Interaction Between Phosphorus Nutrition and Drought on Grain Yield,and Assimilation of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Two Soybean Cultivars Differing in Protein Concentration in Grains

ABSTRACT

Drought affects many physiological and biochemical processes and thus reduces plant growth. Phosphorus (P) fertilization improves tolerance to drought stress in many plants. A greenhouse experiment examined the interactive effects of P nutrition and drought stress on P accumulation and translocation, yield, and protein concentration in grains of two cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Plants of cultivars ‘Heisheng 101’ (high protein in grains) and ‘Dongnong 464’ (low protein) were grown in a P-deficient soil supplied with 0–30 mg P kg^?1 soil. Drought stress was imposed at the initial flowering (R1) or the podding (R4) stage. Drought stress limited P accumulation and reduced P translocation to the seed. The addition of P enhanced the concentration and accumulation of nitrogen (N) and P in shoots and seeds of both cultivars. Drought stress decreased shoot biomass, grain yield, and P accumulation; the decrease was greater in ‘Dongnong 46’ than ‘Heisheng 101,’ and even more so if drought stress was imposed at R4 than at R1. In contrast, drought stress increased the concentration of N in shoot and protein in grains. The addition of P alleviated the effect of drought stress on plant growth, P accumulation, and grain yield in both cultivars but to a greater extent in ‘Dongnong 46’. The results suggest that application of P fertilizers could mitigate drought stress at the reproductive stage, resulting in less yield penalty and improvement of grain quality of soybean grown in P-deficient soils.     

Effect of Nod factor sprays on soybean growth and productivity under field conditions

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec during the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003, to study the effect of Nod factor treatments, applied at specific growth stages, on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation by soybean grown under two tillage systems (conventional tillage, no-tillage). Spray application of Nod factors increased photosynthesis at the four fully expanded trifoliate leaves and full bloom growth stages under no-tillage and conventional tillage; they increased plant biomass at the beginning seed filling stage. Nod factor treatment did not affect yield in 2002, due to severe drought during the reproductive period. In 2003, Nod factor application increased yield under conventional tillage but not under no-tillage, and this may have been due to the negative effect of no-tillage on plant growth on the clay-loam soil at the experimental site. This study indicated that responses to Nod factors are affected by environmental conditions, and that Nod factors may be useful when applied to soybean grown under conventional tillage.     

ALLOCATION OF NITROGEN AND DRY MATTER FOR TWO SOYBEAN GENOTYPES IN RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH

Drought stress significantly limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield in the Southeastern United States. The Plant Introduction 416937 (PI), which has lower yields than adapted cultivars under favorable conditions but a relatively lesser yield reduction under water-stress conditions, has been identified as a potential source of drought avoidance germplasm. It is unclear whether the mechanism of drought avoidance is associated with shoot or root. Also unclear is the effect of the PI's restricted yield potential on the extent of its yield reduction in response to a water stress. To determine the differences in response between the PI and an adapted cultivar, Deltapine 105, to reproductive sink size and water stress, inoculated PI and Deltapine plants were grown in sand-filled pots in controlled-environment chambers. The fixed rooting volume of the pot culture restricts the influence that genotypic differences in rooting patterns may have in accessing soil water. During the 24-day period of pod development between R-3 and R-6 growth stages, plants were subjected to one of two water regimes, either well-watered or water-stressed to a leaf water potential of about ?0.95 MPa. Within each water treatment, plants of both genotypes were depodded at the R3 stage to remove all pods (full depodding), one-half of the pods (partial depodding), or no pods (no depodding). Tissues of plants harvested at the R6 stage were separated, dried to a constant mass, weighed, and analyzed for nitrogen. Photosynthate production was calculated from dry matter and nitrogen content. Photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by Deltapine plants were unaffected within a pod load by the mild water stress, but both photosynthate production and nitrogen fixation by the PI plants were diminished by the mild water stress except when a reproductive sink was absent. It thus appears that a sizeable component of the drought tolerance observed in field experiments for the PI plants may be attributed to root characteristics. Leaf nitrogen concentration decreased during water stress in Deltapine plants but not in the PI plants. Also, the decrease in nitrogen concentration in stems was greater in response to increased reproductive load for Deltapine plants than for the PI plants. These data suggest that the PI does not remobilize leaf nitrogen as readily as Deltapine.     

