蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用

蛋白质作为功能基因表达的产物,直接或间接参与机体内各种生命代谢活动的调控,为人类认识各种生命活动的本质提供了直观的分子学基础。随着后基因组时代的到来,蛋白质组学必将在包括动物科学在内的众多生物学研究领域内发挥巨大的作用。论文介绍了蛋白质组学的研究现状及其在动物肉品质、奶品质、禽蛋、动物毛发和动物疾病等研究方面的应用,并对应用中的具体理论依据和技术手段进行说明。     

蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用研究

作为功能基因表达的一种产物,蛋白质会对机体各种生命代谢活动产生间接或是直接的调控者作用,并为人体生命活动提供本质上直观的分子学基础.随着后基因组时代的来临,蛋白质组学在以动物科学为代表的生物学研究方面表现出了较高的应用价值.本文就对蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用方法和现状进行了分析.     

蛋白质组学技术及其在动物营养学中的研究进展

后基因组时代,蛋白质组学提供了从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动规律的技术,为动物营养学提供了重要的研究手段和新的研究思路。目前,蛋白质组学技术在动物营养研究中已有广泛的应用。在介绍蛋白质组学技术支撑方法的同时,综析蛋白质组学技术在畜禽和水产等动物营养学中的应用现状,并探讨其应用前景,旨在为动物营养学相关研究提供一定借鉴。     

蛋白质组学技术在动物营养与健康研究中的应用现状

蛋白质是功能基因转录翻译表达的产物,能直接或间接作用到动物生理活动和代谢调控中,是后基因组时代研究生命生理活动重要的分子学基础。蛋白质组学具有高通量和全面性的特点,可对动物机体组织或细胞全部的蛋白质进行鉴定和分析,是目前基于蛋白质水平研究生命活动规律重要的技术手段。文章简要介绍蛋白质组学技术内容和方法同时,对蛋白质组学技术在动物产品品质、分子营养原理与调控及动物健康等方面的应用现状做以综述,旨在为该技术在动物营养与健康研究中的应用提供一定的理论依据和技术借鉴。     

动物科学研究中的蛋白质组学探讨

一般来说蛋白质是功能基因表达的重要产物,在动物机体内的大部分新陈代谢活动的调解中,蛋白质起到了直接或间接的参与作用。可以说蛋白质为人们认识生命活动的本质提供了最有效的直观分子基础。我们知道新时代是一个后基因为主题的时代,这一时代中蛋白质组学对多种生物学领域的研究起到了巨大的推进作用。因此,探讨蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用以及起到的作用具有十分重要的意义。本文就对这一问题进行详细的探讨。     

蛋白质组学在动物科学研究中的应用与分析

后基因组时代,蛋白质组学给出了一项从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动规律的技术,为动物科学研究提供了重要的研究手段和新的研究思路。目前,蛋白质组学已经在肉品质、乳品质、蛋品质等领域得到广泛关注。比如越来越多的研究者致力于揭示与肉品质相关的蛋白质和潜在机制;乳品质和蛋品质上,人们也正在探寻环境因素和营养因素对其蛋白质组成的影响;其他方面,如添加微量元素、肠道菌群健康等也有初步涉及。但是蛋白质组学技术及其在动物科学上的研究还存在许多问题,比如技术跟不上研究的步伐;研究结果大多分散冗杂,浮于表面,许多内在联系都没有揭露等。随着相关技术以及动物科学的发展,蛋白质组学技术与其他技术相结合,将为畜牧科学研究和生产实践提供有效的手段。     

蛋白质组学方法在水产品质量安全研究中的应用

基于双向电泳和质谱技术的蛋白质组学方法从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动的规律,在水产品质量安全研究中具有重要意义。文章在介绍蛋白质组学方法的支撑技术双向电泳和质谱基础上,综合分析了蛋白质组学方法在水产品特别是鱼的品质安全中的应用现状,并进一步探讨了其应用研究前景,旨在为水产品的养殖和加工提供一定借鉴。     

蛋白质组学及蛋白质翻译后修饰在畜牧领域中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学是一门全方位研究生命结构功能、生理功能及生命活动规律的新兴学科,已成为后基因组时代研究的重要内容,在很多领域得到广泛关注,同时为畜牧科学的发展与创新提供了全新的研究思路和技术手段。目前,蛋白质组学在畜禽生长发育、繁殖、营养、疾病、肉质等方面均有涉及,并通过各种研究手段发掘出一批与畜禽重要经济性状相关的蛋白质,对生产有重要的理论指导意义。蛋白质翻译后修饰(post-translation modifications,PTMs)作为蛋白质组学研究的一个重要分支,在增加蛋白质多样性和进行复杂生理学调控过程中发挥着重要的作用,能更好地揭示生命现象的本质与规律。作者对蛋白质组学及PTMs在畜牧领域中的应用研究进展进行了综述。     

蛋白质组学及蛋白质翻译后修饰在畜牧领域中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学是一门全方位研究生命结构功能、生理功能及生命活动规律的新兴学科,已成为后基因组时代研究的重要内容,在很多领域得到广泛关注,同时为畜牧科学的发展与创新提供了全新的研究思路和技术手段。目前,蛋白质组学在畜禽生长发育、繁殖、营养、疾病、肉质等方面均有涉及,并通过各种研究手段发掘出一批与畜禽重要经济性状相关的蛋白质,对生产有重要的理论指导意义。蛋白质翻译后修饰(post-translation modifications,PTMs)作为蛋白质组学研究的一个重要分支,在增加蛋白质多样性和进行复杂生理学调控过程中发挥着重要的作用,能更好地揭示生命现象的本质与规律。作者对蛋白质组学及PTMs在畜牧领域中的应用研究进展进行了综述。     

蛋白质组学及其在家畜研究中的应用

蛋白质作为生物体内的生命物质,是生命现象的体现者。因而基于蛋白质组学的研究存在更贴近生命活动的优势,可以更加有效地阐明机体生命活动的内在机制,所以其在应用研究中存在重要的潜在价值。蛋白质组学的研究对于畜牧产业的健康发展发挥着举足轻重的作用。不仅对于提高肉、蛋、乳品质提供新的契机,而且为畜禽疾病的鉴别/诊断与治疗提供新的思路和方法。本文综述了蛋白质组学的研究内容、蛋白质样品的获得和制备、蛋白质表达分析所依赖的仪器及其技术或方法的优缺点,最后通过其在家畜研究中的实例揭示蛋白质组在未来畜牧业研究中的潜在价值。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -