低温热管中无氟制冷剂HCR-22的蓄冷效果

为解决氟利昂制冷剂对臭氧层破坏和气候变暖潜能值高的缺陷,基于热管技术,该文设计了一套分离式低温热管蓄冷装置,用新型无氟制冷剂HCR-22替代传统制冷剂R-22,以蓄冷量为指标,研究了2种制冷剂在不同的充液率和冷凝/蒸发段面积比条件下的蓄冷效果。试验结果表明：HCR-22用于低温热管的最佳充液率为80%,与R-22相同;热管模组运行70h时,HCR-22和R-22的蓄冷量分别为16230.52和16252.09 kJ;最佳充液时,HCR-22用于低温热管的最优冷凝/蒸发段面积比为2.8：1,小于R-22时的3：1;HCR-22与R-22在相变传热中有近乎相同的传热稳定性,但制冷剂的用量仅为R-22的1/3。该研究为新型无氟制冷剂HCR-22替代传统制冷剂R-22提供了依据和技术支持,对低温热管的推广应用提供保障。     

基于热管技术的储粮仓温度特征及其抑虫效果

为解决传统储粮方法存在的高能耗、害虫多、易污染的问题,基于热管技术,该文设计开发了一座利用自然冷源蓄冷的储粮仓,其由储粮仓、热管模组、温度监测系统等组成,通过1年试验（2011年12月16日至2012年11月1日）研究了储粮仓内粮食温度变化及对害虫的抑制效果,结果表明：热管模组在19 d内将粮食温度降低到0,最低可降至-3.17℃;热管储粮试验仓蓄冷量为50.95 MJ,降温速度达到了0.28℃/d,分别较对照仓高出31.62%和47.37%,因此试验仓降温速度更快,蓄冷量更大。夏季试验仓虫害发生时间延迟,害虫数量明显减少,抑虫效果明显。此外,试验周期内无任何能耗,小麦并未出现结露或霉变等现象。该研究为热管技术在大型粮库中的应用提供依据和技术支持。     

北京钢结构组合式种子仓房夏季温湿度环境测试分析

该文研究了北京地区钢结构组合式种子仓房夏季的温湿度及其分布。测试期间，仓外最高气温36.6℃，仓内最高平均空气温度为27.4℃，种堆最高平均温度为25.8℃，仓内外最高空气温差达到9.2℃，仓内空气与种堆最高温差1.6℃；种堆上层温度高于下层温度，但温度梯度较小，最大温差为0.5℃；种堆最高相对湿度为62%，表明该类型仓房内的温湿度条件能满足玉米、小麦等种子贮藏条件。仓房南墙内外墙体表面的最高温度差20.4℃，仓房北墙最高热流量为67.0 W/m²，南墙最高热流量为120.5 W/m²，表明该仓房墙壁密封性能较好。最后对仓房管理和需要进一步研究的方向提出了建议。     

蓄冷保温箱真空隔热蓄冷控温传热模型与验证

为掌握不同参数对蓄冷控温特性的影响,建立了真空隔热蓄冷控温试验平台,以脐橙为试验对象,根据热平衡理论,建立蓄冷控温传热数学模型,并进行试验验证,进一步分析了不同参数对蓄冷控温特性的影响。数学模型计算结果表明,随着真空隔热板厚度的增加,在0~8℃温度的控温时间越长;当外界恒温30℃、真空隔热板厚度为25 mm时,0~8℃温区控温时长为106.14 h。试验结果表明,模型计算结果与试验结果吻合,控温时长平均误差为2.60%;当外界平均温度为33.5℃、真空隔热板厚度为20 mm、有太阳辐射时,在30 min内试验平台内温度由29.5℃降至7.2℃,降温速度较快。应用数学模型分析不同参数影响,结果表明:不同车速对传热速率的影响不显著;传热速率随着真空绝热板厚度的增加而下降,下降趋势呈指数变化;相同控温时长时,所需蓄冷剂质量与真空绝热板厚度呈指数变化;真空绝热板越厚,温度下降速率越快;太阳辐射会使控温时长缩短13.79%。该研究结果为蓄冷控温型运输装备的结构优化设计及蓄冷剂的选型、用量提供一定的参考价值。     

北京钢结构组合式种子仓库夏季温湿度环境测试分析

该文研究了北京地区钢结构组合式种子仓房夏季的温湿度及其分布，测试期间，仓外最高气温36．6℃，仓内最高平均空气温度为27．4℃，种堆最高平均温度为25．8℃，仓内外最高空气温差达到9．2℃，仓内空气与种堆最高温差1．6℃；种堆上层温度高于下层温度，但温度梯度较小，最大温差为0．5℃，种堆最高相对湿度为62％，表明该类型仓房内的温湿度条件能满足玉米，小麦等种子贮藏条件，仓房南墙内外墙体表面的最高温度差20．4℃，仓房北墙最高热流量为67．0W/m^2，南墙最高热流量为120．5W／m^2，表明该仓房墙壁密封性能较好，最后对仓房管理和需要进一步研究的方向提出了建议。     

GU-PCM2型控温式相变蓄冷冷藏车设计与空载性能试验

现有蓄冷冷藏车蓄冷装置多位于车厢顶部,存在重心偏高、不可控温等问题,基于此,该文设计了一款集相变蓄冷单元、车载制冷系统、隔热车厢、送风系统等于一体的GU-PCM2型蓄冷冷藏车。该蓄冷车将蓄冷装置独立设置于车厢前端并保温,系统利用夜间低谷电进行充冷,可在-25～10℃之间根据需要调控车厢温度。对蓄冷冷藏车厢设定温度为0和-18℃的2种工况进行空载温度场仿真与测试。结果表明,车厢内各测温点的模拟温度与实测温度均方根误差分别为0.7和0.8℃,最大绝对误差分别为1.1和1.2℃。冷藏车可有效控温10 h以上,车厢平均温度分别在1.1～2.9℃和-14.8～-16.9℃之间,波动范围为1.8和2.1℃,温度不均匀度系数在1.0以内。控温式蓄冷冷藏车与传统蓄冷车的对比试验结果表明,其平均温度波动值降低48.7%,温度绝对不均匀度系数降低50%以上,车厢质心较顶置式蓄冷车下降25.9%。研究结果可为蓄冷冷藏车的进一步优化设计与应用提供参考。     

基于多参数耦合的蓄冷温控箱冷板对流换热参数优化

蓄冷温控箱利用低温相变材料储存冷量,通过缓慢释放调节并保持箱内温度,目前仍存在冷量释放速率无法控制、剩余冷量预测难等问题,而蓄冷板表面对流换热系数直接影响冷量的释放速率。针对以上问题,搭建了蓄冷板表面对流换热系数测量试验平台,研究不同环境及蓄冷板参数对表面对流换热系数的影响。采用二次回归正交试验设计方案,探究了蓄冷区进口空气流速、进口空气温度、蓄冷板传热面积以及蓄冷板间距对表面对流换热系数的影响,并对结果进行分析,建立了表面对流换热系数二阶预测模型,获得影响表面对流换热系数大小较显著的因素及较优的参数组合。试验结果表明：各因素间存在明显交互作用,进口空气温度和蓄冷板传热面积的交互效应最大;通过响应曲面法建立的表面对流换热系数预测模型,得到最优参数组合为：进口空气流速4 m/s,进口空气温度25 ℃,蓄冷板传热面积0.455 m2,蓄冷板间距0.04 m,R2值为0.927 4,变异系数CV为5.78%。回归模型计算结果与试验结果吻合,最大误差为3.58%,平均相对误差为2.69%,表明该模型可以快速、准确地预测不同条件下的蓄冷板表面对流换热系数。试验结果为蓄冷温控箱冷量释放速率精准调控及剩余冷量预测提供参考。     

基于温湿度场云图的小麦粮堆霉变与温湿度耦合分析

为了研究粮堆霉变和温度场、湿度场的时空耦合关系,该文建立了模拟仓装置,在模拟仓内装入体积比为9∶50的高水分小麦(20.1%,w.b.)和低水分小麦(11%,w.b.),于18℃恒温室内储藏800 h。试验过程中,高水分小麦中心插入30℃的加热元件,短时加热引发粮仓内部湿热迁移,通过构建温、湿度场云图,检测CO_2气体浓度和储藏霉菌变化,揭示温、湿度场与粮堆霉变的时空耦合关系。通过云图观察到湿空气上移而形成窝状高湿区,在温度适宜的条件下,高温中心区由于湿度偏低,几乎不发生霉变,窝状高湿区霉变最严重。当温度降低后,模拟仓内粮堆霉变受到抑制,微生物生长速度减慢。试验结果表明,在温度和湿度的变化和耦合过程中,粮堆霉变不仅是时间的函数,也是空间的函数。由于粮温散失较快,试验过程中,粮堆内没有观察到自发热点。该文可为今后进一步建立粮堆多场耦合规律和储粮过程中霉变发热的监测预报奠定基础。     

热管技术在自然冷源蓄冷中的应用

为实现无能耗、无噪音、方便快捷有效地贮存冬季自然冷源,基于热管技术,开发建成了一套热管模组自然冷源蓄冷系统,建立了单管制冰过程的一维传热模型,并对理论进行了试验验证。结果表明：单管制冰半径与制冰时间呈幂函数关系,修正后的解析解能够可靠预测实际制冰情况。研究成果为热管模组间管间距的设计和蓄冷制冰量的预测提供了有效的理论依据。     

储料竖向压力对粮仓中小麦粮堆湿热传递的影响

粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.