Substitution analysis of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Chromosome substitution lines of the wheat variety ‘Cappelle Desprez’ into ‘Chinese Spring’ were tested for drought tolerance in growth chambers in the Martonvásár phytotron. Three different moisture regimes were created: E1, fully irrigated control; E2, mid-season water stress (preanthesis); and E3, terminal water-stress during grain filling. Data were analysed to estimate the chromosomal location of the genes controlling relative water-content (RWC), relative water-loss (RWL), drought-susceptibility index (DSI) and phenotypic stability in each substitution line. Simultaneous consideration indicated that most of the genes controlling these characters are located on chromosomes 1A, 5A, 7A,4B, 5B, 1D, 3D and 5D.     

Marker‐assisted backcross breeding for improvement of drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

Drought stress is presently a major productivity limiting factor in wheat. This study developed five wheat lines with inbuilt tolerance to drought stress using marker‐assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach employing three linked quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in an initial population of 516 BC₁F₁ plants. The high‐yielding wheat cultivar ‘HD2733’ grown over last few years extensively in the eastern plains of India is largely sensitive to drought and is used as the recurrent parent. ‘HI1500’ released for water‐limiting conditions and carrying drought‐tolerant QTLs was used as donor parent. MABB lines were advanced using foreground and background selection, coupled with stringent phenotyping. We identified 29 lines that were homozygous for targeted QTLs in different combinations with background recovery range of 89.2%–95.4%. Further evaluation of selected lines for physiological traits and distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) characters under rainfed condition identified five potential varieties for national varietal evaluation programme in the zone. The report is first of its kind in implementing known QTLs for the development of drought‐tolerant wheat lines through MABB approach.     

Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol

This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10^-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10^-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Little information is available on the genetics of excised leaf water loss and relative water content in wheat. An experiment conducted on the F₁ generation from a half-diallel set of crosses involving two drought tolerant, two moderately tolerant and two sensitive varieties was initiated to investigate the inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content. This experiment was conducted under glass-house and field conditions at tillering and anthesis stages of plant development. Additive gene action, in general, played a major role in determining the inheritance of these traits. General combining ability (GCA) was the main source of genetic variation among crosses, while specific combining ability (SCA) was negligible. Strong phenotypic correlations existed between per se performance and GCA effects in the majority of cases. Heterosis was unimportant. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for different results found between environments and growth stages, respectively. Selection for relative water content appeared to be more effective at anthesis, while for excised-leaf water loss at both stages of plant growth. In addition to drought resistance, wide differences for morphological characters and relative positions of parental arrays revealed the possibility of obtaining desirable segregants for drought stress conditions from the cross Kharchia 65 × WH 147. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宁麦9号与扬麦158株高及其构成因素的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,长江中下游麦区近3年来审定品种中80%都是其衍生后代,研究其性状的遗传具重要意义。以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90k芯片对群体进行基因型分析,建立高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对株高及节间长度、穗长等株高构成因素进行测定,结合遗传图谱对株高及相关性状进行QTL定位,获得14个控制株高及其构成因素的稳定表达位点。通过进一步位置比对,聚焦到6个染色体区段,初步明确了各节间对株高的遗传调控机制。同时,将6个染色体区段中同源性较低的连锁标记转化为适用于高通量筛选的KASP标记,利用101份区域试验材料进行标记效应验证,结果显示聚合Qph-2D与Qph-5A.1两个位点具有较高的选择效率,继续聚合Q2A后,中选材料显著减少,可能降低选择效率;对Q2A与Q5A两个一因多效位点的选择建议以降低株高的等位变异为主;Qd1-5D可作为穗下节间(D1)的选择标记对株高展开优化选择。期望以上结果能为长江中下游麦区的小麦株高遗传改良提供帮助。     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

Efficient application of in vitro anther culture for different European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programmes

The efficiency of our anther culture protocol was tested with high‐ and low‐responding genotypes, ‘Svilena’ and ‘Berengar’, and 93 F₁ winter wheat crosses in 2010 and 2011. Based on data for these genotypes, the effect of genotype influenced the number of embryo‐like structures, regenerated plantlets and green plantlets, while the number of albino plantlets was affected by genotype, year and environmental factors. Although genotype also influenced the production of green plantlets from breeding crosses, with green plantlets per 100 anthers ranging from 0.04 to 28.67, the average regeneration rate over all crosses was 5.3 green plantlets/100 anthers, which resulted in a total of 11 416 well‐rooted green plantlets. The survival rate of green plantlets following acclimatization was 97.21% in 2010 and 96.34% in 2011. In this study, the phenomenon of albinism and genotype dependency did not hinder the production of more than five thousand green plantlets each year. In our experiments, anther culture proved to be an efficient method in winter wheat breeding programmes with lower costs than alternative technologies.     

高产冬小麦深耘断根提高粒重的生理分析

1997～1999采用2个品种,设置4个处理,于花后测定多项生理指标,研究探讨深耘断根提高冬小麦粒重的机理。结果表明：花后深耘断根处理的“源”活力高。深耘断根可推迟小麦旗叶光合速率峰期、延缓叶绿素含量下降速率、延缓功能叶衰老、使根系发育良好、活力提高。深耘断根处理增强籽粒“库”活力。可使籽粒SS（蔗糖合成酶）活性加大、穗部ATP含量提高。深耘断根提高旗叶SPS(磷酸蔗糖合成酶)活性,强化光合产物转化。深耘断根保持了小麦长时期高强度灌浆。结合前人的研究,文章初步提出了冬小麦深耘断根增加粒重的机理模型。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with grain filling duration and grain number under terminal heat stress in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Terminal heat stress has the potential negative impact on wheat production across the world, especially in South Asia. Under the threat of terminal heat stress, wheat genotypes with stay green trait would suffer from high temperature stress during their long grain filling duration (GFD). The genotypes with short GFD would be advantageous. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat tolerance, a RIL population of K 7903 (heat tolerant) and RAJ 4014 (heat sensitive) wheat genotypes was investigated under timely and late‐sown conditions. Heat susceptibility index of GFD, yield components and traits under late‐sown condition were used as phenotypic data for QTL identification. Stable QTLs associated with these traits were identified on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3B, 5A and 6B. The LOD value ranged from 2.9 to 5.0 and the corresponding phenotyping variation explained ranged from 12.0–22%. QTL for heat susceptibility index for the grain filling duration were colocalized with QTL for productive tillers under late sown and GFD under late‐sown condition on chromosomes 1B and 5A, respectively. These genomic regions could be exploited for molecular wheat breeding programmes targeting heat tolerance.     

施用不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质的影响

于2000－2002年在土壤有效硫含量为15.8 mg.kg^-1的大田试验条件下,不同种类硫肥以60 kg.hm^-2纯S施入,研究了施用不同硫肥对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥处理使小麦在籽粒灌浆中后期明显保持较高的群体光合速率(CAP),在灌浆后期,不施硫肥处理的小麦CAP分别低于施硫磺粉、石膏、过磷酸钙、硫铵、硫酸钾各处理9.8%、13.3%、11.9%、40.3%和43.7%。施硫提高了小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性,增大了生育后期的物质积累,实现了生物积累量和收获指数的同步提高,最终显著提高了粒重和籽粒产量;施硫促进籽粒灌浆过程中的麦谷蛋白积累量,且对淀粉糊化参数指标如糊化温度、低谷粘度、高峰粘度和最终粘度影响较大,有利于改善小麦品质。在本试验条件下,增施不同种类硫肥对豫麦49产量和品质均有促进效果,其中以过磷酸钙效果较佳。     

Analysis of geographical and breeding-related distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Using the Information and Analytical System of Wheat Genetic Resources GRIS 3.2, the peculiarities of distribution of hybrid necrosis genes in bread wheat in different regions of the world were analyzed. Considerable variation in frequencies of the Ne1 and Ne2 genes in regions with different moisture and heat supply was revealed. A significant effect of breeding on frequency dynamics of different genotypes Ne1ne2, ne1Ne2 and ne1ne2 was confirmed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硫肥对两个不同穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

在大田土壤有效硫含量15.8 mg.kg^-1试验条件下，研究了不同硫肥处理对冬小麦多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种豫麦66光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明，60 kg.hm^-2纯硫基施或基施与拔节期追施各50%处理与对照相比，提高了群体光合速率（CAP）、旗叶蒸腾速率（T_r），同时提高了叶片叶绿素（Chl）含量，尤其显著地提高了旗叶净光合速率（P_n），延缓了灌浆后期P_n的下降。施硫处理产量显著高于对照，以60 kg.hm^-2纯硫分基施与拔节期追施各50%处理效果最好。两品种光合特性和产量对不同硫肥处理的反应表现出差异，施硫对豫麦66旗叶光合速率的影响大于豫麦49。纯硫120 kg.hm^-2处理的光合特性指标和产量低于其他硫肥处理。据此，作者对两种穗型冬小麦品种合理施用硫肥的技术措施提出了建议。     

Expression of 17 rye (Secale cereale L.) traits in a range of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds

Summary Expression of 17 rye traits in 24 bread wheat x rye and 8 durum wheat x rye crosses was studied, using a self-compatible, homozygous, dwarf rye. Rye showed epistasis for hairiness on the peduncle in all the crosses of Triticum aestivum and T. durum wheats with rye. Dark greenness of leaves of rye was expressed in all the durum wheat x rye and in some of the bread wheat x rye crosses. Similarly, absence of auricle pubescence, a rye trait, was expressed in most of the durum wheat x rye crosses but not in the bread wheat x rye crosses, indicating the presence of inhibitors for these traits frequently on the D genome and rarely on the A and/or B genome of wheat. Most of the wide hybrids resembled rye fully or partially for intense waxy bloom on the leaf-sheath and for the absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Similarly, most of the amphihaploids resembled rye for the anthocyanin in the coleoptile, stem and node. The presence of some inhibitors on A and/or B genome of wheat was indicated in some of the wheat genotypes for the expression of rye traits viz. intense waxy bloom, anthocyanin in node and absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Enhancement in the level of expression of the intensity and length of bristles on the mid-rib of the glume of the hybrids might be due to wheat-rye interaction. Less number of florets/spikelet as in rye showed variable expression in different wheat backgrounds. Some other rye traits like absence of auricles, terminal spikelet and glume-awn were not expressed in the wheat background. The expression of some of the rye genes might have been influenced by their interaction with Triticum cytoplasm and/or the environment.     

Aneuploid analysis for protein content and tyrosinase activity in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)

Summary A study was conducted to locate the genes responsible for the determination of kernel protein content and tyrosinase activity in a hexaploid wheat variety UP 301 using Pb. C591 monosomic series. Genes located on chromosomes 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 3D and 7D of UP 301 controlled protein content of UP 301. Of these the B genome chromosomes were found to have genes for increased protein content while the D genome chromosomes were found to carry genes for low protein content. A major gene coding for tyrosinase enzyme was detected on chromosome 6B of UP 301 and a modifier on chromosome 5B. This indicated the possibility of improving these quality characters through chromosome manipulation.     

施氮水平对两个冬小麦品种面粉色泽及面条品质的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同施氮水平对豫麦49-198和兰考矮早八面粉色泽及面条品质的影响。结果表明,两品种面粉及面糊的色泽等级值(CGV)、红色度(a*)和黄色度(b*)随施氮量的增加而增大,亮度(L*)随施氮量的增加而下降。随着放置时间的延长,面片的CGV、a*、b*升高,而L*值下降。质构仪分析表明,随着施氮量的增加,两品种面条的硬度、黏合性、咀嚼性呈上升趋势,以360 kg hm^-2处理的值最高,并且和其他处理之间的差异达显著水平。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基与小麦品质性状关系的研究

采用SDS-PAGE方法, 通过对4个优质亲本与3个农艺亲本间杂交获得的F2群体的每一单株及其亲本进行小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析, 并对每一F2单株上F3籽粒群体的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成与其籽粒蛋白质含量、 SDS-沉降值的关系进行研究,结果表明：小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成不同的群体间籽粒蛋白质含量差异不显著     

Irrigation and Nutrient Effects on Growth and Water–Yield Relationship of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Central India

Increasing production of wheat from a limited water supply can result from efficient irrigation and nutrient management. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, to study the growth, yield, seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE), and the water–yield relationship of wheat in a soybean–wheat cropping system on vertisols. Three levels of irrigation, viz. I₀, no post‐sowing irrigation; I₁, two irrigations [crown root initiation (CRI) and flowering stage]; and I₂, three irrigations (CRI, maximum tillering and flowering stage) and three nutrient management treatments, viz. F₀, control (without fertilizer/manure); F₁, 100 % NPK (100–21.5–24.9 kg ha^?1); and F₂, 100 % NPK + farmyard manure (FYM‐10 t ha^?1) were tested in a split‐plot design with three replication. It has been established (through anova ) that the year effect was rather negligible and the interaction effects of irrigation and nutrient management on the growth parameters, ET, yield components, yield and WUE were significant. Plant height, progressive leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were higher in I₂F₂, and I₂F₁ and I₁F₂ were statistically at par. The seasonal ET increased significantly with the increase in water supply in every nutrient treatment and it was highest in I₂F₂ and lowest in I₀F₀. The highest grain yield was obtained in I₂F₂; and a similar yield was recorded in I₃F₁ and I₂F₂. This shows a strong interaction effect between irrigation and nutrients. Yield components, viz. number of ears m^?2, number of grains ear^?1 and 1000‐grain weight were significant. The higher number of ears m^?2 containing greater number of grains with relatively heavier weights appeared to have contributed to the higher yield in I₁F₂, I₂F₁ and I₂F₂. The highest WUE obtained in I₀F₂ did not correspond to the highest yield and maximum ET, but a WUE of 10.43 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 in the I₂F₂ combination corresponded with the highest yield and the seasonal ET requirement was 391.8, which was 137 % greater than the water use at maximum WUE. The ET–grain yield relationship was linear, with a lowest regression slope (i.e. marginal WUE) and elasticity of water production (E_wp) in F₀ and a considerably higher slope and E_wp in F₁ and F₂. As the E_wp is positive and close to one in 100 % NPK treatment, the scope of improving WUE and yield with only inorganic fertilizer is very little, and relatively greater scope exists in the integrated management of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer. The results suggest that integrated nutrient management (100 % NPK + FYM) in conjunction with three irrigations maximized yield of wheat with concomitant improvement in ET and WUE under limited water availability.     

Effects of dwarfing genes on yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Near-isogenic tall (no dwarfing gene), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2) and dwarf (Rht1 + Rht2 or Rht3) spring wheat lines were evaluated for yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, the dwarf and the semidwarf lines exhibited a significant yield advantage over the tall lines. Under rainfed conditions, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall as well as the dwarf lines. Percent yield reduction in response to drought stress was highest with the dwarfs and lowest with the tall lines. Dry matter production of the tall lines and that of the semidwarf lines did not differ significantly and both produced significantly more dry matter than the dwarf lines under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing degree of dwarfness while number of kernels per spikelet, harvest index and days to heading increased under both moisture regimes. The dwarfing genes did not have any significant influence on number of tillers/m² and spikelets per spike in either moisture regime.     

普通小麦面包体积及加工品质性状的杂种优势

本研究采用在黄淮冬麦区种植面积较大的4个强筋小麦品种和4个中弱筋品种按NCⅡ设计正反交组配32个组合,对其F2和亲本的种子,按组合混合后分别测定籽粒硬度、面粉GMP含量、泽伦尼一沉降值、粉质图参数和面包体积,结果表明:面包体积的杂种优势非常普遍,而且中亲优势率较高,平均中亲优势率为 15%(-2%~ 38%),平均超亲优势率为1%(-19%~ 34%)。表明,强筋与中弱筋普通小麦品种间杂交组合F2种子的面包体积杂种优势很强,具有生产利用的潜力;GMP含量平均中亲优势率为 1%(-9%~ 16%),正向优势组合多,负向优势组合少,但超亲优势率几乎全为负值。表明,GMP含量以正向部分显性遗传为主,利于面包小麦杂优利用;GMP含量的F2表现型值、中亲优势率和超亲优势率与F2籽粒的面包体积表现型值、中亲优势率和超亲优势率的正相关系数均达显著水平,应该作为面包小麦杂种优势利用育种的组合评选微量评价指标。