Comparison of space‐plant versus sward plot selection in thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus)

Thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm.] Gould) is an important native perennial grass species used for rangeland revegetation in North America. Plant breeding efforts relying on space‐plant evaluations have resulted in limited improvement in this species. The purpose of this study was to characterize the performance of thickspike wheatgrass half‐sib families under space‐plant and sward plot evaluations, estimate the correlation between measured traits in both evaluation settings, and determine the validity of selecting thickspike wheatgrass for rangeland revegetation in the nontarget environment space‐plant plots. The study included 50 thickspike wheatgrass half‐sib families and five commercial cultivars and experimental populations which were evaluated over 3 years in space‐plant and sward plot evaluations at a field site in Box Elder County, Utah, USA. Collected data included stand percentage, flag leaf height, and herbage dry mass. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were low to moderate (h² < 0.60) and Spearman and genetic correlation estimates among traits were also generally low to moderate. Overall, there was little evidence to suggest the use space‐plant evaluations in thickspike wheatgrass improvement programmes.     

江淮地区燕麦籽粒产量与农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为了研究江淮地区燕麦籽粒生产的影响因素,选取了13个皮燕麦种质和7个裸燕麦种质,对其12个主要农艺性状和籽粒产量进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,12个农艺性状与皮燕麦籽粒产量的相关性大小依次为分蘖数>茎叶比>株高>茎粗>千粒重>穗长>旗叶宽>轮层数>小花数>穗鲜重>旗叶长>小穗数;对逐步回归分析筛选出的6个农艺性状和皮燕麦籽粒产量做通径分析,其直接效应依次为茎粗>分蘖数>茎叶比>穗长>株高>千粒重,株高和千粒重为负效应。农艺性状与裸燕麦籽粒产量相关性依次为小花数>旗叶长>小穗数>茎粗>穗长>分蘖数>穗鲜重>株高>轮层数>旗叶宽>茎叶比>千粒重;进行通径分析后,直接效应大小为穗鲜重>穗长>茎粗>小穗数>小花数>旗叶长>分蘖数,旗叶长和分蘖数为负效应。综合考虑,皮燕麦籽粒丰产的关键在于增加单株分蘖数;裸燕麦的生产过程中则要选择小穗性状优良、小花数适中的品种。     

Estimates of heritability for,and relationships between,root and shoot characters of white clover. I. Replicated clonal material

Summary A total of 749 genotypes from a number of white clover (trifolium repens L.) cultivars and populations, many collected from dryland areas, were cloned and grown in field titles. Several morphological characters, including leaf size, number and diameter of large nodal roots (taproots), and proportion of root weight that was classified as taproot were measured. There was large variation between lines and genotypes for all characters measured, and differences between genotypes within lines are also reported. Broad sense heritability estimates were higher (>0.5) for leaflet width, petiole length and stolon diameter, than for all root character heritability estimates which were between 0.2 and 0.4.     

谷子核心种质表型遗传多样性分析及综合评价

通过遗传种质的多样性评估可以指导深入研究资源和育种中优异互补亲本的选择进而提高优异基因的交流累加和新品种培育的效率。本研究选用了来自世界各地的份谷子核心种质通过个表型性状的综合鉴定评估遗传多样性和筛选优异种质资源结果表明我国谷子资源的表型遗传多样性丰富单穗粒重、穗长、穗粗、株高、茎节数和生育期均表现了丰富的变异谷子育成品种遗传多样性相比农家品种下降明显育种的遗传增益主要体现在株高和穗长的适度减低,以及茎粗、茎节数、穗粗、单穗粒重、单穗重及生育期的适度增加系统聚类分析将谷子资源分成类第类以来源为东北欧国家的品种为主第类以北美和非洲的品种为主第类以东亚、南亚的品种为主我国种质可划分为春播型、春夏兼播型和南方型类型采用主成分分析法和逐步回归分析法综合评判表明叶鞘色、刚毛长度、粒色、米色、株高、穗长、茎粗和单穗粒重个性状可作为谷子表型鉴定的主要指标。     

Heritability of quantitative traits in segregating common bean families using a Bayesian approach

Genetic parameters for six quantitative traits in the early generation of segregating populations of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated. A Bayesian approach was used for estimating the variance components, breeding values and broad sense heritability of the quantitative traits under analysis. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was utilized to analyze the contribution of genes affecting complex traits. Twenty-four F₃ families were evaluated in the field during 2005 in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. With regard to the grain yield and yield components, the additive variances were relatively similar to the dominance variances. This result is confirmed by the 95% credible set from the posterior distribution. The mean estimates of broad-sense heritability (H²) varied from 11.5% to 64.2%. The heritability estimates of yield and yield components were higher than the estimates for the number of days until flowering and reproductive period. However, for grain yield, the 95% heritability credible set included the heritability estimates from point of crop duration. The predicted genetic gain reached the highest value for the number of pods per plant (10.95%). Days to flowering and reproductive period had the lowest values of genetic advance. One hundred seed-weight, grain yield and seeds per pod exhibited a similar predictable level of genetic gain: GA = 5.73%, 5.81% and 4.77%, respectively. The Bayesian framework provided information that is useful for a breeding program, since it contributes to the understanding of how quantitative traits are genetically controlled.     

河南夏大豆区近30年主要大豆品种产量改良的遗传进展

提高产量是大豆育种的主要目标。研究大豆产量及其相关性状的遗传进展,对于今后制定高产育种策略有重要参考意义。本研究随机选择近30年河南主要育成品种中的18个大豆品种,进行两年产量评价试验的研究。结果表明,产量随育种年份增加总体呈递增趋势,遗传进展为17.39kghm^-2,年递增率是0.7%;有效分枝、主茎节数、百粒重、株高有弱的正向遗传进展,而单株荚数和每荚粒数表现弱的负向遗传进展,但均不显著。百粒重、主茎节数和株高与产量有显著的遗传相关与表型相关,环境相关均不显著,表明这3个性状具有较大的遗传力,随产量性状的遗传改良,这3个性状均协同提高,且不易受环境条件的影响;而有效分枝、单株荚数、每荚粒数与产量的遗传相关和表型相关均没达到显著水平,这是它们与百粒重、主茎节数、株高有极显著负遗传相关所致。     

小麦冠层结构与产量及其构成因素的典范相关分析

选用２０个小麦品种（系）,采用典范相关分析方法,分析了小麦冠层结构与产量及其构成因素的相关性。结果表明,产量与其构成因素和植株特性呈显著相关,穗粒数和穗数对产量和单株产量的贡献均较大,干物重和株高对产量的贡献最大;叶长与产量呈显著相关,倒三叶长对产量的影响最大,对单株产量的影响３片叶相近;茎壁厚、节间长与单株产量呈显著相关。产量构成因素与各冠层结构特性均存在显著的典范相关。茎壁厚和节间长与茎粗均相关显著;在叶片特性中,除叶宽与披垂度相关不显著外,其余各组性状间均相关显著。     

Origin,diversity and utilization of the Cuban germplasm of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F₁'s originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F₂ populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F₂'s for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.     

Genome-wide association study of differences in 14 agronomic traits under low- and high-density planting models based on the 660k SNP array for common wheat

One hundred and ninety-seven wheat accessions from Yellow and Huai Winter Wheat Region (YHW) were evaluated for differences of 14 agronomic traits under low- and high-density plantings. Compared with the high-density plantings, plant height, neck length, uppermost internode length, flag leaf angle and number of sterile spikelets under the low-density plantings reduced, while heading date, flowering date, flag leaf length and width, spike length, number of fertile spikelets, grain number per spike, thousand-kernel weight and grain weight per spike increased. A total of 1,118 markers were detected based on GWAS, and seven QTLs were confirmed. One QTL on chromosomes 5BL and two other QTLs on 5Dl were all tightly associated with flowering date difference. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that two haploblocks in 5Dl were involved, and the Vrn-D1 locus was located in this interval. A region on chromosome 5B at around 531.5 Mb was significantly associated with plant height difference. Two QTLs including AX-94840438 (7BL) and AX-94563647 (7DS) were responsible for neck length or uppermost internode length difference.     

Components of Seed and Straw Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

178 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) strains were tested for 2 years under dryland conditions in Bursa, Turkey. Broad-sense heritability of the traits was calculated for each trait. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between seed and straw yield, with several morphological and reproductive traits, were obtained. Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Heritability values for both seed and straw yield were small and insignificant. Harvest index, 1000-seed weight and spring vigour showed significant positive correlations with seed yield, but days to flower correlated negatively with seed yield. Spring vigour, plant height and number of leaflets per leaf correlated positively, while harvest index, seeds per pod and seeds per plant correlated negatively with straw yield. Correlations between seed and straw yield were both positive and significant.     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

Genetic variation,heritability and path-analysis in landraces of bread wheat from southwestern Iran

Summary Nine pure lines of bread wheat collected from landraces of southwestern Iran and one local Iranian cultivar from the same area were used to estimate genetic variation and heritability for 12 developmental and yield component characters. Path-analysis was used to partition the genetic correlations between some of the characters into direct and indirect effects. Mean values for these lines were also compared with those of five improved cultivars from Iran and California. The goal of the experiment is to breed improved landraces and/or modern cultivars for areas of low input agriculture in southern California, southwestern Iran, and regions with similar environmental and agronomic conditions.Moderate genetic variation was displayed by the number of effective heads per plant, number of grains per head, and grain weight in the landrace genotypes. The heritability estimates ranged from 43 to 97%. Expected genetic advance with selection of the highest 5%, expressed as percent of the mean, was around 20% for number of heads per plant, number of grains per head, and 1000-grain weight.Days to booting, to heading, and to anthesis were positively correlated but none of them were significantly associated with days to maturity. Plant height had a negative genetic correlation with number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and harvest index. The genetic correlation between number of heads per plant and number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index was also significantly negative. Harvest index had a negative genetic correlation with days to booting, to maturity, plant height, number of heads per plant, and straw yield and a positive correlation with number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield.Days to maturity, plant height, number of heads per plant, number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index each had a positive direct effect on grain yield. The first two characters exhibited the highest and lowest direct effects, respectively. The positive direct effects of days to maturity, plant height, and number of heads per plant, however, were partially or completely counter-balanced by their strong negative indirect effects through number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. Pathanalysis indicated that late and tall landrace genotypes tend to produce more heads per plant, but with fewer number of grains per head, smaller grains, and lower harvest index.Comparisons between the local lines and the improved cultivars revealed that, in general, the former were much taller and produced a larger number of non-effective tillers. Mean number of grains per head, grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield of local lines were smaller than those of improved cultivars.Our observations indicate that the landraces could be improved by selecting for shorter genotypes with smaller numbers of tillers per plant, but with larger numbers of grains per head and heavier grains.     

利用混合线性模型分析绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传及相关性

以19个绿豆品种(系)为亲本, 采用非完全双列杂交试验设计及混合线性模型,研究绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相互关系。结果表明, 绿豆全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重均以加性效应为主, 狭义遗传率较高且达极显著水平;单株荚数、单株产量和总产量的加性效应和显性效应均显著或极显著, 狭义遗传率相对较低;单荚粒数主要受显性效应影响, 广义遗传率较高;播种至开花天数与株高间存在显著或极显著遗传和表型正相关;单株荚数、单荚粒数与百粒重显著或极显著负相关;单株荚数与单株产量、总产量显著或极显著正相关;百粒重与单株产量、总产量相关性不大;针对全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重的选择可在早期世代进行, 而对产量的选择可以根据单株荚数和单株产量在晚期世代进行。     

吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中主要农艺性状的变化

以吉林省1923—2005年间育成的30个大豆品种为材料, 两年的研究结果表明, 大豆种子产量随育成年代呈线性增加, 根据回归方程计算, 产量从1923年的1 197.80 kg hm^-2到2005年的2 305.54 kg hm^-2, 82年来增加了 1 107.73 kg hm^-2, 平均每年增加14.60 kg hm^-2。随着产量的提高, 株高降低, 主茎直径增加, 节数增多, 节间缩短, 分枝减少。相关和通径分析表明, 产量与单株荚数、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶面积指数和单株复叶数目呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 单株荚数和单株粒数对于产量的提高贡献最大; 产量与株高、单株分枝数和倒伏指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 表明大豆产量的遗传改良过程中, 植株抗倒伏能力提高, 库容量增加, 源器官叶片的同化能力增强。     

Observed and Predicted Genetic Gains from Single and Multi-Trait Selections Using Three Mating Designs in Pearl Millet*

The objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic components of variance, predict the response to selection and to evaluate observed response to selection using two populations namely, PSB 7 and PSB 3, of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeks). The observed response was studied using four methods of selection based on single and multitrait criteria in three types of families, namely S1, half-sib (HS) and full-sib (FS) families. One hundred SI, HS and FS families each were developed in PSB 7 and PSB 3. Plants within a population were pollinated with bulk pollen of other population to develop HS families. Crosses were made between a pair of plants using one plant from each of the two populations to develop PS families. Data were recorded on days to flower, plant height, tiller number, spike length, spike girth, seed yield per plant and spike weight. Additive genetic variance estimates were significant for all traits. The estimates of dominance and additive × location and dominance × location interaction components were not significant, except additive × location component in PSB 7 for seed yield and spike weight. The genotypic component of variance among S1 families and S1 × location interactions were significant except S1 × location interactions in PSB 7 for days to flower, spike length and spike girth. Twenty-four strains were developed by intermating superior families identified on the basis of four selection methods in each of the six types of families. The selection methods were high seed yield (YS) per se; index selection (IS) for high tiller number and long and thick spike; truncation selection (TS) for high yield among the families having days to flower and plant height lower than the population mean: and visual selection (VS) after completion of flowering for good vigour, uniformity in plant height and good inflorescence attributes. YS and IS were found to be superior to TS and VS with respect to observed genetic gains for seed yield. That advance was higher in selection among SI families as compared with FS and HS families. In general, a good agreement was noted between observed and expected responses. Expected genetic gain from FS reciprocal (R) recurrent selection was higher than the average gain from HS-R selection.     

小麦几个重要数量性状的遗传分析

以小麦品种MY11、R57为亲本材料,对其P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2六个世代的抽穗期、旗叶长、旗叶宽、颈叶夹角、单株穗数、单株粒数、单株粒重7个数量性状进行了田间考察记录,并在世代方差分析显著的基础上进行了遗传力分析和相关分析,旨在为今后的小麦育种工作提供参考。分析结果表明:旗叶长、颈叶夹角属于高遗传力性状,抽穗期、旗叶宽、单株粒数属于中遗传力性状,单株穗数、单株粒重属于低遗传力性状;除颈叶夹角外,其他性状间都极显著正相关。     

Interactions between different genotypic tissues in citrus graft chimeras

The heritability of tolerance of wheat F₃ lines to competition from annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), and its relationship to morphological traits, were determined using crosses between wheat cultivars with good and poor competitive ability. Forty F₂-derived F₃ lines from a cross between two late flowering varieties (Machete × Spear) and 40 from a cross between early flowering varieties (Wilgoyne × Gutha) were grown in the field with and without annual ryegrass. There was significant genetic variation between lines within each of the two populations in a number of aspects of plant growth and development, including yield in monoculture. The estimates of heritability for % yield loss due to competition were 0.25 and 0.57 in the two crosses respectively, indicating that selection for high tolerance to competition in the F₃ generation or later should be effective. Fairly strong relationships between height and % yield loss and between leaf length and % yield loss suggest that these may be useful auxiliary traits when selecting for low % yield loss. However, differences between crosses in the magnitude and sign of genetic and phenotypic correlation between traits indicate that competitive ability is a complex character influenced by many factors. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黧蒴栲半同胞家系材性遗传变异研究与遗传参数估算

为了研究黧蒴栲半同胞家系木材材性遗传变异和估测其遗传参数,采用随机完全区组试验方法,对6年生家系进行生长测定与木材材性分析。结果表明：黧蒴栲半同胞家系木材密度有显著差异,纤维长度、宽度有极显著差异。木材密度遗传变异系数为4.22%,广义遗传力为0.1916,纤维长度遗传变异系数为3.09%,广义遗传力为0.2658,均受较弱遗传控制;纤维宽度遗传变异系数为5.71%,广义遗传力为0.3985,受弱中强度遗传控制。家系胸径、树高生长与木材密度、纤维长度不相关,与纤维宽度呈较弱相关关系。木材密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度等性状在遗传上是相互独立的,可对这些性状进行独立选择,培育出木材材性较好又速生的家系。     

Doubled-haploid versus single-seed descent and S1-family variation for testcross performance in a maize population

Progress made in the in situ gynogenesis technique since 1990 now allows production of a high number of maize (Zea mays L.) doubled-haploid (DH) lines. The aim of the study was to compare DH lines versus selfing lines for testcross performance. DH and single-seed descent (SSD) lines were produced from random S₁ progenies of a broad-base population. For grain yield, kernel moisture, plant height, ear height and leaf length, the three population means were similar. Except for kernel moisture, the genetic variance of DH lines was nearly twice as high as the genetic variance of S₁ families, as expected. On the other hand, genetic variance among SSD lines was only 1.5 times higher than the genetic variance of S₁ families. This lower variance could be due to a selection bias in the method of production of SSD lines. However, for all traits, heritability of SSD or DH lines was higher than heritability of S₁ families. Epistasis effects in DH progenies were not significant. The consequence was a high correlation between S₁ testcross progenies and DH or SSD testcross progenies, meaning that the S₁ testcross value can be used to select the best families from which DH lines will be extracted. As a whole, the observed variation in DH lines appeared to be more in accordance with the observed variation among S₁ families than with the observed variation among SSD lines.     

不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为揭示不结球白菜单株产量与主要农艺性状间的关系，利用灰色关联度分析法，对18个不结球白菜品系的单株产量和8个主要农艺性状间的关联度进行分析。结果表明，不结球白菜各农艺性状与单株产量性状间的关联度排序为株幅＞最大叶叶宽＞最大叶叶柄宽＞最大叶叶柄厚＞叶片数＞最大叶叶长＞株高＞最大叶叶柄长。株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽对不结球白菜单株产量影响最大。在不结球白菜育种过程中，注重株幅、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄宽性状的选择，同时兼顾其他性状的选择，可以获得单株产量较高的不结球白菜新品种。