整合REV-LTR基因的MDV活疫苗与亲本CVI988/Rispens株的免疫效力比较

利用同源重组技术将禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒（REV）的长末端重复序列（LTR）整合进CVI988/Rispens疫苗株基因组中所构建成的重组马立克氏病病毒株（r MDV-LTR株）,具有较高的增殖效率。为比较r MDV-LTR株与亲本CVI988/Rispens株的免疫效力差异,开展了对这两种疫苗的比较试验。试验将这两种疫苗分别按照三个不同剂量经颈背部皮下接种1日龄SPF鸡。接种后第7 d,攻毒马立克氏病强毒株rMd5,连续观察60 d后进行剖检。临床病理观察结果发现,以不低于250 PFU/羽剂量的rMDV-LTR株或CVI988/Rispens株免疫SPF雏鸡都可以提供大于80%的免疫保护效率;以125 PFU/羽剂量的两种疫苗虽均不能提供大于80%的免疫保护效力,但rMDV-LTR株免疫组试验鸡未出现死亡,仅有2只鸡出现消瘦,剖解脏器无肿瘤,而CVI988/Rispens株免疫组鸡出现2只死亡,其中1只剖解后检出肿瘤。rMDV-LTR株和CVI988/Rispens株免疫组的免疫保护指数分别为77.78%和66.67%。由实验结果可见,在较小免疫剂量下,rMDV-LTR株免疫保护...     

鸡马立克氏病meq基因缺失疫苗(SC9-1株)的临床应用效果比较研究

鸡马立克氏病基因缺失活疫苗(SC9-1株)的临床试验分别在3个鸡场进行,试验鸡分别为1日龄雪山黄鸡20 600只、1日龄京红1号蛋鸡17 000只、1日龄北京油鸡9 732只。临床安全性试验观察期内,免疫鸡群的精神状态、采食、饮水情况、生长性能与对照组无异。临床免疫效力试验期间,将免疫SC9-1鸡群与免疫CVI988/Rispens(市售)鸡群进行对比,SC9-1鸡群的死淘率分别为2.7%与0.4%,均低于CVI988/Rispens免疫鸡群的3.7%与1.2%(P0.05)。另外分别将免疫SC9-1的鸡群与免疫CVI988/Rispens的鸡群在6日龄时攻击马立克超强毒Md5(1 000 pfu/只),结果显示SC9-1株疫苗攻毒保护率分别为35/35与34/35,显著高于CVI988/Rispens株疫苗的25/35与27/35(P0.05)。以上表明SC9-1株疫苗安全性良好,免疫效力较好,可能是一株理想的马立克氏病疫苗。     

CVI988/Rispens疫苗的过去、现在和未来

一、CVI988疫苗的过去荷兰农业渔业部动物科学和健康研究所Rispens博士1969年从自然界发现CVI988毒株，经过三年的研究，于1972年以该博士命名的CVI988／Rispens 液氮疫苗问世，在荷兰全国推广应用到现在，有效地控制了鸡马立克氏病MD。CVI988／Rispens疫苗是世界养禽业的重大科技成果，了解Rispens博士研究的历史，对于我国控制MD的危害是十分有意义的。1． CVI988／Rispens种毒的培育 制疫苗种毒的原始分离株在鸭胚成纤维细胞上传4代，然后在鸡胚和鸭胚成纤维细胞交替传14代，测定安全性、免疫原性、检查外源病原等，继续在…     

鸡马立克氏CVI988疫苗应用效果观察

针对鸡马立克氏病免疫失败的问题 ,采用了HVT、HVT +ACM 1、CVI988三种疫苗大面积免疫 1日龄雏鸡的观察试验。结果表明 ,CVI988疫苗免疫效果最好 (发病率为 0 2 2 % ) ,HVT +ACM1次之 (发病率为 2 4 8% ) ,HVT疫苗居第三 (发病率为 6 5 % )。为临床上正确选择和应用疫苗预防鸡马立克氏病提供了可靠的依据     

表达马立克氏病病毒CVI988/Rispens糖蛋白B重组鸡痘病毒的免疫性及安全性

用表达马立克氏病病毒(MDV)Ⅰ型疫苗株CVI988/Rispens 糖蛋白B(gB)基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rF-PV-gB/R)和鸡痘病毒(FPV)疫苗株282E4 免疫1 日龄不同品种的鸡,来评价2 种病毒株的安全性及免疫性。试验结果表明,rFPV gB/R和FPV 282E4 免疫鸡后对FPV 强毒攻击均可提供100% 的保护,对有FPV母源抗体的商品蛋鸡安全无毒性,而对无母源抗体的SPF鸡的毒性则不同。斑点杂交和Southern 杂交证实,rFPV-gB/R 中无氨苄青霉素的抗性基因。     

母源抗体对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫的影响

该试验旨在通过在不同日龄分别选用不同的疫苗组合 ,对有鸡新城疫母源抗体的雏鸡进行免疫 ,探讨不同疫苗组合克服母源抗体的效果。结果表明 :有 ND母源抗体的雏鸡用弱毒疫苗免疫后 ,母源抗体对弱毒疫苗免疫干扰较大 ,只有当 ND母源抗体降到较低水平 (小于 3log2 ,一般要到 1 5～ 2 0日龄后 )时 ,对弱毒疫苗免疫影响才非常小 ,方可产生较为可靠的免疫力 ;用ND弱毒疫苗 油乳剂疫苗进行免疫 ,可有效地克服母源抗体的干扰 ,获得理想的免疫效果。但母源抗体对 ND油乳剂疫苗免疫的影响在日龄越小的雏鸡越明显 ,因此于 8～ 1 0日龄之后用 ND弱毒疫苗 油乳剂疫苗进行免疫是最佳选择 ,为雏鸡免疫程序的制定奠定了理论基础     

对一株超强马立克氏病毒株的检测和研究

对从发病鸡场分离到的一株超强马立克氏病毒株,用PCR扩增该分离毒株的meq致瘤基因并测定了其序列,发现其与超强病毒株SD2012-1的核苷酸同源性为99%。该分离毒株的meq基因序列在第575～577位比疫苗株CVI988/Rispens的meq基因序列多插入3个碱基（CAC）,与SD2012-1相同。使用该分离毒株进行疫苗免疫攻毒实验,未免组的发病率为80.0％,常规剂量HVT组和10×常规剂量HVT组的发病率分别为73.0％和76.6％,HVT不能提供有效免疫保护。常规剂量CVI988组和10×常规剂量CVI988组的发病率分别为30.0％和30.0％,常规剂量HVT+CVI988组和10×常规剂量HVT+CVI988组的发病率分别为26.6％和26.7％,免疫CVI988疫苗组鸡和HVT+CVI988联苗组鸡的发病率比免疫HVT疫苗组鸡低。说明,野外毒株的不断变异已经突破现有疫苗的免疫保护,会给养鸡业带来严重的损失。     

AE油佐剂灭活疫苗对鸡胚和仔鸡免疫保护力试验观察

用 3批AE (AvianEncephalomyelitis)油佐剂灭活疫苗免疫开产前种鸡 ,免疫后定期采集种蛋进行孵化。当孵至 6日龄时取部分鸡胚 ,卵黄囊途径接种AEVVR株 ,进行AE鸡胚易感性试验。剩余鸡胚孵化至出雏后 ,分别于 1 ,7,1 4 ,2 1日龄肌肉注射AEVVR株攻毒。攻毒后观察不同日龄子代雏鸡AE的保护能力。结果疫苗免疫后 2～ 3个月的种鸡所产种蛋胚对AEV保护率达 1 0 0 % ,而同期所产种蛋孵出的子代雏鸡 ,在出雏后 3周内对AEVVR株攻毒的保护率亦达 1 0 0 %。免疫后 6～ 7个月种鸡所产种蛋胚对AEVVR保护率达 75 %～ 80 % ,而同期所产种蛋孵出的子代雏鸡 ,在出雏后 3周内对AEVVR株攻毒的保护率达 70 %～ 90 %。试验结果表明 ,AE鸡胚易感性试验的鸡胚保护率与同期雏鸡对AEVVR肌肉注射攻毒的保护率基本相同     

鸡马立克氏病胚胎免疫的研究

用MD京CV1988／Rispens冷冻疫苗对孵化至18日龄的鸡胚进行免疫接种，试验结果表明：胚胎免疫不影响孵化率，对鸡的生长发育也无影响，与1日龄免疫的雏鸡比较，可明显提高对MD强毒攻击的抵抗力。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病Vero细胞罐培疫苗的安全性和免疫效力研究

使用SPF和百免疫雏鸡分别对连续3批鸡传染性法氏囊病Vero细胞罐培疫进行了安全试验和效力试验。10倍剂量接种7日龄SPF雏鸡和16日龄非免疫雏鸡，在21d观察期中，接种鸡均无任何传染性法氏囊病的特征特性症状出现，健康存活，剖杀观察无异常，平均囊脂数为0.76以上。1/5剂量免疫7日龄SPF雏鸡和16日龄非免疫雏鸡，14d后中和抗体达371.5(GMT）以上，21d时中和抗体为977.2以上，攻击标准I型强毒GJ801F15代囊毒的保护率为90%以上。结果表明，该疫苗安全有效，也说明Vero细胞罐培工艺切实可行。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -