猪粪尿中N、P、Cu、Zn排放量的测定与分析

研究选择仔猪阶段（20±1.0）kg、生长育肥阶段（70±2.0）kg和妊娠2个月的母猪各5头作为试验猪,采用全粪尿法研究了不同生产阶段的猪在一年四季中氮（N）、磷（P）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）产污系数的变化和各生产阶段猪污染物的每日平均排泄量。结果仔猪阶段夏季N的产污系数极显著大于其他季节（P〈0.01）,而P、Cu的产污系数受季节的因素影响较小（P〉0.05）;生长育肥猪与妊娠母猪P、Cu和Zn产污系数受四季变化的影响极显著（P〈0.01）,且变化规律基本相同;各生产阶段猪的污染物每日平均排放量不同各生产阶段猪的污染物每日相对排放量不同,母猪N、P、Cu和Zn的每日平均排泄量均极显著高于生长育肥猪,而生长育肥猪Cu和Zn的每日平均排泄量极显著高于仔猪（P〈0.01）。表明不同生产阶段猪污染物每日平均排泄量及其在一年四季中产污系数均不同。应根据不同的季节研究不同生产阶段猪的适宜营养需要,并研究配置符合猪需要的均衡饲料配方,以达到既能满足不同阶段生产的需要,又能最大限度的降低污染产生量的目的。     

日粮类型对奶牛产污的影响

为研究日粮类型对奶牛产污的影响,本试验以12头体重、年龄相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干玉米秸秆,精粗比为40∶60的A日粮;粗料为玉米青贮,精粗比分别为40∶60和60∶40的B日粮和C日粮。结果表明,日粮类型对奶牛粪便及尿液产生量均有一定的影响,A日粮产粪量最多,产尿量最少,C日粮产粪量最少,而产尿量最多。3个日粮组间粪氮的产生量差异不显著(P0.05),但随着日粮精料比例的增加,粪氮有增加的趋势,而尿氮产生量显著提高。P、Cu、Zn主要从粪便排出,C日粮组的粪磷和粪锌显著高于其他两组,粪铜量表现为B组﹥C组﹥A组。     

西北地区成乳牛粪尿中N、P、Cu、Zn产污系数的对比分析

选择5头健康状况良好、胎次与产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦成乳母牛作为试验对象,采用全收粪尿法来研究成乳母牛在一年四季中N、P、Cu、Zn产污系数的变化情况及规律。结果表明,成乳母牛阶段奶牛N、P、Cu、Zn各种污染物的产污系数受季节因素的影响均表现为显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）。其中,P、Zn产污系数在一年四季中的变化规律一致,均为夏季最高、冬季最低,且随季节的变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势;N、Cu产污系数则为春季最高、冬季最低,且随季节的变化呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势。因此,根据季节研究成乳母牛阶段奶牛的适宜营养需要,既可达到满足生产需要、降低饲养成本的目的,又可最大限度地减少污染物的产生。     

猪粪尿中N、P、Cu、Zn排放量的测定与分析

研究选择仔猪阶段(20±1.0)kg、生长育肥阶段(70±2.0)kg和妊娠2个月的母猪各5头作为试验猪,采用全粪尿法研究了不同生产阶段的猪在一年四季中氮(N)、磷(P)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)产污系数的变化和各生产阶段猪污染物的每日平均排泄量.结果仔猪阶段夏季N的产污系数极显著大于其他季节(P＜0.01),而P、Cu...     

季节对育成母牛产粪量及粪污染物排放量的影响

选择健康状况良好、体重相似、出生日期相近的中国荷斯坦育成母牛5只作为试验对象,采用全收粪法研究育成母牛在一年四季中产粪量及粪污染物（N、P、Cu、Zn和有机质）排放量的变化情况及其规律.结果表明：不同季节间育成母牛产粪量与粪样中机质及N、P、Cu、Zn污染物的排放量均存在着极显著（P＜0.01）或显著（P＜0.05）的差别,因此,根据不同季节产粪量及粪中污染物排泄规律来研究配置符合育成母牛的均衡饲料配方,可达到既满足育成母牛的生产需要,又能最大限度地降低污染物排放量,减少奶牛场污染的目的.     

西北地区育成母牛粪尿中N、P、Cu、Zn产污系数的对比分析

选择5头健康状况良好、体重相似、出生日期相近的中国荷斯坦育成母牛作为试验对象,采用全收粪尿法研究育成母牛在一年四季中N、P、Cu、Zn产污系数的变化情况及规律.结果表明：育成母牛N、P、Cu、Zn各种污染物的产污系数均受季节因素的显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）影响;N、P、Cu产污系数在一年四季中的变化规律一致,均以夏季最高,冬季最低,随季节的变化呈现先升高后降低的趋势;Zn产污系数则以春季最高,冬季最低,随季节的变化呈现降低趋势.     

云南洱海流域奶牛养殖污染物产量估算与环境容量初步分析

通过统计2011—2015年洱海流域(大理市、洱源县)奶牛存栏量,结合国内有关研究成果,确定奶牛养殖污染物产量参数,估算洱海流域养殖污染物产量和环境容量。结果表明,2011—2015年洱海流域奶牛年均粪、尿产生量分别为59.57万t和26.88万t,基本农田粪、尿年均负荷量分别为15.19 t/hm~2和6.85 t/hm~2;年均全氮、全磷产生量分别为4 254.30 t和492.66 t,基本农田全氮、全磷年均负荷量分别达到108.47 kg/hm~2和12.56 kg/hm~2。该研究结果可为洱海流域内奶牛养殖业的合理布局和科学区划提供决策依据。     

不同生长阶段奶牛产尿量及尿液污染成分分析

选用体重和出生日期相近的中国荷斯坦育成牛和胎次与产奶量相近的成乳牛各5头,调查宁夏规模化奶牛场不同生长阶段奶牛尿液排污状况。结果显示:成乳牛尿液pH值显著低于育成牛(P<0.05),尿中全磷(TP)成乳牛显著高于育成牛(P<0.05),尿中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、全氮(TN)、Cu、Zn差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

食土奶牛和健康奶牛行为与饲粮、粪便、土壤和血液中矿物元素含量关系的比对研究

试验旨在研究奶牛食土原因与饲粮、粪便、土壤和血液中矿物元素的关系。通过对食土奶牛进行观察和分组,按照产奶量、泌乳天数等条件分组,食土奶牛为试验组,正常奶牛为对照组,每组6头奶牛。采集饲粮、粪便及土壤样品,测定样本中微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)、常量元素(K、Ca、Mg、P)和粗蛋白质(CP)的含量。结果表明：1)饲粮中P、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量能满足奶牛营养需要量,其中Zn、Cu显著高于营养需要量(P<0.05);Mg和CP显著低于奶牛营养需要量(P<0.05),K、Ca、Fe极显著低于奶牛营养需要量(P<0.01)。2)食土组土壤样品中K、Mg、Mn含量均低于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、P含量均高于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)食土组奶牛粪便中各元素含量均高于对照组;其中K、Ca、Mg显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)血液中K、Fe、Zn、Cu元素含量均高于对照组;其中K和Fe显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：奶牛饲粮中K、Ca、Mg、Fe和CP不能满足奶牛的营养需要量时可能会导致奶牛食土...     

季节对成乳母牛产粪量及粪N、P、Cu、Zn等污染物排放量的影响

[目的]为控制与治理奶牛场污染提供科学的理论依据与数据基础。[方法]本文选择健康状况良好、胎次与产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦成乳母牛5只作为试验对象,采用全收粪法研究成乳牛在一年四季中产粪量及粪污染物(N、P、Cu、Zn和有机质)排放量的变化情况及规律。[结果]表明:季节对成乳母牛产粪量与粪样中的含水率、有机质及N、P、Cu、Zn污染物的排放量均存在着极显著(P0.01)或显著(P0.05)的差别。[结论]从而,根据不同季节产粪量及粪中污染物排泄规律来研究配置符合成乳母牛的均衡饲料配方,可达到既满足成乳母牛的生产需要,又能最大限度地降低污染物排放量,减少奶牛场污染的目的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein