青贮玉米与玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛增重效果对比试验

玉米秸秆是我国农村数量最多、资源最丰富的粗饲料之一,用青贮玉米饲喂肉牛能够有效利用农业副产品和饲料资源,提高肉牛养殖业经济效益。本试验对青贮玉米与玉米秸秆对肉牛增重影响进行了研究。     

国外肉牛饲料资源开发的研究现状

饲料资源匮乏已经成为肉牛业发展的主要限制因素。文章对国外肉牛饲料资源开发的研究成果进行总结分析,从粗饲料开发和加工副产品开发两个方面论述了国外肉牛饲料资源开发的研究进展,以期为我国肉牛饲养提供一些借鉴。     

常见肉牛饲料致病的原因及防治

我县肉牛饲养大多规模较小,历史较短,肉牛饲养户多以当地各种草菜、农副产品、工副产品作饲料来降低饲养成本,有时因饮料处理不当而导致肉牛发病,甚至死亡,常见有以下几种情况.     

北京市节粮饲料原料资源调查研究

开展节粮型肉牛和奶牛饲养,充分利用农业加工的副产品,对促进我国肉牛和奶牛产业健康发展,增加农民收入水平有着重要的意义。2010年,北京市玉米秸秆产量约为84.2万t,啤酒糟产量约为41.3万t,大豆皮产量为0.09万t,工农业加工副产品资源丰富,适宜开展节粮饲料技术。     

阳信县肉牛产业发展的调查与思考

<正>阳信县是全国畜牧百强县,肉牛产业是重点产业,目前已经初步形成了一个融养殖、屠宰、加工、销售、副产品加工于一体的综合型产业群。本文对阳信县肉牛发展的有利因素、面临的问题进行分析,提出了肉牛发展对策和建议。1阳信县肉牛产业发展的现状近年来,全国范围内,肉牛存栏量大幅下降,据全国畜牧业协会牛业分会统计,过去4年时间里,我国肉牛存栏量下降了1000多万头。但在阳信县,肉牛产业却逆     

春夏季肉牛饲养管理要点

<正>肉牛具有体躯丰满、饲料报酬高、增重速度快、产肉性能佳、肉品口感较好等特点。发展肉牛产业,能够极大地满足人类对于牛肉及其副产品的需求。本文结合笔者多年的工作实践,就春夏季节肉牛饲养管理方面的要点进行探讨,与同行业和肉牛养殖者作一经验交流,仅供参考。国家农业部于2011年11月30日颁布了《全国肉牛遗传改良计划(2011-2025年)》,为发展肉牛产业,推进牛群遗     

提高肉牛饲料转化率的技术措施

肉牛因具有可利用广大农牧区丰富的牧草和农作物副产品等非常规饲料，为人类提供肉产品的资源优势而得到重视和发展。而要使肉牛业真正成为一种高效节粮的畜牧业，还要根据肉牛消化生理特点，针对我国饲料资源及利用现状，研究有效改善肉牛饲料转化效率的技术措施。     

白酒糟对肉牛育肥效果的影响

白酒糟是用玉米、高粱生产白酒的副产品,蛋白质含量较高,具有一定的营养价值.因其来源丰富,价格低廉,对牛适口性好,在瘤胃中酒糟蛋白降解率较高,补充肉牛育肥快速生长对蛋白质的需要,生产中可作为肉牛育肥的蛋白质补充料进行应用.为了验证白酒糟对肉牛育肥的应用效果.我们对此进行了试验.     

澳大利亚牛羊产业考察报告

为学习澳大利亚肉牛肉羊饲养加工经验,2003年8月9日至24日,笔者对澳大利亚进行了为期16天的考察。共考察了31个单位,范围涉及到肉牛、肉羊产业化的各个方面,主要是:肉牛育肥场,肉牛、肉羊牧场,牛、羊屠宰加工厂,牛、羊肉物流配送企业,牛、羊肉冷链各环节,保鲜牛羊肉超市分割、零售,烤牛排、烤羊排消费品偿,牛、羊副产品制作动物饲料加工厂,牛副产品生物制品公司,牛、羊屠宰加工设备厂家,牛、羊肉熟食加工企业,牛、羊技术培训机构,畜牧技术、信息中介机构,食品研究机构,昆士兰州食品安全局,活牛、活羊拍卖交易市场,牛、羊肉进出口贸易商,波尔…     

啤酒糟育肥杂种牛试验

目前,先进的肉牛生产是高出栏率、高劳动生产率、高饲料报酬和低成本,要达到这“三高一低”的目标,应对肉牛按科学饲料配方进行育肥,从而提高肉牛的产肉率,增加经济效益. 肉牛生产手段与方法各异,有采用精料育肥的报道,而用啤酒糟育肥的则很少见.本试验以当地盛产的酿酒副产品——啤酒糟为     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein