、磷、钙、硫、硼、钠在烟叶中的浓度符合正态分布,氮、镁、氯、锰、铜、锌、铁在烟叶中的浓度符合对数正态分布;5)氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、锰、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、氯的正常浓度范围分别为1.18～2.34、0.11～0.30、0.87～2.83、0.99～3.64、0.1～0.8、0.25～0.9、25.18～601.65、2.1～37.271、3.11～105.421、2.6～55.62、163.02～503.11、97.6～384.2、0.07～0.53(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、氯的单位为%,其余为mg/kg);6)氮、钾、氯、钾/氯比四个因素符合国际型优质烟叶质量标准的概率只有0.726、0.379、0.193、0.829,目前我国烤烟营养不够协调的主要方面是养分浓度偏低。     

园林专业常用术语字义考

遵循字义演替思路,以互联网搜索引擎为工具,以《金山词霸2007》所提供的解释为主要蓝本,参考相关文献,考证了与园林专业密切相关的“园、林、圃、囿、宫、室、堂、殿、亭、台、楼、阁、廊、榭、斋、轩、馆、厅、坊、墅、池、花、果、草、卉、树、苗、土、田、衣”30个字的来源,目的在于帮助园林行业从业人员从字源这个角度更好地理解掌握园林专业术语,以期有益于促进园林专业知识的普及和专业水平的提高。     

上海宝山区城市表土重金属累积的空间分布规律

检测了上海宝山区127个表土样点的重金属含量。宝山区表土Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn的平均含量分别为228.6、127.6、0.56、118.5、55.2、55.7、718.7mg/kg。其中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量分别是上海土壤背景值的5.6、3.0、2.8倍,受污染较明显。宝山区地表的重金属含量呈现出明显的空间分布规律:工业区地表,如吴淞、大场等地,多种重金属污染均很重,Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的平均含量分别高达407.6、319.0、0.75、101.2、76.2mg/kg;马路绿地土壤Pb的累积较显著,平均为180.2mg/kg;远郊菜地土壤重金属污染不明显。     

辽西小杂粮的生产优势及发展对策

小杂粮通常是指谷子、小豆、绿豆、糜子、黍、甜高粱、荞麦、黑豆、红小豆、蚕豆、大麦、燕麦、甘薯、西甜谷、芝麻、苏子等一类农作物的总称。因其富含铁、钙、磷、锌、硒等多种微量元素和人体必需的氨基酸以及独特的药理作用，并有医食同源的益处，因此是国际公认的具有特殊食疗、食补作用的天然绿色食品，成为消费市场热购美味佳食，越来越受到人们的青睐。     

农业生物技术学报2010年作者投稿指南

1 刊登范围 本刊主要刊登与农业科学有关的植物、动物、微生物及林业、海洋等学科在组织、器官、细胞、染色体、蛋白质、基因、酶、发酵工程等不同水平上的农业生物技术方面的研究成果;并刊登与农业有关的遗传与育种、生理、生化与分子生物学、环境与生态、医学、病理学等应用基础研究成果。     

农业生物技术学报2012年作者投稿指南

1刊登范围本刊主要刊登与农业科学有关的植物、动物、微生物及林业、海洋等学科在组织、器官、细胞、染色体、蛋白质、基因、酶、发酵工程等不同水平上的农业生物技术方面的研究成果;并刊登与农业有关的遗传与育种、生理、生化与分子生物学、环境与生态、医学、病理学等应用基础研究成果;农业科学和生物科学研究的重要成果在生产实践中推广和应用的研究成果。     

生态清洁型小流域建设的探索与实践

近几年来,按照水利部的统一部署,浙江省在生态清洁型小流域建设方面进行了探索和实践。按照"突出重点、筛选试点、抓好典型、总结推广"的思路,通过建立健全目标责任制、出台有关规范性文件、强化规划的龙头作用、加大政策倾斜力度、充分发挥科技支撑、及时进行总结部署等措施的实施,积极搭建社会办水保平台,取得了明显成效,涌现出永康市、绍兴市、安吉县、三门县、温州市、上虞市、绍兴县、东阳市、诸暨市、浦江县、龙泉市等积极探索、勇于创新的典型。下一步将以生态清洁型小流域建设为平台,形成"政府牵头、部门联动、多方投资、各记其功、整体推进、规模治理"的新格局,努力实现"六个一"模式,即搭建一个平台、形成一项机制、治理一条流域、送出一溪清水、创建一流环境、造福一方百姓,为全省提供可借鉴的经验。     

农业生物技术学报2010年作者投稿指南

1 刊登范围 本刊主要刊登与农业科学有关的植物、动物、微生物及林业、海洋等学科在组织、器官、细胞、染色体、蛋白质、基因、酶、发酵工程等不同水平上的农业生物技术方面的研究成果;并刊登与农业有关的遗传与育种、生理、生化与分子生物学、环境与生态、医学、病理学等应用基础研究成果.     

门头沟区生态清洁小流域建设的探索与实践

门头沟区自功能定位为"生态涵养发展区"以来,坚持"生态立区"的战略方针,本着"下山、进村、入户"的原则,以水源保护为中心,按照山、水、林、田、路、村、洞统一规划,拦、蓄、灌、排、节、废、污综合治理,农、林、牧、副、游科学开发的思路,构筑"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"水土保持三道防线,建设生态清洁小流域,发展"生态农业区、休闲旅游区和山水居住区",2002年以来连续建成了韭园、法城、岭角、炭厂、青龙涧、潭柘寺和闸西共7条清洁小流域,大大改变了山区小流域脏、乱、差的环境状况,为门头沟区从以"黑、白、黄"开采资源型产业为主的老矿区向"清、绿、蓝"生态涵养型产业为主的现代化生态新区顺利转型找到了新路子,为建设"生态良好、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主"的山区新农村提供了基础保障。客观分析了目前生态清洁小流域建设中存在的问题,并提出了解决方案。     

连作Ⅰ-107杨树无性系苗圃地的土壤酶活性特征

 为给苗圃地经营和防止地力衰退提供理论依据,以Ⅰ107杨树无性系为试材,研究苗圃地连作育苗对土壤酶活性的影响,并分析土壤酶之间、土壤酶与土壤养分和土壤微生物之间的相关关系。研究结果表明:随着育苗代数的增加,苗圃地土壤酶活性除多酚氧化酶外均呈现出下降趋势,在垂直土壤剖面上,脲酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性均随着土层的加深而降低,多酚氧化酶活性则表现出先增加后减小的趋势。除多酚氧化酶之外,其余3种酶活性之间均呈正相关关系,多酚氧化酶与其他3种酶之间则呈负相关。苗圃地土壤中的有机质、土壤速效N、P、K和微量元素Cu的含量,也随着育苗代数的增加而降低。连作苗圃地土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,与土壤基础肥力有机质、速效N、P、K的相关性,均达到显著或极显著的水平,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与微量元素Cu的相关性,也达到显著水平,多酚氧化酶活性与土壤各营养元素含量,呈负相关。随着育苗代数的增加,表层(0～20cm)土壤中各类微生物的数量均呈下降趋势,并且脲酶与放线菌、过氧化氢酶与细菌、放线菌、微生物总量、过氧化物酶与真菌之间的相关性达显著水平,过氧化氢酶与真菌、过氧化物酶与细菌、微生物总量之间的相关性达极显著水平,多酚氧化酶与各类微生物数量之间是负相关关系。     

云南玉溪柑橘园土壤养分状况与分布特征

在云南省玉溪市华宁南盘江低热河谷区、华宁山地丘陵区、元江干热河谷区和新平山地丘陵区4个柑橘生态区,选取一个月内未施肥的101个代表性柑橘园采集土壤进行分析。结果表明:玉溪柑橘园土壤pH变幅在3.98～8.07,52.48%的土壤p H基本适宜柑橘生长,14.85%的土壤pH适宜柑橘生长;土壤有机质匮乏,59.40%的土壤低于15 g/kg。土壤碱解氮、有效磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼的平均含量分别为78.64、53.95、273.15、3240.37、233.39、23.21、43.82、5.67、2.89、0.50mg/kg。总体上,土壤碱解氮和有效硼含量不足(低量和缺乏),比例分别为78.22%和66.34%;有效钾、钙、锰和铜含量以超标(高量和过量)居多,比例分别为64.36%、51.48%、56.44%和83.17%;有效磷、铁、锌含量以丰富(适宜、高量和过量)为主,比例分别为67.31%、75.24%和88.12%;有效镁不足、适宜和超标的果园各占约1/3。在土壤养分状况的区域特征方面,华宁优于新平,新平优于元江。土壤pH与有效钙、镁含量的正相关性极显著,与有效锰、铜含量的负相关性极显著,土壤有机质与大部分养分含量正相关且达到显著水平。因此,云南玉溪柑橘园生产上应注意调节土壤pH,增施有机肥和氮、硼肥,适度少施钾、磷肥,注意钙、锰和铜肥的控制。     

Soil properties and tree growth along an altitudinal transect in Ecuadorian tropical montane forest

In tropical montane forests, soil properties change with increasing altitude, and tree‐growth decreases. In a tropical montane forest in Ecuador, we determined soil and tree properties along an altitudinal transect between 1960 and 2450 m asl. In different vegetation units, all horizons of three replicate profiles at each of eight sites were sampled and height, basal area, and diameter growth of trees were recorded. We determined pH and total concentrations of Al, C, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, S, Zn, polyphenols, and lignin in all soil horizons and in the mineral soil additionally the effective cation‐exchange capacity (CEC). The soils were Cambisols, Planosols, and Histosols. The concentrations of Mg, Mn, N, P, and S in the O horizons and of Al, C, and all nutrients except Ca in the A horizons correlated significantly negatively with altitude. The C : N, C : P, and C : S ratios increased, and the lignin concentrations decreased in O and A horizons with increasing altitude. Forest stature, tree basal area, and tree growth decreased with altitude. An ANOVA analysis indicated that macronutrients (e.g., N, P, Ca) and micronutrients (e.g., Mn) in the O layer and in the soil mineral A horizon were correlated with tree growth. Furthermore, lignin concentrations in the O layer and the C : N ratio in soil affected tree growth. These effects were consistent, even if the effect of altitude was accounted for in a hierarchical statistical model. This suggests a contribution of nutrient deficiencies to reduced tree growth possibly caused by reduced organic‐matter turnover at higher altitudes.     

神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

氮磷钾对春茶光合生理及氨基酸组分的影响

【目的】当前为追求茶园高产盲目施肥、滥用化肥造成生态环境破坏的现象较为严重,因此如何合理施肥显得尤为重要,本文通过研究氮、磷、钾不同水平及其配比对春茶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合生理指标和春茶新梢氮、磷、钾含量,氨基酸总量及其组分的影响,为茶园平衡施肥和精准施肥提供理论指导。【方法】采取单因素试验设计,设氮、磷、钾各3个水平及其配比和对照,共14个处理(N1、N2、N3、P1、P2、P3、K1、K2、K3、NP、NK、PK、NPK、CK),在茶树新梢长至1芽3叶时采样,用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定茶树的光合生理指标,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定春茶氨基酸总量及组分含量,分别采用凯氏定氮法、钒钼黄比色法和原子吸收分光光度法测定茶树新梢的全氮、全磷和全钾含量。分析不同施肥处理对茶树光合生理指标和春茶氨基酸总量及其组分的影响,并通过逐步回归分析建立Pn与茶树新梢氮、磷、钾含量,Tr、Gs和Ci的回归方程。【结果】NPK处理茶树Pn比CK提高9.70%;P2、P3和NPK处理的Tr显著增加,比CK分别提高10.60%、14.92%、14.25%;NPK处理的Gs显著增加,比CK高23.15%,同时Gs随不同施肥水平表现出与蒸腾速率较一致的趋势,二者的相关性极显著;Ci随氮、磷、钾施用量的增加而上升;WUE随氮、磷、钾施用量的增加而下降。NPK处理的茶树新梢的氮、磷含量较高,相同施肥处理的茶树新梢的磷含量低于氮、钾。逐步回归分析显示,茶树新梢磷含量,Ci和Gs对Pn的直接作用较大,直接通径系数分别为0.3688、-0.8139和0.4677,Pn=12.955+26.624P-0.087Ci+38.233Gs;NPK处理下春茶氨基酸总量及茶氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸和胱氨酸等主要氨基酸组分的含量分别比对照提高了27.88%、26.60%、35.78%、35.06%、24.41%和24.41%,与对照差异显著。【结论】新梢磷含量和气孔导度对春茶净光合速率的提高有直接的促进作用,而胞间CO2浓度对净光合速率有一定的消减作用。氮磷钾配施可显著提升茶树新梢叶片的气孔导度并保证茶树新梢中较高的磷含量,从而提高了茶树的净光合速率。氮磷钾肥配施能显著提高春茶氨基酸总量及其组分含量,提高了春茶的品质,表明茶叶中氨基酸总量和茶氨酸等重要组分含量的提高是氮、磷、钾营养共同作用的结果。因此,氮磷钾配合施用可以提高春茶的产量和品质。     

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes

Fruits of 10 cultivars of muscadine grapes (five bronze skin and five purple skin) grown in southern Georgia were separated into skin, seed, and pulp. Each fruit part and the leaves from the corresponding varieties were extracted for HPLC analysis of major phenolics. Total phenolics were determined colorimetrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total anthocyanins were determined according to a pH-differential method, using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, and epicatechin were the major phenolics in seeds, with average values of 6.9, 558.4, and 1299.4 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), respectively. In the skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol were the major phenolics, with respective average values of 16.5, 8.4, 1.8, 0.6, and 0.1 mg/100 g of FW. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol was the major phenolic in muscadine grapes. The HPLC solvent system used coupled with fluorescence detection allowed separation of ellagic acid from resveratrol and detection of resveratrol. Reported here for the first time are the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine leaves. Major phenolics in muscadine leaves were myricetin, ellagic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and gallic acid, with average concentrations of 157.6, 66.7, 8.9, 9.8, and 8.6, respectively. Average total phenolics were 2178.8, 374.6, 23.8, and 351.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalent in seed, skin, pulp, and leaves, respectively. Total anthocyanin contents were 2.1 and 132.1 mg/100 g of FW in the skins of bronze and purple grapes, respectively, and 4.3 and 4.6 mg/100 g of FW in seeds and pulps, in that order. Antioxidant capacity values were, on average, 2.4, 12.8, 281.3, and 236.1 microM TEAC/g of FW for pulps, skins, seeds, and leaves, respectively.     

铜基营养叶面肥对辣椒光合特性、产量、品质及防病效果的影响

通过连续2年的田间试验,采用随机区组设计,设置6个处理,以喷清水为对照,研究了3种铜基营养叶面肥及传统波尔多液和美国商品铜制剂Kocide 2000对辣椒产量、品质、叶片叶绿素含量及光合特性、微量元素的含量及积累量、防病效果以及对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD可以显著增加辣椒叶片叶绿素含量,以CFFe处理增加最多,最高增幅为20.13%,其次为CFZnB处理,增幅为16.19%～18.13%;还可显著增加辣椒叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低胞间CO2浓度。喷施BDM、KCD、CF、CFFe、CFZnB可以显著增加辣椒各器官全铜含量及积累量;喷施CFZnB、CFFe、CF、KCD可以显著增加辣椒各器官全锌含量及积累量;喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD可以显著增加辣椒各器官全铁含量及积累量。喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD及BDM能显著降低辣椒初果期和盛果期的病情指数。CFFe、CFZnB处理土壤脲酶活性最高;各处理及CK土壤过氧化氢酶活性均比BDM处理增加显著;CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD处理土壤蔗糖酶活性均比CK增加显著。CFFe处理辣椒营养品质最好,其次为CFZnB处理。喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD可以显著增加辣椒产量,以CFFe处理增产最多,最大增幅为13.22%;其次为CFZnB处理,增幅为11.93%～12.52%。喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF可以显著增加辣椒产量,以CFFe处理增产最多,其次为CFZnB处理;喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF可以显著改善辣椒的品质,CFFe处理的辣椒营养品质最好;其次为CFZnB处理;山东农业大学研制的铜基营养叶面肥作为一种杀菌防病和植物营养保健双重功能的叶面肥,既能显著增加辣椒产量、改善辣椒品质,又具有一定的杀菌防病效果,推荐使用加铁铜基营养叶面肥和加锌硼铜基营养叶面肥。     

Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity in strawberry purees; impact of achene level and storage

In this study the impact of achenes on polyphenolic compounds, ascorbic acids, and antioxidant activities in strawberry purees at production and after storage at 6 and 22 degrees C for 8 and 16 weeks was investigated. Strawberry purees were made from flesh, berry, and achene-enriched homogenate and contained 0, 1.2, and 2.9% achenes, respectively. At production, strawberry purees made from flesh contained more anthocyanins, p-coumaroyl glycosides, and ascorbic acids, whereas increasing achene levels caused increasing levels of ellagic acid derivatives, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, total phenolics (TP), and antioxidant activities. In addition, the anthocyanins, TP, and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) in purees with more achenes were better retained during storage. Ascorbic acids and anthocyanins declined rapidly during storage, whereas other polyphenols and antioxidant activities were more stable; that is, the contributions from anthocyanins and ascorbic acids to TP and antioxidant activities decreased. The findings that achenes contributed significantly to polyphenol content and stability of strawberry purees may be interesting in a nutritional and, thus, commercial, perspective.     

Determination of the geographic origin of onions between three main production areas in Japan and other countries by mineral composition

Onions (Allium cepa L.) are produced in many countries and are one of the most popular vegetables in the world, thus leading to an enormous amount of international trade. It is currently important that a scientific technique be developed for determining geographic origin as a means to detect fraudulent labeling. We have therefore developed a technique based on mineral analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The onion samples used in this study were from Hokkaido, Hyogo, and Saga, which are the primary onion-growing areas in Japan, and those from countries that export onions to Japan (China, the United States, New Zealand, Thailand, Australia, and Chile). Of 309 samples, 108 were from Hokkaido, 52 were from Saga, 77 were from Hyogo, and 72 were from abroad. Fourteen elements (Na, Mg, P, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Cs, and Ba) in the samples were determined by frame atomic adsorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The models established by LDA were used to discriminate the geographic origin between Hokkaido and abroad, Hyogo and abroad, and Saga and abroad. Ten-fold cross-validations were conducted using these models. The discrimination accuracies obtained by cross-validation between Hokkaido and abroad were 100 and 86%, respectively. Those between Hyogo and abroad were 100 and 90%, respectively. Those between Saga and abroad were 98 and 90%, respectively. In addition, it was demonstrated that the fingerprint of an element pattern from a specific production area, which a crop receives, did not easily change by the variations of fertilization, crop year, variety, soil type, and production year if appropriate elements were chosen.     

氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响

施用氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质有明显的影响。氮磷钾营养平衡施用(NPK)较不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)显著增加优质玉米产量,使高油玉米(农大115)分别增产15.9%、6.9%和12.1%,使高淀粉玉米(白玉109)依次增产20.3%、8.6%和12.7%。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量;施磷或施钾能增加高油玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量以及氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,而对高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质及其组分含量基本无或较小影响。施氮使高油玉米子粒氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量提高0.83和0.41个百分点,使高淀粉玉米提高1.18和0.36个百分点;施氮、施磷和施钾增加高油和高淀粉玉米淀粉总量和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量,使高油玉米分别增加0.83、0.41和0.30个百分点,使高淀粉玉米分别增加0.34、0.18和0.13个百分点,而施磷或施钾对两品种子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量的影响不明显。