黑土、潮土和红壤可溶性有机质的光谱特征及结构差异

为探究不同类型土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)含量和结构的差异性,选取黑土、潮土和红壤3种土壤的表层土壤(0～20 cm)为研究对象,提取其中的DOM,应用紫外–可见光谱、荧光光谱等技术,分析土壤中DOM的数量和光谱特征.结果显示:3种不同类型土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及其与土壤有机碳(SOC)的比值(SOC/DOC)...     

Mycorrhizas Mitigate Soil Replant Disease of Peach Through Regulating Root Exudates,Soil Microbial Population,and Soil Aggregate Stability

Soil replant disease is the main bottleneck interfering with tree growth of peach in soils with poor traits. A potted study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Acauloapora scrobiculata, on plant growth, mineral nutrients, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial populations, and root exudate compositions of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) seedlings grown in replant soil and non-replant soil. After 15 weeks in AMF inoculation, replant soil heavily inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization. In replant soil, AMF inoculation significantly increased shoot biomass and root phosphorus, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron, and boron concentrations. Mycorrhizal peach seedlings showed a higher number of soil bacteria and total microbes but a lower number of soil fungi under replant conditions, as well higher soil urease and acid phosphatase activity and lower soil sucrase and catalase activity. Greater soil aggregate stability was observed in mycorrhiza-inoculated replant soil than in non-mycorrhizal soil due to the increase of water-stable aggregates in 2–4 mm and 1–2 mm size. In addition, a total of 92 substances were identified in root exudates, and the mycorrhizosphere had considerably more root exudate compositions. AMF inoculation had a significantly inhibitive effect on the relative abundance of allelochemical substances, including benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, diisooctyl phthalate, phenols, and sterols, while there was an increase in diphenyl-ethanedione and à-(benzoyloxy)-benzeneacetonitrile in replanted peach. It was concluded that AMF inoculation could partly mitigate soil replant disease of peach through modulating soil microbe balance, improving soil aggregate stability, and changing root exudate compositions.     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

腐植酸土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤理化性状及苹果产量和品质的影响

为研究不同类型土壤调理剂对酸化果园土壤的改良效果,本试验采用普通土壤调理剂和腐植酸土壤调理剂,设置普通土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂+常规施肥、腐植酸土壤调理剂减量15%+常规施肥和等养分肥料+常规施肥4个处理,在胶东酸化果园进行了为期两年的试验。结果表明:施用2种土壤调理剂均能改善酸化土壤的理化性状。在土壤物理性状方面,与普通土壤调理剂相比,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤容重降低2.72%～4.76%,粉粒含量增加3.12%～5.28%,孔隙度提高1.74%～3.54%;在土壤化学性状方面,施用腐植酸土壤调理剂的土壤速效钾含量增加3.74%～10.57%,pH提高0.07～0.45个单位。施用2种土壤调理剂均能提高苹果产量,相比于普通土壤调理剂,施用全量腐植酸土壤调理剂可增产4.84%,减量15%施用仍增产2.87%,而二者间差异未达显著性水平。此外,连续两年施用腐植酸土壤调理剂可以改善苹果的品质,其中总糖含量提高9.35%～15.46%,糖酸比提高21.84%～46.58%。综上,胶东酸化果园(pH4.5)在常规施肥下配施腐植酸土壤调理剂1 275 kg/hm2可作为短期内改良酸化土壤、提高苹果产量和品质的有效途径。     

浙江慈溪耕地土壤肥力变化研究

调查分析了慈溪市土壤肥力现状,并与第二次土壤普查(1981年)情况作了比较。表明慈溪市土壤有机质和碱解氮含量不高,速效磷较丰富,但存在着不平衡性,速效钾相对较低,特别是旱地土壤;滨海盐土和水稻土分别缺乏微量元素锌和硼;滨海盐土及部分设施栽培土壤的盐渍化威胁着作物生长。根据上述情况,提出了合理施肥及改良利用的建议。     

Predicting Liming Needs of Soybean Using Soil pH,Aluminum, and Manganese Soil Tests

Abstract

Whether a tropical soil should be limed or not for a particular crop is strongly dependent on the levels of soil aluminum (Al) which can be determined with soil tests. Soil pH is used to predict whether lime is needed in less‐weathered soils, although some evidence indicates a soil Al test would be more accurate. The objectives of this study were to determine and to compare the accuracies of four soil tests to separate soils requiring lime from those that do not, and to determine the cause of acid‐soil injury to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean was grown in the greenhouse on four surface soils representing the major land resource areas of Louisiana and were amended with eight rates of lime, yields determined, and soils analyzed for soil pH, extractable Al, CaCl₂‐extractable Al, CaCl₂‐extractable manganese (Mn), and Al saturation. Acid‐soil injury in soybean grown on the Litro clay and Stough fsl was probably caused by soil‐Al effects while low soil calcium (Ca) and high soil Mn was likely responsible for lower yields from the Mahan fsl. Leaf Ca from the limed Mahan‐soil treatment was 5‐fold greater and leaf‐Mn 7‐fold less than control levels. Regression analyses’ R² values were similar for all soil tests except for CaCl₂‐extractable Mn, which was lower. Soil tests were compared across soil type by selecting treatments that had the same 85% relative yield. Using this data subset, there was no difference in the soil pH among the four soils, while there were significant differences among soils for all other soil test measurements indicating the superiority of soil pH for identifying acid‐soil injury. Critical test values were 5.1 soil pH, 30 mg kg^‐1 extractable Al, 7% Al saturation, 0.7 mg‐kg^‐1 CaCl₂‐extractable Al, and 9 mg‐kg^‐1 CaCl₂‐extractable Mn.     

施肥对黑土农田土壤全碳、微生物量碳及土壤酶活性的影响

通过对吉林省德惠市中层黑土农田6年定位施肥试验研究表明,施有机肥、秸秆还田+有机肥、秸秆还田+化肥和半量有机肥+化肥处理较单施化肥、未施肥和休闲裸地处理提高了土壤全碳、全氮含量,降低了土壤碳氮比。对玉米播前、抽穗期和收获期土壤微生物量碳测定表明,抽穗期土壤微生物量碳最高,处理间差异显著,且不同采样时期的土壤微生物量碳与土壤全碳含量之间呈高度正相关。对土壤酶活性研究表明,施有机肥较单施化肥、未施肥和休闲裸地处理显著地提高了土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性;单施化肥处理对土壤转化酶和过氧化氢酶具有一定的抑制作用;而有机肥、秸秆和化肥之间的配合施用处理的土壤酶活性表现不一致。相关分析显示土壤微生物量碳与土壤酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。该研究结果表明,长期向中层黑土农田增施有机物,不仅提高了土壤全碳和土壤微生物量碳的含量,而且也提高土壤酶活性,有利于提高土壤养分转化效率,可使黑土质量向健康方向发展。     

Importance of Soil Fertility,Soil Sampling,and Fertilizer Recommendations in the Inland Pacific Northwest

This study documents the importance of soil fertility in the dryland farming areas of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Mail-based surveys conducted in 1981, 1996, and 2011 were used to document the importance placed on soil fertility by farmers. The significant findings of the 2011 survey were (1) more than 62% of the growers attributed more than 50% of their annual crop yield to soil fertility; (2) soil samples were collected at least once in a crop rotation on 91.6% of farms; (3) 31.8% of growers took their own soil samples, whereas fertilizer dealers took 62.8% of the samples; and (4) 54% of growers made their own fertilizer recommendations. Compared to the 1981 survey results, in 2011 farmers were more likely to (1) attribute more of their yields to soil fertility; (2) have their fields soil sampled; (3) collect their own soil samples; and (4) make their own fertilizer recommendations.     

矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物数量的影响

[目的]研究矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物的影响,并揭示其时空演变规律。[方法]以安徽省庐江钒矿区碳质页岩风化物区域的复垦土壤为对象,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对矿区复垦下的土壤养分、酶活性及微生物数量展开调查。[结果]随着复垦年限的增加,土壤电导率、含水量和全盐含量均明显增加,土壤容重、pH值和总孔隙度则明显降低;随着复垦年限的增加,土壤全钾和有效钾含量均降低,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮增加,而全磷和有效磷并没有明显的变化趋势,其中土壤微生物量的变化幅度最大,对复垦的响应最为敏感;随着复垦年限的增加,矿区土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物数量均有所增加,但其增加幅度逐渐减小,细菌数量处于绝对优势地位,占到微生物总数的99.3%以上;随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性、微生物数量和土壤养分均呈降低趋势,表现出明显的"表聚性",同层相比,基本呈现出:60a40a20a5a规律,局部有所波动。[结论]矿区复垦能够改善土壤质量和土壤肥力;矿区复垦过程中通过影响土壤微生物活动和代谢进而影响土壤养分及酶活性,同时土壤微生物与养分和酶活性等地下生态指标之间在复垦过程中具有统一性。     

林型和微立地类型及其土壤性质对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响

采用原状土冲刷水槽法和静水崩解法测定土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性,以云冷杉红松林(PA)和椴树红松林(TP)的林隙和郁闭林分为对照,分析了小兴安岭地区2种林型由掘根倒木形成的不同丘和坑微立地类型及其土壤性质对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性的影响,旨在揭示它们与土壤抗侵蚀能力的关系。结果表明:在2种林型下由掘根倒木形成的丘和坑微立地上,土壤砂粒含量均较高,其抗侵蚀能力均较弱,而对照却相反;2种林型下丘和坑微立地的土壤容重均与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性呈无显著的负相关(P>0.05),而PA对照的土壤容重与它们均呈不显著正相关(P>0.05),TP林隙的土壤容重与它们却呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其郁闭林分的土壤容重与它们呈极显著负相关;2种林型下丘和坑微立地的土壤有机质均与土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性呈不显著正相关,而对照则呈极显著正相关;土壤抗侵蚀能力随着林型和微立地类型而变化,TP丘和坑微立地的土壤抗侵蚀能力不显著高于PA,而PA对照的土壤抗侵蚀能力却显著高于TP的对照。由此可知,丘和坑微立地的形成会造成土壤抗侵蚀能力大幅下降,导致土壤养分的流失,土壤黏粒含量减少,土壤恢复过程较为困难。     

重庆四面山不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀的关系

通过对重庆四面山的槲栎林、川柯林、柳杉林和毛竹林4种林地土壤颗粒状况的分析,探讨不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀之间的关系。结果表明：除柳杉林以外,其他林地土壤均属于级配良好土壤,毛竹林表层土壤颗粒的分散度较低、偏度较大,土壤颗粒分布不均衡,土壤流失程度较高。不同林地土壤的微团聚体分形维数表现为川柯林40-60cm层最小,柳杉林0-20cm层最大,微团聚体分形维数与〈0.001mm粒级微团聚体含量成正比,与0.25～0.05mm粒级微团聚体含量成反比。川柯林土壤团聚状况最高（19.38%）,分散率最低（32.13%）;柳杉林土壤团聚状况最低（10.88%）,分散率最高（74.41%）。     

含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响

土壤分离过程为侵蚀产沙提供了物质准备,对其发生、发展的过程进行准确模拟具有重要的实践和理论意义。选取棕壤为研究对象,设计6个土壤含水量(3%,6%,9%,12%,15%,18%)、3个坡度(5°,10°,15°)和3个流量(8,12,16L/min),分析含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤分离能力均随含水量的增大呈下降趋势,且土壤分离能力间的差异随含水量的增大而减小,当含水量18%时,土壤分离能力几乎为0。土壤分离能力与含水量呈现二次多项式关系,在含水量3%时,土壤分离能力最高。(2)土壤分离能力在含水量6%,9%,12%,18%时均随坡度的增大而增大,并且与坡度呈二次多项式关系,在坡度15°时,土壤分离能力达到最大。(3)土壤分离能力在含水量3%~12%均随流量的增大而增大,并且与流量呈二次多项式关系,流量为16L/min时,土壤分离能力最大。(4)仅考虑两者对土壤分离能力的影响,误差的贡献率均为最高。若考虑三者的影响,坡度对土壤分离能力变异的贡献率最大(29.64%),其次为含水量(22.29%)和流量(19.72%),土壤分离能力的模拟精度分别由0.550,0.638,0.498显著提高到0.995。     

放牧对植物群落特征和土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨放牧对羊草群落和贝加尔针茅群落的影响,为草原土壤的保护和草原自然保护区建设提供科学依据。[方法]以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为样地,采用野外调查和实验室分析相结合的方法。[结果]在放牧干扰下,以羊草为建群种的群落所受的影响比贝加尔针茅群落小,植物群落盖度、高度和Simpson指数明显高于贝加尔针茅群,物种多样性更丰富,生长情况相对更好。羊草草原土壤全氮、全磷和有机质含量高于贝加尔针茅草原土壤。各放牧区土壤微生物数量均表现为:细菌放线菌真菌;垂直分布为0—10cm10—20cm;土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性、全N,全P和有机质等0—10cm土层的均高于10—20cm。相关分析表明,植物群落α多样性与土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、全N,全P和有机质等呈显著正相关。[结论]适度放牧有助于提高草甸草原羊草群落和贝加尔针茅群落α多样性、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性。两个群落相比较,羊草群落更适合放牧。     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil Solution, Soil and Needles in a Norway Spruce Stand on an Acid Sulphate Forest Soil

The effects of soil processes, related to the oxidation of sulphide sediments, on heavy metal concentrations in the soil and soil solution were investigated in a Norway spruce stand on a fine-textured, acidic soil rich in sulphates located on the isostatic land-uplift western coast of Finland. The age of the soil is ca. 300–400 years, and the soil texture is silt and till. The chemical properties of the soil and soil solution clearly reflected the formation of acid sulphate (AS) soil. Compared to background reference values for podzolic coniferous forest soil, the pH of the soil solution in the mineral soil (20–40 cm depth) was very low, and the Al, Fe and S concentrations extremely high. The Zn and Ni concentrations in the soil solution were also strongly elevated, and similar to the concentrations reported close to anthropogenic heavy-metal emission sources. The concentrations of Cd and Cu were also frequently elevated. In contrast, the acidity and metal concentrations of the soil solution sampled in the organic layer were not elevated. Similarly, exchangeable Zn and Ni concentrations were also elevated in the mineral soil, but not in the organic layer. Because Norway spruce has a very superficial rooting system and the zone with exceptionally high metal concentrations did not extend up to the topmost soil layers, sulphide-oxidation derived soil acidification is not likely to pose a serious threat to forest ecosystems growing on this type of site. Despite the elevated concentrations of protons and many metals in the mineral soil and soil solution (20–40 cm), the nutrient status of the spruce stand was satisfactory and the general health of the stand has been reported to be relatively good.     

Soil Fertility Index,Soil Evaluation Factor,and Microbial Indices under Different Land Uses in Acidic Soil of Humid Subtropical India

A study was conducted to examine the impact of land use on soil fertility in an Entisol in the Jalpaiguri District of humid subtropical India. The natural forest served as a control against which changes in soil properties were compared. Soil samples were collected from four different depths (0–25, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100 cm) of soil from four land uses (viz. forest, home garden, arecanut plantation, and agriculture) and examined for pH, organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). Soil pH (5.7), OC (2.29%), N (386 kg ha^?1), and P (22.54 kg ha^?1) were greatest in forest soil, followed by soil from arecanut plantation, agriculture, and home garden. The greatest Ca (0.892 cmol kg^?1), Mg (0.527 cmol kg^?1), and Al (1.86 cmol kg^?1) were found in the arecanut plantation, whereas K (0.211 cmol kg^?1) was greatest in forest. The greatest content of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–extractable copper, zinc, manganese, and iron (2.25, 1.66, 4.86, and 7.65 ppm, respectively) were found in forest. MBC (558 mg kg^?1), MBN (26.67 mg kg^?1), and DHA (33.03 μg TPF 24 h^?1 g^?1) was greatest in forest soil. Soil fertility index varied from 13.13 in arecanut plantation to 18.49 in forest. The soil evaluation factor ranged from 5.32 in agriculture to 6.56 in forest. Pearson's correlation matrix revealed strongly significant positive correlation of soil fertility index and soil evaluation factor with soil properties.     

山西榆次不同植被土壤水分有效性与干燥化效应

为了对山西省山区土壤干旱程度和水资源利用情况进行研究,通过称重法研究了山西榆次区不同植被(樱桃林地、耕地、枣树林地和杨树林地)及撂荒地土壤剖面水分变化特征、水分有效性及干燥化效应。结果表明:土壤平均含水量从小到大依次为杨树林地(8.10%)、枣树林地(9.94%)、撂荒地(10.70%)、樱桃林地(14.47%)和耕地(14.53%)。各植被下土层均有不同程度的干层发育,其中耕地和樱桃林地土壤为轻度干层,撂荒地主要为中度干层,而枣树林地与杨树林地则发育了中重度干层。杨树林地各土层均为无效水,枣树林地以无效水为主,撂荒地以无效水与难效水为主,耕地和樱桃林地受灌溉补给,以难效水与中效水为主。各植被中除杨树林地外,土壤水分含量均随土层深度增加先减后增。其中樱桃林地和枣树林地土壤水分都在0—3 m内呈递减趋势,3—5 m土壤水分迅速升高。耕地和撂荒地土壤含水量先减后增,均在2—2.5 m深度土层为含水量低值拐点。杨树林地土壤水分在0—3.5 m保持平稳,3.5—5 m水分呈下降趋势。     

Soil and humanity: Culture, civilization, livelihood and health

Soil is closely connected to the culture and civilization of an ethnic group living in a given place, including their religion, thoughts, livelihood and health. It is important for people to protect the soil, their agriculture and the environment because the collapse of soil leads to the collapse of human culture, civilization, livelihood and health. The links between the soil and culture, civilization, livelihood and health may result from the ethical attitudes people have about the soil and that they demonstrate through their interactions with it. However, soil resources have been overexploited in modern society and are currently on the verge of collapsing. In this review article, the etymology of words for soil, the place of soil in philosophy and religion, the relationships between soil and the soul, the soil and dialects, and cultural soil science are discussed. The powerful influences of soil on civilization and livelihood are discussed and the relationship between soil and human beings is also considered. Soil can be shown to be a living thing, and this review will present a brief history of the relationship between soil and human health, and will discuss the importance of adopting an ethical attitude towards soil.     

Soil and humanity: Culture,civilization, livelihood and health

Abstract

Soil is closely connected to the culture and civilization of an ethnic group living in a given place, including their religion, thoughts, livelihood and health. It is important for people to protect the soil, their agriculture and the environment because the collapse of soil leads to the collapse of human culture, civilization, livelihood and health. The links between the soil and culture, civilization, livelihood and health may result from the ethical attitudes people have about the soil and that they demonstrate through their interactions with it. However, soil resources have been overexploited in modern society and are currently on the verge of collapsing. In this review article, the etymology of words for soil, the place of soil in philosophy and religion, the relationships between soil and the soul, the soil and dialects, and cultural soil science are discussed. The powerful influences of soil on civilization and livelihood are discussed and the relationship between soil and human beings is also considered. Soil can be shown to be a living thing, and this review will present a brief history of the relationship between soil and human health, and will discuss the importance of adopting an ethical attitude towards soil.     

土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力

对土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力概念进行了阐述,分析了两者之间的关系,指出土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力之间的作用是相互的,侵蚀造成土壤肥力的丧失,而土壤肥力的丧失反过来又加剧侵蚀作用的加强.在此基础上,提出了治理土壤侵蚀和培育土壤肥力时应注意的问题与治理方法.     

阿尔泰山南坡主要土壤类型及分布

通过样地调查与土壤理化分析相结合对阿尔泰山南部山区的土壤特性进行研究,确定该区域主要的土壤形成特征有有机物质积累特征、粘化特征、钙积特征、盐积特征和相应的化学组成及粘土矿物特征;按土壤发生学分类将主要土壤类型划分为9个土类,从高到低,形成较为完整的土壤垂直谱,并比较了东西部差异;该区域具有温带荒漠草原土壤垂直分布的典型特征,在干旱中温带的山地土壤中有代表性。