中国栽培稻及其近缘野生种叶绿体DNA的限制性片段长度多态性分析

 对中国现存的七省（区）的17份中国普通野生稻（其中广西普通野生稻6份，东乡野生稻5份，广东、湖南各2份，福建及云南景洪普通野生稻各1份）及28份栽培稻地方品种的叶绿体DNA进行了限制性内切酶酶切分析。28份中国栽培稻被分成三类，C1、C2和C3。其中C2叶绿体基因组类型仅有1份材料，为一个籼稻品种。两个主要类型C1和C3分别对应于粳型和籼型，说明中国栽培稻在叶绿体基因组存在籼、粳分化。17份中国普通野生稻的叶绿体DNA用同样3种内切酶酶切，共产生两种类型。它们分别与栽培稻中的C1和C3相同，其中C1类型占主要，为94.1％（16／17），具C3型叶绿体基因组的野生稻为１份广西材料。此外没有检测到新的类型。这说明在中国普通野生稻中也存在对应于栽培稻籼型和粳型两种不同的叶绿体基因组类型，而且是以对应于粳型的C1型叶绿体基因组类型材料为主。从大多数中国普通野生稻具有与粳型栽培稻相同的叶绿体基因组类型，可以推测粳稻起源于中国的可能性很大。     

水稻多酚氧化酶基因功能标记的开发与应用

 水稻酚反应是水稻分类的重要依据。控制水稻酚反应的多酚氧化酶基因(PPO)已经克隆,根据其等位基因的DNA序列差异设计了InDel功能标记FMppo 18和FMppo 29。利用这两个标记对45份材料进行了标记基因型分析和酚反应鉴定。结果发现3份普通野生稻为非缺失带型;8份籼稻材料中6份为非缺失带型,而Dular为缺失29 bp带型,龙晴为缺失18 bp带型,表明Dular和龙晴分别携带29 bp和18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因;11份粳稻材料中9份携带18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因,2份携带29 bp缺失的PPO等位基因。对23份杂草稻鉴定的结果表明,7份早年发现的杂草稻,即3份江苏省连云港穞稻和4份安徽省怀远、来安、全椒、肥东的塘稻为非缺失带型;而16份近年来发现的杂草稻中14份不缺失,2份表现为18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因,与江苏省大面积推广的栽培粳稻品种携带相同的PPO基因。酚反应结果表明带29 bp或18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因的材料酚反应呈阴性,而不缺失的材料酚反应呈阳性。标记基因型与酚反应表现型完全对应。表明这两个功能标记可用于水稻种质资源鉴定、进化研究以及多酚氧化酶基因的分子标记辅助选择育种。     

栽培稻和普通野生稻基因组的随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）初步分析

用35个随机引物对5个籼稻品种、5个粳稻品种和27份中国普通野生稻进行了RAPD分析。60%以上的引物能在籼稻和粳稻基因组间显示差异;中国普通野生稻与栽培稻的差异主要表现在与籼稻的不同,绝大部分供试野生稻的RAPD带型与粳稻的相同。这说明多数中国普通野生稻偏粳,但也存在偏籼的普通野生稻。     

栽培稻和普通野生稻基因组的随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）初步分析

 用35个随机引物对5个籼稻品种、5个粳稻品种和27份中国普通野生稻进行了RAPD分析。60%以上的引物能在籼稻和粳稻基因组间显示差异；中国普通野生稻与栽培稻的差异主要表现在与籼稻的不同，绝大部分供试野生稻的RAPD带型与粳稻的相同。这说明多数中国普通野生稻偏粳，但也存在偏籼的普通野生稻。     

籼粳亚种间核DNA特征性分子标记在美洲爪哇稻中的分布规律初步研究

对籼粳亚种间特征性SSR分子标记和ITS序列中特征性碱基在美洲爪哇稻中的分布特点进行了初步研究。结果表明,籼稻和粳稻特征性SSR分子标记在供试爪哇稻材料中都有分布,但不同爪哇稻品种所含籼稻或粳稻特征性分子标记的多少存在差异;通过对比ITS序列籼、粳特征性碱基,Lemont与籼稻一致,P002在4个位点与籼稻相同,2个位点与粳稻一致,另4个爪哇稻的ITS序列与粳稻完全一致。表明爪哇稻是介于籼、粳稻之间的中间类型,但不同爪哇稻品种偏籼或偏粳程度存在差异。     

四个丹东杂草稻的形态与微卫星标记分析研究

本研究采用19对籼粳特异性水稻微卫星标记,分析比较了4份丹东杂草稻（WS、WL、BS和BL）与标准籼粳对照品种之间的差异.同时应用程式指数法根据稃毛、酚反应、穗轴第1节间长度、抽穗时壳色、叶毛和谷粒长宽比等6项指标对杂草稻的籼粳属性进行分析.分子标记分析及形态特性分析结果表明,WL属粳型,另外三份杂草稻属于偏粳型.另外,发现丹东杂草稻和粳稻测验种的亲缘关系比东乡野生稻更近,表明杂草稻属于粳偏栽培型.由此推测丹东杂草稻可能是由古老栽培稻演变而来.试验结果对进一步了解研究杂草稻特性并在育种中利用其有利基因具有积极意义.     

应用RFLP标记研究亚洲栽培稻的起源与分化

 选用分布于10条水稻染色体的20个DNA探针，分析了来源于广东、广西、福建、湖南和江西等5省的14份亚洲普通野生稻材料以及来源于8个国家的19份亚洲栽培稻材料的RFLP。17个探针能在研究材料间检测到多态性，以一种酶为基础，共检测到67条多态性带。聚类分析结果表明，所有野生稻材料归入野生稻组，栽培稻材料分别归入籼稻组或粳稻组。三组区分明确，且三组之间的遗传距离差别很小，表明灿粳稻是几乎同时从古老野生稻种分化而来的。另外，所有普通野生稻材料在籼粳分化方向基本都属于中间类型，且变异幅度不大于籼粳稻组内各材料在籼粳方向的变异幅度。     

基于SSILP、InDel和SSR标记的杂草稻籼粳分类

 采用40对SSILP、30对InDel和43对SSR标记对来自斯里兰卡的28份杂草稻和14栽培稻,来自国内外的9份籼型栽培稻、7份粳型栽培稻和4份代表性杂草稻进行遗传多样性分析。SSILP、InDel和SSR标记分别检测到84、61和213个等位基因,其平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.257、0.255和0.543。聚类分析显示供试的42份斯里兰卡杂草稻和栽培稻均为籼型。SSILP与InDel标记的相关性很高（r=0.989）,而它们与SSR标记相关性较低（0.812和0.808）。结果表明,SSILP和InDel标记可高效鉴别各类稻种资源的籼粳属性,而SSR标记更适用于亚种内的分类。     

江苏省杂草稻的传播与籼粳分化研究

21世纪初,杂草稻仅在江苏省局部区域发生,目前已扩大到全省,并对粳稻的高产和稳产造成严重威胁。为了掌握其快速发生机制,便于杂草稻的防除工作,需要进一步明确江苏省13市杂草稻是独立发生还是相互传播,以及江苏省杂草稻籼粳地理分布。采集了江苏省13个市58个样地的58个种群,总计205份的杂草稻样品。所有样品在南京农业大学江浦农场田间种植,并测量了38个形态学性状和6个程氏指数鉴别性状。欧氏距离聚类分析,表明江苏省13个市的杂草稻是相互混杂的。籼粳地理分布表明,江苏省杂草稻主要以籼型和偏籼型为主,籼型和偏籼型杂草稻在全部58个样点中都有分布,分别占样品总量的54.15%和42.40%;偏粳型和粳型仅分布于6个样点(淮安、苏州、盐城与扬州),分别占样品总量的2.93%和0.48%。此外,对比江苏省杂草稻的籼粳地理分布与江苏省地方品种的籼粳地理分布,未显示对应关系。籼粳比例和地理分布揭示了江苏省杂草稻主要为籼型,其中极少数为粳型杂草稻,粳型杂草稻的比例与杂草稻和栽培稻之间的自然基因漂移比例相近。     

云南元江普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon）群体籼粳分化的SSR分析

 利用经测验可区分籼粳品种的19对SSR特异引物对来自云南元江普通野生稻自然居群的56个个体进行了SSR分析。19对引物中，有17对（占89.47%）在所有参试个体中仅能扩增出一种带型，而RM18和RM251能扩增出多态带型。RM4等16对（84.21%）引物扩增出的带与籼稻或粳稻特征带相同，其中11个位点偏粳而4个位点偏籼；RM18、RM202、RM205等3对引物扩增出的带型不同于籼稻或粳稻带型。结果表明，云南元江普通野生稻基因组DNA在所检测的19个位点上，多数位点（89.47%）上个体间无差异，84.21%的位点已有籼粳分化，13.79%的位点仍具有原始性。说明云南元江普通野生稻主体比较纯而原始，但已开始了籼粳的分化。     

Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Weedy Rice in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China

Microsatellite markers and morphological charactedstics were used to explore the genetic diversity and possible origin of weedy dce in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Fifty-two weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions were compared with two wild rice, four hybdd rice and five cultivars using 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. A total of 107 fragments were amplified, averaging 5.6 alleles per primer pair. The polymorphic index content (PIC) values ranged from 0.3077 to 0.7951, averaging at 0.5870. The average genetic distance of all samples ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 with an average of 0.262. The genetic distance among Taizhou weedy rice ranged from 0.03 to 0.44 with an average of 0.224. Cluster analysis showed that all the weedy rice accessions from Taizhou City were indica, and could be subdivided into different genotypes. The majority (86%) of weedy rice was most closely related to hybrid rice. The Taizhou weedy dce accessions were morphologically similar, but still could be delineated into indica or japonica group by some morphological traits. it is suggested that the levels of genetic and morphological diversities of weedy rice in Taizhou City are low and these weedy rice plants originated from the segregating progenies of hybrid rice that had naturally introgressed with cultivated rice.     

Transgene Flow from Glufosinate-Resistant Rice to Improved and Weedy Rice in China

The development of transgenic rice with novel traits in China can increase rice productivity, but transgene flow to improved or weedy rice has become a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the potential maximum frequencies of transgene flow from glufosinate-resistant rice to improved rice cultivars and weedy rice. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2010 at the Center for Environmental Safety Supervision and Inspection for Genetically Modified Plants, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China. Glufosinate-resistant japonica rice 99-1 was the pollen donor. The pollen recipients were two inbred japonica rice （Chunjiang 016 and Xiushui 09）, two inbred indica rice （Zhongzu 14 and Zhongzao 22）, two indica hybrid rice （Zhongzheyou 1 and Guodao 1）, and one weedy indica rice （Taizhou weedy rice）. The offspring of recipients were planted in the field and sprayed with a commercial dose of glufosinate. Leaf tissues of survivors were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the transgene. The frequency of gene flow ranged from 0 to 0.488%. In 2009, the order of gene flow frequency was as follows： weedy rice 〉 Chunjiang 016 〉 Xiushui 09 and Zhongzu 14 〉 Guodao 1, Zhongzheyou 1 and Zhongzao 22. Gene flow frequencies were generally higher in 2009 than in 2010, but did not differ significantly among rice materials. Gene flow frequency was the highest in weedy rice followed by the inbred japonica rice. The risk of gene flow differed significantly between years and year-to-year variance could mask risk differences among pollen recipients. Gene flow was generally lesser in taller pollen recipients than in shorter ones, but plant height only accounted for about 30% of variation in gene flow. When flowering synchrony was maximized, as in this study, low frequencies of gene flow occurred from herbicide-resistant japonica rice to other cultivars and weedy rice. Averaged across years, the risk     

从粳稻的比较优势看豫南“籼改粳”

基于粳稻的品种特性和豫南稻麦耕作制度,在豫南种植粳稻相对于种植籼稻有产量高、品质优、茬口好三大优势。粳稻品种产量水平比籼稻高70 kg/667 m2左右,麦茬粳稻比麦茬籼稻高100 kg/667 m2以上;粳米适口性好,价格比籼米高30%~50%。种植粳稻技术上要求推迟播种,可以提高资源利用率,避免麦茬稻秧龄过长导致的减产,适应机械插秧、抛秧和小麦套种技术的应用,有利于水稻的规模化、专业化生产,推动豫南稻麦耕作方式和生产方式的转变。本文对豫南地区"籼改粳"的前景进行了展望,并对江淮流域"籼改粳"的核心技术提出了建议。     

广东省封开县杏花河旧屋后山遗址古稻双峰乳突及稃壳印痕研究

用水稻双峰乳突、粒型特征分析等方法,对广东省封开县杏花河古稻进行研究。研究显示,封开杏花河古稻稃壳印痕双峰乳突单体的纵横比平均为1.01,处于籼、粳的分界线上,已处在籼、粳分化初期;双峰乳突判别函数为－0.99,处于籼、粳两亚种之间的中点附近,靠近普通野生稻,表明尚处在籼、粳未分化完成的原始状态;粒型显现出一种长而大粒的野生稻、籼稻中间型特征;相对距离测定表明其性状总体处在野生稻和籼稻的过渡阶段。经综合分析后认为,该群古稻粒型长而宽,大粒无芒,籼、粳属性模糊,属于一种古老的栽培稻;其双峰乳突形态种属特征不清晰,属于一种非籼、非粳、非野生稻的栽培稻种群。     

云南光壳稻籼粳分类与形态性状的相关性研究

以程氏籼粳分类和俞履圻的变种变型分法对20份云南光壳稻品种及籼粳测验种02428、Dular进行籼粳亚种、变种变型分类,并对其形态性状进行相关分析。结果表明,20份云南光壳稻包括13个变种69个变型,以偏粳型品种占较高比例,籼粳分类品种中偏粳型品种的广亲和性较好。籼粳分类性状间及其与其他形态性状尤其是花药长度、穗下节长和株高存在极显著的相关性,推断原始的云南光壳稻的籼粳分化取决于温度,并与纬度和海拔密切相关。     

常规粳稻在安徽沿江稻区的特征特性研究

以常规粳稻为试验材料,于2010-2015年在安徽沿江稻区的桐城市范岗镇杨安村试验基地,以杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻为对照,对常规粳稻的特征特性进行了研究。结果表明,常规粳稻具有茎秆矮壮、叶片挺直且短、穗形上翘或直立、穗短且着粒密的植株形态特征和足蘖中穗的经济性状特征;与籼稻相比,常规粳稻表现为感光性强、分蘖率弱,但成穗率高、花时迟,幼穗分化Ⅵ期前后和抽穗扬花期对高温敏感,中后期耐肥等特性。不同播期对常规粳稻经济性状的影响主要表现在单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数上,对结实率和千粒重影响较小,常规粳稻随着播期的推迟表现为生物学产量逐渐下降而收获指数逐渐提高。试验结果表明,5月下旬播种、8月底至9月初抽穗的常规粳稻品种为安徽沿江稻区的优势品种,并提出了优势品种的高产栽培技术。     

Difference in Growth Characteristics,Utilization of Temperature and Illumination of Double- Cropping High Quality Late Rice in Different Ecological Regions of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

【Objective】Under machine-transplanting conditions, four different types of late rice cultivars with high quality were used to investigate the differences of yield, growth characteristics, utilization of temperature and illumination. The results will lay a theoretical basis for the selection of double-cropping late rice varieties suitable for different ecological regions in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.【Method】The yield, growth duration, dry matter accumulation, and utilization of temperature and illumination of double-cropping late rice were comparatively studied using four kinds of rice varieties as test materials namely indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice and Changyou japonica hybrid rice (20 varieties in total, selected between 2016 and 2017, all of which were high-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as double-cropping late rice). The experiment was carried out in two cities, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province (30.05º N, 119.95º E, 17.93 m above sea level) and Lujiang, Anhui Province (31.15º N, 117.16º E, 14 m above sea level).【Result】The yield of the four-types of late rice at high latitude was higher than that at low latitude. The yield of indica conventional rice, indica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice, and Changyou japonica hybrid rice grown in Lujiang, Anhui Province was 11.1%, 12.9%, 6.6% and 12.4% higher than that in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province. When planted in the same places, Changyou japonica hybrid rice had the highest yield, and conventional indica rice had the lowest. The growth period was longer and dry matter accumulation was higher at high latitudes. When planted at high altitudes, the indica hybrid rice growth duration was the longest (10.4 d), and the increase in dry matter accumulation was the largest in conventional japonica rice (11.93% in full heading stage and 9.44% in mature stage). When planted in the same place, the dry matter accumulation was higher in hybrid rice than conventional rice. There was no significant difference in effective accumulated temperature between the filling stage and the whole growth duration of indica rice, but the sunshine hours, solar radiation, and its utilization rate were significantly higher at high latitudes. The effective accumulated temperature decreased significantly in the filling stage and the whole growth stage of japonica rice, but the change of accumulated sunshine hours was not obvious, while the accumulated solar radiation increased significantly at high latitudes. These were consistent with the changing trend of the utilization rate of the temperature and light resources. When planted at the same latitude, the growth period, dry matter accumulation, temperature and light resource utilization rate of japonica rice were higher than those of indica rice.【Conclusion】Late indica rice could make full use of temperature and light resources in order to improve its yield when planted in Lujiang, Anhui Province, but the difference of the utilization efficiency in the temperature and light resources of late japonica rice was not obvious. The yield of late japonica rice in Lujiang, Anhui Province increased because of the extension of the growth duration and the increase of dry matter accumulation.     

利用SRAP分子标记分析47份杂草稻样品遗传多样性

 利用SRAP分子标记分析了采集于杂草稻多发地区的47份样本的遗传多样性,旨在从基因的开放式阅读框区域（ORFs）深入研究杂草稻的遗传背景,为进一步揭示其来源提供依据。结果表明,参试的我国杂草稻材料在110对引物组合中共扩增出845种类型的谱带,多态性谱带590种,多态率为6982%,平均每对引物可以检测到54条多态性谱带。说明SRAP分子标记对于杂草稻基因组开放式阅读框区域序列的多态性具有很高的检测效率,适用于遗传多样性研究。我国杂草稻材料Shannon Weaver多样性指数（I）为063,且南北方杂草稻多样性指数（I）相当,分别为063和062。聚类分析结果表明,南方收集的杂草稻与北方收集杂草稻群体间遗传分化较大,遗传差异明显。程氏指数判定结果也表明杂草稻呈南籼北粳的分布状态。