黄河中游地区生态畜牧业发展探索

在研究黄河中游地区不同自然气候、资源、立地条件、畜牧业经营现状和人文条件的基础上，借鉴已有国内外良性生态畜牧业结构模式，确定该区畜牧业发展的划分类型区、适宜的经营方式和适应生态环境建设的主要畜牧配置措施，建立合理利用当地资源的畜牧产业化总体发展格局，使畜牧业经营活动和生产方式，逐步过渡为适应生态环境建设、退耕还林还草的整体轨道上，使区域现代畜牧业形成经营产业化、畜种品牌化、结构合理化；组成不同类型区生态气候多样性、畜牧业生态要素合理性、畜牧业生产规范性、畜牧业产品品牌性和生态经济高效性的畜牧支持服务体系。为改变脆弱的生态环境，提供有效的保障体系，并促进当地经济合理、持续发展。     

肃南县草原确权承包登记工作经验交流

为深入贯彻落实中央和省市改革决策部署,进一步深化农牧村经营体制改革,稳步推进我县草原确权承包登记颁证工作有序开展,有效调动农牧民群众自我管理、相互监督、合理利用、保护草原的积极性,促进草原畜牧业持续稳定、健康发展。根据农业部《关于开展草原确权承包登记试点的通知》和甘肃省农牧厅《关于印发甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点工作实施方案的通知》要求,将肃南县确定为甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点县。开展草原确权承包登记工作以来,我县创新工作方式方法,稳步推进各项工作顺利开展,取得了显著成效。笔者参与了草原确权承包登记各项工作,归纳总结了工作经验和取得的成效,与各位同行分享。     

Comparison of the trabeculae structure of the spongy bone of the bilateral pastern bones in racehorses based on the imaging analysis of radiograms

On the basis of a digital analysis of radiograms it was checked if, and to what extent, the extended loading of one of the sides of the body of racehorses leads to differences in the microstructure of the spongy bone of the bilateral pastern bones of the thoracic limbs. The research material consisted of radiograms of the pastern bones of the right and left thoracic limbs of racehorses. On the basis of computer image radiological analysis with the use of the "Trabecula,, programme, a quantative evaluation of the structure of the spongy bone of the pastern bones was conducted. It was noted that the differences between the right and the left pastern bones, despite extensive loading of the left thoracic limb, were not statistically significant as far as all studied parameters of the trabecula structure of the spongy bone were concerned.     

Effect of teasing, mechanical stimulation and the intrauterine infusion of saline on uterine contractions in mares

Uterine motility may have significance for the transportation of spermatozoa and the elimination of the ejaculate and inflammatory products after mares have been covered. The effect of some of the component stimuli of coitus on uterine contractions was investigated by using M-mode ultrasound. The number, amplitude and duration of the uterine contractions of each uterine horn and of the uterine body were measured in oestrous mares for four minutes before and four minutes after teasing by a stallion, mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix, the intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline, the intrauterine infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline, and the transcervical passage of a uterine catheter. Teasing by a stallion did not affect the total number, mean amplitude or mean duration of the uterine contractions. Mechanical stimulation of the vagina and cervix increased the total number of uterine contractions, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the contractions. The intrauterine infusion of 80 ml of sterile saline resulted in an increase in the total number of contractions and a significant increase in the mean amplitude and the mean duration of the contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body. The intrauterine infusion of 10 ml of sterile saline caused a significant decrease in the number of uterine contractions in the uterine horns, but had no effect on the contractions of the uterine body. The infusion of 150 ml of sterile saline reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns but not the uterine body, and did not affect the mean amplitude and mean duration of the contractions. The transcervical insertion of a catheter reduced the number of contractions in the uterine horns, but did not affect the amplitude or duration of the uterine contractions.     

犊牛饲养福利关键点及生产意义

近年来我国奶牛养殖业迅速发展,犊牛作为发展养牛业的主要基础,也越来越受到人们的关注。提升犊牛成活率、规范初乳饲喂规程、降低犊牛应激反应,提升环境舒适度,是改善犊牛福利的主要措施。提升犊牛饲养管理福利,对奶牛终身产奶量的提升有积极的促进作用。本文从提高犊牛接产成活率,增强机体免疫机能,减缓机体应激,提高犊牛舒适度等方面综合分析了提高犊牛福利、促进奶牛健康养殖的关键点,旨在提升牛只健康养殖水平,为促进我国奶业蓬勃发展提供技术支持。     

Effect of bilateral orchidectomy on serum testosterone levels in boars]

Bilateral orchidectomy caused a marked decrease in the concentration of testosterone in the bood plasma of boars already in the early post-castration stage of three hours after the operation. In the period from 3 to 207 days after castration, the pre-operation levels of plasma testosterone decrease by 84.4%, on an average. Adreno-cortical compensation of the concentration of the hormone did not occur in the post-castration period. The conclusion is that the levels of testosterone in the blood of boars are mostly of testicular origin and can be considered as the main criterion of the incretion function of the testes. The discussion concerns the practical importance of the determination of testosterone levels in the blood of boars for clinical evaluation of the hormonal function of the testes and for diagnostics of incretion hypogonodism.     

Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.
The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.     

基于生态经济视域下发展生态高尔夫的对策

目前中国高尔夫已从无序发展转到了生态制约阶段。本研究运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,基于经济生态、伦理生态、环境生态的视角,阐述了发展生态高尔夫的必要性,分析了生态高尔夫的内涵,提出加快我国生态高尔夫发展的对策:加强高尔夫相关标准体系建设;球场建设遵循自然主义原则,并与地方经济协调发展;会所配套设施需实用、简约;草坪管理重视现代科学新技术和管理方法运用,加强环保管理;加大员工草坪养护管理技术培训力度;大力开展多元化高尔夫、转变消费观念、低碳消费;企业需增强社会责任感;实施行业自治。     

Estimation of the volume of the gall bladder of 32 dogs from linear ultrasonographic measurements

The maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section, and the maximum width and depth of the transverse section of the gall bladders of 32 dog cadavers were measured ultrasonographically; the contents of the gall bladder were then aspirated and its actual volume measured. The volume of the gall bladder was estimated from the ultrasonographic measurements by using formulae suggested for assessment of the volumes of the urinary bladder in human beings and the gall bladder of dogs, and these formulae were compared with a formula derived from the measurements made in this study. In 21 of the dogs, the measurements were repeated twice so that their reproducibility could be evaluated. All the formulae gave good estimations of the volume of the dogs' gall bladders, but the formula for the human urinary bladder volume was better than the other two. The actual volume of the gall bladder was related to the dogs' bodyweight. There were no significant differences between the repeated measurements of the maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section or the width of the transverse section of the gall bladder, but there were significant variations in the depth of the transverse section.     

环境认知与家庭禀赋差异对肉羊养殖规模的影响——基于西藏牧区885户肉羊养殖户的调查

本文依据西藏那曲地区和日喀则市885份入户调查数据,运用有序Logit模型考察了牧民肉羊养殖规模的影响因素。研究表明:牧民扩大养殖规模较为普遍;牧民的生态环境认知、政策认知、家庭收入水平、肉羊养殖收入比重、文化程度、村民相处情况、村干部经历等对家庭控制肉羊规模有显著正向影响。对此,政府在草原保护中需要强化草原监管中牧民参与、加强政策内容与草原退化情况宣传、提高牧民政策满意度、拓展牧民增收渠道,在降低牧民肉羊养殖规模的同时提高牧民家庭生计水平,进而促进草原畜牧业可持续发展。     

Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft

A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pain on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed premature closure of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish congruity of the elbow joint. Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The dog did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the dog again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of pain. Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as deformity of the humeral head and hypoplasia of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.     

Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea, L., Talpidae)

The tongue in the adult European mole (Talpa europea L.) was examined by scanning electron microscope. The elongated tongue with a rounded apex is about 12-13 mm in length and 3-4 mm in width. On the apex the shallow median groove is present. On the dorsal surface of the lingual mucosa two types of mechanical papillae and two types of gustatory papillae were observed. Mechanical papillae are represented by numerous filiform papillae with a single process, covering the whole surface of the apex and body of the tongue, and massive conical papillae, found on the root of the tongue. The structure and density of filiform papillae varies in the anterior and posterior part of the tongue. A unique trait of the tongue in the European mole is the occurrence on the apex of the tongue of a single row of conical papillae. Gustatory papillae are represented by numerous fungiform papillae and one pair of vallate papillae. Dome-shaped fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue are arranged linearly along both margins of the tongue, whereas in the posterior part of the body of the tongue flat fungiform papillae are distributed evenly among filiform papillae. Oval vallate papillae are surrounded by a continuous furrow and a single pad. In the posterior part of the root behind conical papillae the surface of the mucosa is flat with numerous orifices of lingual papillae located there. Observations on the distribution and structure of gustatory papillae in the common mole did not show the existence of special traits, differing them from those in terrestrial insectivores. The comparison of the morphology of the tongue, the distribution and structure of the lingual papillae in the European mole with those in the other species of Insectivores, indicated of a general similarity of features within the family Talpidae.     

Anatomic and radiologic observations of the clavicle of adult dogs

In an anatomic and radiologic study of the clavicle of 50 adult dogs of 10 breeds, the clavicle had ossified in 96% of the dogs. The clavicles studied had various shapes, and each clavicle was attached to the caudomedial part of the clavicular intersection of the brachiocephalic muscle, to the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle, and to 4 radiating bands of connective tissue fasciculi. One band was attached to the caudal border of the scapula and fascia deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle, 1 was attached to the manubrium of the sternum, and 1 each was attached to the epimysia of the superficial pectoral and sternocephalic muscles. We concluded that, during movements of the thoracic limb, the clavicle and the 4 fasciculated connective tissue bands associated with it stabilize the position of the brachiocephalic muscle with relation to the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Also, the fasciculated band attached to the caudal border of the scapula provides protection for nerves from the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels that supply the thoracic limb.     

不作为侵权责任承担的法理分析

随着社会的发展,不作为侵权责任承担的研究成为必要,文中以不作为侵权责任承担的法理基价值础作为切入点,从义务-责任原理和社会价值方面探讨了不作为侵权责任承担的基本理论,分析了其承担责任的构成要件,进而提出了一些不成熟的建议,以期对我国的侵权行为法的研究有所裨益。     

Vallate papillae in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica)

On the root of the tongue in the rabbit there are two symmetrically located vallate papillae, covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium is characterized by variable thicknesses, forming epithelial streaks of different length and irregular shape. Taste buds are found both in the epithelium covering the papillae and in the epithelium of the outer walls of the papillae from the side of the furrows. The outer wall of the vallate papillae is gradually transformed with no visible boundary into the surface of the root of the tongue devoid of papillae. The surface of the vallate papillae is uneven. The connective tissue core of the papillae is formed by numerous, irregularly shaped connective tissue papillae, between which epithelial streaks are arranged. Around the connective tissue core of the papillae there is a circular connective tissue fold, with a furrow located on its circumference and the core of the outer wall of the vallate papillae. Numerous excretory ducts of the posterior serous lingual glands (Ebner's glands) open on the fundus of the circular furrow of each vallate papilla. Sometimes excretory ducts of these glands open directly onto the surface of a vallate papilla and then in their vicinity taste buds are found. The results of this study show the structure of vallate papillae on the tongue of adult rabbits, at the same time indicating differences in their structure in comparison to the vallate papillae of other animal species.     

广东畜牧业产业化经营利益生成和分配机制的问题与对策

提出畜牧业产业化经营的发展是畜牧业产业化经营产业链各成员之间利益生成和分配的合作与博弈过程，产业链是否稳定决定于利益分配是否合理，产业链各成员是否实现了个体利益分配的最优化，从而实现产业链效益的最大化。指出广东畜牧业产业化经营的健康发展离不开产业链利益生成和分配机制的不断优化，离不开市场的导向作用、法律制度的完善和政府的宏观调控作用。     

三江源区"黑土型"退化草地垂穗披碱草人工草地毒杂草危害性分析

通过对三江源区人工草地常见三种毒杂草的危害性研究得知:就植物群落而言,甘肃马先蒿对垂穗披碱草的危害性最大,铁棒锤居中,黄帚橐吾较轻;就植物地上生物量而言,铁棒锤对垂穗披碱草的危害性最大,甘肃马先蒿次之,黄帚橐吾较轻。甘肃马先蒿、铁棒锤、黄帚橐吾的入侵,促使人工草地的逆向演替,导致了人工草地的极度退化。     

数学探究教学的主要特征与局限性

探究教学是新课程改革所倡导的教学方式。从数学认识的过程出发,结合数学认识的特点,数学探究教学具有问题的导向性、数学世界与生活世界的整合、过程与结果的统一等主要特征。数学探究教学的局限性主要包括:适用的局限性、效率的局限性、效果的局限性、操作的局限性。     

Elektronenoptische Untersuchungen über Transsudationsvorgänge zwischen Blut- und Lymphkapillaren im Lymphobulbus des Kopulationsorganes beim Haushahn (Gallus domesticus)

Electronmicroscopical studies of transudation between blood capillaries and lymph capillaries in the lymphobulbus of the phallus of the cockerel (Gallus domesticus) The blood capillaries of the lymphobulbus cloacae may be divided into circulatory and transudation capillaries and may be distinguished from one another and from the lymph capillaries by ten criteria. The specific structure of the wall of these capillaries permits transudation of lymph from the blood-vascular to the lymphatic system. The lymph passes through the pores and fenestrae of the transudation capillaries into the interstitium and from here by two routes into the lymphobulbus. One route is intracellular-vesicular, and the other is intercellular (between the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries). The contraction of the striated M. sphincter cloacae during erection of the phallus presses the lymph through the ductus lymphaticus bulbospongiosus cloacae into the corpus cavernosum of the phallus. There is a relationship between the structure and functional stages of the lymphobulbus and age, and between the former and the levels of the steroid sex hormones.     

Clinical form of syngamiasis of pheasants and its treatment with mebendazole]

For the subdueing of the clinical form of the synagamosis of pheasants we successfully applied Mebendazole in the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed. Because of the lack of drug we administered the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed in one group in the course of seven days to a number of animals, the others (approx. 4000 animals) received the drug only in the course of three days. On the third to fourth day after the application of the preparation the clinical symptoms disappeared and mortality stopped. To the group intended for dissecting for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Mebendazole, the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed was applied in the course of 13 days. From the fifth day after the beginning of the application we found no gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) in the trachea, and the clinical symptoms disappeared completely from the seventh day onwards. In the control group mortality continued and in the trachea we found mature parasites numbering from 1 to 13 pairs. Thus we consider the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed to be suitable, though it is necessary, by means of further investigation, to determine the most favourable time of administration, both for the prophylactic dehelminthization in dependence on the concrete ecological conditions in the system of rearing, and also for the therapy of the clinical form in dependence on the stage of the pathological process and of the epizootological situation.