红壤施氮对玉米水分胁迫指数的影响

为了探讨干旱条件下红壤水氮管理措施,在田间遮雨小区设置连续0～32 d不灌水的7个干旱水平和N 0、140、280 kg/hm23个施氮水平的试验,研究了氮肥对夏玉米作物水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI)的影响。结果表明,CWSI可以指示红壤干旱时玉米水分胁迫状况,但增施氮肥后,CWSI与产量的关系发生了偏移。在CWSI低于0.20时,增施氮肥对CWSI无明显影响;在CWSI大于0.20时,增施氮肥使玉米产量下降,高量氮肥还使CWSI上升,作物受旱加剧。说明增施氮肥对CWSI的影响因玉米干旱胁迫程度和施氮量而异。     

干旱胁迫下施钾水平对油菜生长特性、籽粒品质和钾素利用的影响

[目的]探究长期干旱胁迫下不同施钾水平对油菜生长、籽粒品质、钾素利用的影响,旨在明确不同钾肥水平下油菜通过调节生长和营养分配应对干旱胁迫的机制,为油菜抗旱栽培提供科学依据.[方法]以抗旱油菜品种油研57和干旱敏感品种川油36为试验材料,采用盆栽土培试验,每盆装风干土10 kg,设置K2O施用量0、80和160 mg/k...     

Response of soybean to foliar‐applied boron and magnesium and soil‐applied boron 1

Annual plants may partition carbon (C) preferentially to reproductive structures slowing root elongation and subsequent nutrient uptake. Although foliar applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) supplement uptake by roots, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield increases have not been found in most studies. Experiments were designed to determine if foliar applications of boron (B), magnesium (Mg), or B+Mg would increase soybean yield and if soybean would respond to B applied to the soil several weeks prior to planting. Foliar B or Mg applied separately four times during reproductive growth did not affect soybean yield. However, four foliar applications of B+Mg increased soybean yield 12% at Mt. Vernon and 4% at Columbia over a three‐year period. Two foliar applications of B+Mg during the late reproductive stages increased soybean yield 8% over a two‐year period. The yield increase from foliar B+Mg treatment resulted from an increased number of pods on the main stem (18%) and branches (44%). A 2.8 kg/ha B application to soil eight weeks prior to planting increased soybean yield 11% during the first year and 13% the second year but had no effect on soybean yield by the third year after application. When results from the first two years were combined, 2.8 kg/ha B applied to soil increased the number of pods per branch by 17% and the number of branch pods per plant by 39%. Foliar applications of B+Mg increased soybean yield in four of six site‐years in the three‐year experiments at two locations.     

Dynamic chloroplast pigments concentration in leaves of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) under reduced tillage

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the chloroplast pigments dynamics of soybean leaves during the growth stages under different tillage systems, which can be a major factor limiting yield of soybean. The greatest differences between the photosynthetic productivity parameters of the investigated soybean were determined from reproductive stages (R2 and R3?–?4). The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids content under CT, DH and NT were greater in the reproductive stages (R2 and R3?–?4) than in the early stages (V3?–?4 and R1). The concentration dynamics of chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b was very similar in all growth stages and under all tillage systems in the 2-yr average. The increased drought stress in 2003 was likely critical in the observed lower seed yields in 2003. The yield of soybean was significantly lower under NT than CT and DH treatments in both years. The relationship between the soybean yield and chloroplast pigments concentration is strongly influenced by external factors. In the 2-yr average the soybean yield was considerably affected by the years and tillage systems. Statistical analysis showed a very significant relationship between chlorophyll pigments content, but photosynthetic parameters investigated did not correlate with soybean yield.     

负压控水下不同株型玉米水分利用效率和产量的盆栽试验

干旱胁迫研究中的难点之一在于减少土壤水分波动对试验结果的影响。该研究采用负压供水盆栽装置,通过调节供水负压值精确控制土壤含水率,模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究比较3种胁迫程度(无胁迫CK、轻度和重度胁迫)、2个胁迫时期(苗期、吐丝期)对不同株型玉米(小株型CF1002和大株型CF3330)的水分利用效率、生物量和产量的影响,旨在分析2种株型夏玉米对不同时期、程度干旱胁迫的响应差异。结果表明:随着苗期胁迫程度加重,CF1002的水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)从3.24增至3.43,而CF3330的WUE从3.70降至3.25。吐丝期轻度干旱胁迫后CF1002和CF3330的WUE较CK分别降低2.7%和24.4%,吐丝期重度胁迫后,CF1002和CF3330的WUE较CK分别降低17.4%和57.1%。与CK相比,吐丝期轻度和重度干旱胁迫使小株型和大株型玉米胁迫期耗水量下降61.3%和62.5%,灌浆中期光合速率下降22.9%和54.3%,成熟期地上部干物质质量减少24.8%和38.0%,最终减产47.9%和71.5%,以上指标大株型玉米的降幅大于小株型玉米。在生育中后期,大株型玉米光合生产和蒸腾作用更易受干旱胁迫抑制,使物质生产和积累减少,水分消耗大幅下降。针对不同株型玉米在生育后期采用不同的水分管理策略有助于降低干旱造成的损失。     

滴灌甜菜对糖分积累期水分亏缺的生理响应

滴灌条件下,于甜菜糖分积累期设置0~40 cm土层含水量下限分别为70%、50%、30%田间持水量的3种土壤水分处理,从叶片光合特性、水分胁迫指数、恢复度、产量及产糖量方面分析复水前后甜菜的生理响应,明确甜菜糖分积累期可忍受最大程度的水分亏缺下限。结果表明:30%田间持水量处理甜菜产量及产糖量都显著高于70%田间持水量和50%田间持水量,分别比70%田间持水量提高51.34%和51.47%,比50%田间持水量提高36.72%和39.48%。复水前30%田间持水量处理的甜菜叶片净光合速率显著低于其他处理,复水后处理间的叶片净光合速率的差异随时间推移减小,胞间CO2浓度表现出相反的趋势。当土壤水分下降到既定下限时,叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量变化最为灵敏,且与缺水程度呈正相关;复水后叶片的细胞膜透性、抗氧化防御体系以及渗透调节物质均产生了正补偿效应,表现为丙二醛含量降低,抗氧化性酶活性增强,控制渗透调节的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加。因此,在糖分积累期,土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时进行补充灌溉,在一定程度上补偿水分亏缺对甜菜产生的负面影响,实现干旱区滴灌甜菜节水高产优质的目的。     

不同生育期调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄耗水及果实品质的影响

不同程度的土壤干旱对酿酒葡萄的果实品质、产量和水分利用效率具有显著影响。明晰不同生育阶段干旱胁迫效应对酿酒葡萄土壤水分精准化管理和节水灌溉方案的制定具有重要的意义。本文于2014年在河西走廊中东部武威市凉州区清源镇威龙葡萄园产区开展了酿酒葡萄不同生育期、不同干旱胁迫程度的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)的情况下,在葡萄的萌芽期、抽蔓期、开花期、浆果膨大期和着色成熟期分别进行中度(土壤水分阈值60%~65%)和重度(土壤水分阈值50%~55%)的干旱处理,同时增设浆果膨大期的充分灌溉(土壤水分阈值80%~85%)处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉(土壤水分阈值70%~75%)作为对照,进行葡萄耗水特征和产量品质的测定。试验结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量垂直变化趋势一致,随土壤深度增加土壤含水量呈持续递增趋势;随着土壤深度递增,调亏灌溉对土壤含水量的影响越来越弱;40~60 cm土壤剖面,调亏处理含水量较对照减少幅度最大;浆果膨大期土壤剖面内含水量均低于其他生育期。不同处理酿酒葡萄耗水强度随时间变化趋势一致,萌芽期日耗水强度最小,为0.13~0.33 mm·d-1,而浆果膨大期耗水强度最大,为2.30~4.09 mm·d-1。萌芽期中度胁迫处理酿酒葡萄产量和水分利用效率最高,分别达到15 228 kg·hm-2和3.62 kg·m-3;浆果膨大期充分灌溉处理次之,而浆果膨大期重度胁迫处理最低,仅分别为7 128 kg·hm-2和2.26 kg·m-3。着色成熟期中度胁迫下,酿酒葡萄花青苷、还原糖、单宁、总酚含量比生育期正常供水处理高2.7%、6.56%、17.91%和23.23%,且有效抑制可滴定酸积累(P0.05),而其他处理与对照之间品质指标差异不显著。综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及果实品质等指标,最佳酿酒葡萄水分调控处理为着色成熟期中度胁迫,即着色成熟期土壤相对含水率为60%~65%、其余生育期土壤相对含水率为70%~75%。由此可见,在酿酒葡萄栽培时适时、适度的调亏灌溉既能显著提高水分生产效率,实现节水、高效用水的目的,又能提高果实品质,对河西走廊地区酿酒葡萄种植具有重要的意义。     

干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响

为探讨大豆干旱胁迫及复水生长补偿效应和代谢补偿效应机制,建立最佳节水灌溉模式,采用盆栽称质量控水法,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对大豆生长发育、渗透调节、内源激素调节和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制株高和叶面积增长,在苗期和开花期复水天数为0时降幅分别达12.50%~39.74%、21.71%~52.87%和16.93%~36.27%、27.99%~47.80%;导致脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量升高,在苗期和开花期复水后天数为0的增幅分别达46.97%~131.57%、99.56%~139.37%、6.64%~22.82%和31.68%~136.30%、32.63%~184.51%、15.82%~100.75%;超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但重度胁迫10 d处理呈降低趋势;脱落酸含量升高,赤霉素和玉米素核苷含量降低,而吲哚乙酸含量苗期呈降低趋势,开花期呈升高趋势。复水后,株高和叶面积日增长量表现出短暂快速增长,产生生长超补偿效应;中度胁迫和胁迫5 d处理各代谢指标产生等量或近等量代谢补偿效应,而重度胁迫和胁迫10 d处理产生近等量或部分代谢补偿效应。因此,干旱胁迫后复水产生补偿效应是有条件的,重度胁迫尤其是长时间重度胁迫会降低补偿效应甚至产生伤害效应。同时苗期适度干旱处理可提高开花期再次受旱的适应能力和补偿效应。     

Exogenous glycinebetaine application improves yield under water-limited conditions in hybrid sunflower

Limited water availability is a severe threat to the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse affects of water scarcity. This study was conducted to examine the role of exogenous GB application in improving the yield of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation: Control (four irrigations), three irrigations (irrigation missing at budding stage) and two irrigations (irrigation missing at budding and grain formation stage) in the experiment. While GB was applied exogenously at 100 mM GB each at budding and grain formation stages, the Control treatment did not receive any GB application. Data regarding yield, yield components and quality parameters showed that water stress reduced the head diameter, number of achene per head, 1000-achene weight and yield. Nonetheless, it was significantly improved by the exogenous GB application. Among the qualitative characteristics, protein contents were significantly increased by water stress at different growth stages but were reduced by exogenous GB application. Whilst oil contents were reduced by drought at different stages, GB application, however, did not ameliorate the negative effect of drought stress on achene oil contents. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at vegetative stage than at the reproductive stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only advantageous under stress conditions.     

干旱胁迫及复水对大豆关键生育时期叶片生理特性的影响

以“辽豆15”为试材，在开花期和鼓粒期设置轻度干旱（土壤相对湿度65%±5%）和重度干旱（土壤相对湿度50%±5%）以及对照（土壤相对湿度80%±5%）处理，开展大豆干旱及复水控制试验。干旱处理持续7d、14d和21d，并在胁迫结束后进行复水，复水水平与对照处理一致。达到胁迫时间当日和复水后第7天取大豆倒三叶叶片，测定叶片可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，研究干旱胁迫对以上生理指标的影响以及复水后补偿效应。结果表明：开花期，轻度干旱和重度干旱胁迫均使叶片可溶性蛋白和MDA含量以及POD活性显著升高，轻度干旱胁迫使SOD活性显著升高。鼓粒期，大豆受干旱胁迫影响后，叶片可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、SOD活性显著升高，但POD活性显著降低。复水对大豆叶片可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均出现补偿效应，但对POD补偿效应不明显。由此可见，干旱会对大豆叶片造成过氧化伤害，主要表现在抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质含量的提高，同时复水可使大豆叶片由干旱造成的过氧化伤害得到缓解，表现出不同程度的补偿效应。     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg^?2, respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg⁻², respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

Dry matter accumulation and phosphorus efficiency response of cotton cultivars to phosphorus and drought

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability and drought are the most recognized growth-limiting factors for the cotton production in arid regions. A pot experiment with P-efficient (Xinluzao19, X19) and P-inefficient (Xinluzao19, X26) cotton cultivars was conducted to investigate the effects of P and drought on dry matter accumulation and P efficiency. Results showed that biomass and chlorophyll content of leaves increased significantly with the increase in soil P content, whereas the root:shoot ratio decreased dramatically. Drought increased the root:shoot ratio, but the chlorophyll content of leaves remained stable. The yield of X19 increased with the increase in soil P content. For X26, the highest yield was attained under the medium P content. Under drought conditions, root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency were all proportional to P concentration, whereas P utilization was inversely proportional. Compared with X26, X19 presented higher P absorption efficiency and P utilization but lower root P efficiency ratio and P transfer efficiency. It suggested thatthe application of phosphate fertilizer under drought could increase the root P efficiency ratio, P absorption efficiency, and P transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing the ability of stress resistance of cotton and significantly increasing biomass as well as cotton yield.     

豆麦轮作区麦秸长期还田对作物产量及土壤化学性质的影响

麦秆还田对作物产量影响以及秸秆还田如何施肥是农业生产者极为关注的问题,为了明确豆麦轮作麦秆长期还田对作物产量及对土壤化学性质的影响,该文依托黑河市长期定位实验站,采用裂区试验方法,主处理为秸秆还田与不还田处理,副处理为低、中、高不同施肥水平,试验于1980年开始,轮作模式先后为麦-豆-麦和麦-豆轮作模式,通过连续38 a(1980—2018年)调查,探明麦豆轮作条件下麦秸还田及不同施肥水平对作物产量影响。结果得出:麦秸还田后种植大豆、小麦,多年产量与不还田比差异不显著(P0.05);连续施肥效果,大豆中肥区比低肥区增产7.42%～10.81%,达到差异显著水平,小麦高肥区比低肥区增产14.52%～19.33%,差异极显著(P 0.01);麦秸还田大豆增产效果,还田前期(1～6季)大豆平均产量比不还田增产5.91%,后期(7～16季)平均增产7.52%,麦秸还田小麦增产效果,还田前期(1～5季)和后期(6～16季)平均增产0.31%、0.22%,后期增产频率高;麦秆隔年还田显著增加速效钾含量,施肥可以有效增加土壤碳、氮、磷含量,但长期高肥易导致土壤酸化。     

栽培模式及施肥对玉米和大豆根际土壤磷素有效性的影响

栽培模式及施肥管理对作物吸收利用土壤磷素的影响较大,本研究为探明玉米/大豆套作系统作物根系交互作用下根际土壤无机磷组分动态变化特征,利用盆栽试验测定了玉米/大豆套作(M/S)、玉米单作(MM)和大豆单作(SS)3种栽培模式以及不施肥(CK)、施氮钾肥(NK)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK)3种施肥处理下玉米和大豆地上部生物量及吸磷量和根际与非根际土壤速效磷、无机磷组分含量,以期为优化玉米/大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明同一施肥水平下,套作玉米的籽粒产量显著高于单作玉米;施磷显著提高了单作玉米籽粒产量,而对套作玉米籽粒产量影响不大。无论施肥与否,套作大豆秸秆及籽粒产量均高于单作大豆。所有施肥处理均表现为套作模式下单株作物地上部磷积累量显著高于单作模式。玉米成熟期,CK、NK处理下套作玉米根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作玉米高54.2%和71.8%;大豆始花期,NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量比单作大豆高19.8%。大豆成熟期,NK、NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作大豆高23.8%和108.0%。无论是单作还是套作模式,玉米根际土壤Al-P含量在3个施肥处理下均低于非根际土壤。CK和NK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Al-P含量分别是套作玉米的1.19倍和1.22倍;NPK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Fe-P含量是套作玉米的1.21倍。在CK、NK和NPK施肥处理下,单作大豆根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆1.12倍、1.30倍和1.25倍,单作大豆非根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.22倍、1.30倍和1.06倍。CK、NK处理下单作大豆根际土壤Fe-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.47倍和1.12倍。研究得出结论,低磷条件下,与单作相比,玉米/大豆套作更有利于作物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P的活化吸收。     

干旱胁迫对花生生育中后期根系生长特征的影响

花生是较耐旱的经济和油料作物, 长期少雨或季节性干旱是限制花生产量提高的重要环境因子, 也是花生收获前黄曲霉素感染的重要因素。根系是植物吸水的主要器官, 不同土壤水分状况下植物的根系构型可能会表现出显著差异, 进而影响植物根系吸收养分和水分的能力。研究不同土壤水分状况下花生根系形态的发育特征与抗旱性的关系对进一步理解花生的水分吸收、运输、利用和散失机制以及培育抗旱性花生具有非常重要的作用。为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征, 探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制, 在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验, 研究抗旱型花生品种"花育22号"和干旱敏感型花生品种"花育23号"生育中后期根系生长特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。设置正常供水和中度干旱胁迫(分别控制土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%~85%和45%~50%)2个水分处理, 分别在花针期、结荚期和饱果期进行取样,根长、根表面积和体积扫描后通过WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0a程序进行分析; 收获时测定产量和抗旱系数(干旱胁迫处理与正常供水处理下产量之比)。结果表明, "花育22号"具有较高的产量和抗旱系数, "花育23号"对干旱胁迫的适应性小于"花育22号"。抗旱型品种"花育22号"具有较大的根系生物量、总根长和根系表面积, 且深层土壤内根系表面积和体积大于"花育23号"。与正常供水处理相比, 干旱胁迫显著降低2个品种花针期的根系总根长、根系总表面积和总体积, 对结荚期和饱果期根系性状无显著影响; 干旱胁迫增加2个品种生育中后期40 cm以下土层内的根长密度分布比例、根系表面积和体积, 但"花育23号"各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。干旱胁迫处理下20~40 cm和40 cm以下土层内根系表面积和体积分别与总根长、总表面积和总体积呈显著或极显著正相关, 而正常供水处理下0~20 cm土层内根系表面积和体积与整体根系性状表现极显著正相关。总体而言, 具有较大根系和深层土壤内较多的根系分布是抗旱型花生的主要根系分布特征; 土壤水分亏缺条件下, 花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性调节植株对水分的利用。     

分蘖期干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻光合特性及产量形成的影响

为了探讨分蘖期干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻产量形成的影响机理及其耐旱机制,以东农425(耐旱型)和松粳6号(干旱敏感型)为试验材料,通过盆栽方式于分蘖期控制土壤水势至0 k Pa(对照)、-10 k Pa(轻度干旱)、-25 k Pa(中度干旱)、-40 k Pa(重度干旱),依次记为A0、A1、A2、A3。处理21 d后复水,研究分蘖期不同程度干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻叶面积、光合特性、叶绿素总含量、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,分蘖期干旱胁迫导致叶面积减小、功能叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均随土壤水势降低而下降。同时,干旱处理期间寒地粳稻功能叶片叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a/b值均随干旱胁迫程度增加而下降,但类胡萝卜素含量的变化却与其相反。干旱胁迫下寒地粳稻产量显著下降,且下降幅度随土壤水势降低而逐渐增大。有效穗数和穗粒数大量降低造成产量显著下降,说明分蘖期干旱胁迫造成减产的主要原因是低土壤水势造成了寒地粳稻库容量或单位面积颖花量的大量降低。与A0(对照)相比,A1、A2和A3下松粳6号产量降幅分别为13.87%、20.87%和32.51%;而东农425分别为10.58%、15.21%和25.52%,均显著低于松粳6号,且耐旱型品种东农425始终保持较高光合生长能力。本研究结果为寒地粳稻抗旱节水栽培技术措施的制定提供了理论依据。