水稻广亲和品种农艺性状的配合力分析

用９个水稻不育系与３个广亲和品种进行不完全双列杂交，对其杂交组合１０个性状的配合力效应分析结果表明，就杂种Ｆ１主要农艺性状而言，亲本的一般配合力效应比组合特殊配合力效应更为重要；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株粒重、千粒重等性状，以一般配合力作用为主，而每穗总粒数、生育期、着粒密度等性状虽以一般配合力作用为主，但特殊配合力的作用也不可忽视；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数。结实率、单株粒重等性状以广亲和品种的一般配合力作用为主；生育期、每穗总粒数、千粒重、着粒密度等性状以不育系的一般配合力作用为主。     

糯稻品种产量构成因素分析及高产育种方向研究

对糯稻育种目标的研究报道甚少。本研究通过连续两年对我省近年来选育的11个糯稻品种(系)的产量构成因素分析结果显示,株高、生育日数、穗长与产量负相关;时产量形成贡献最大的依次是有效穗数、每穗实粒数,结实率与千粒重。因而糯稻高产育种中,应以恰当的生育期、中矮杆株高、增加有效穗数和每德实粒数为主攻方向。     

新疆粳稻品种主要经济性状遗传参数的探讨

本文估算了我区粳稻早、中、晚熟组的25个品种10个主要数量性状广义遗传力、相关系数,遗传进度及选择指数等遗传参数。结果表明:抽穗期、袜高、分蘖穗总粒数的遗传力较高。延长生育期、提高分蘖穗、总粒数、主穗着粒密度、主穗总粒、实粒数、结实率,同时降低株高、千总粒重可提高单株产量。株高、抽穗期、分蘖穗总粒数、主穗着粒密度、主穗总粒、实粒数的遗传进度很高,早期世代田间选择可获一定效果。选择指数表明:在选择单株产量的基础上选择与产量相关性较高的性状,效果会更好。     

广西早籼早熟杂交水稻产量与主要经济性状的分析

对2006～2010年广西早籼早熟杂交水稻区域试验49个品种(组合)的63组数据进行相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析,结果表明:有效穗,株高,穗长,总粒数,实粒数和千粒重与产量均呈极显著正相关;每穗实粒数对产量的贡献最大,而有效穗数通过每穗实粒数间接负作用较大.认为广西早籼稻品种(组合)高产育种应在保证一定有效穗数的基础上,主攻每穗实粒数,同时兼顾千粒重和结实率,协调好性状之间的关系.     

籼糯稻产量性状及育种分析

为了提高常规籼糯稻育种和栽培水平及效率,通过相关和通径分析,研究40个早籼糯以及61个晚籼糯新品系和品种的产量性状对产量的效应及其相互关系,并结合育种实践探讨籼糯稻高产育种的主攻方向。结果表明：早籼糯各产量性状除生育期、结实率外均与产量呈极显著或显著正相关,株高、穗长与每穗粒数之间的相关分别达极显著、显著水平,有效穗数对产量贡献最大(46.41%),其次为每穗粒数(34.16%);晚籼糯的每穗粒数、有效穗数与产量的正相关分别达极显著、显著水平,株高与每穗粒数、穗长之间的相关也达显著水平,每穗粒数对产量贡献最大(38.80%),其次为有效穗数(33.80%)。并根据试验结果和育种实践,提出早籼糯稻的育种主攻方向是在一定千粒重基础上重点提高有效穗数,并通过适当提高株高、穗长来增加每穗粒数;晚籼糯稻育种主攻方向是在一定有效穗数的基础上着重提高每穗粒数,并通过增加植株高度来提高穗长和每穗粒数。     

山西省冬小麦地方品种形态特征和生物学特性的遗传多样性分析

为了有效利用山西省冬小麦地方品种质资源,了解不同生态区的冬小麦地方品种在主要农艺性状上的遗传多样性,对551份山西省冬小麦地方品种的遗传多样性进行聚类与主成分分析。结果表明:16个质量性状和7个数量性状都存在着丰富的遗传多样性。对比2个冬麦区的小麦23个性状发现:芒形、幼苗习性、粒质和穗长4个性状的遗传多样性指数比其他性状高,遗传变异较丰富。其中,南部中熟麦区的芒形、抗倒伏性、穗长和小穗着生密度4个性状多样性指数较高,茎粗和整齐度多样性指数偏低;中部晚熟麦区的芒形、幼苗习性、穗长和千粒重4个性状多样性指数较高,株高、小穗着生密度、整齐度和叶姿多样指数偏低。根据材料间各性状的遗传差异,经聚类分析将材料分为5大类群,其中第Ⅳ类群属于矮杆、穗粒数多和千粒重高的丰产亲本材料。7个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明:前3个主成分累计贡献率达72.78%,第一主成分反映每穗小穗数和每穗粒数,第二主成分反映小穗着生密度,第三主成分反映千粒重。本研究对深入探索山西小麦地方品种的遗传多样性提供理论参考,并为小麦新品种选育提供优异的亲本材料。     

高羊茅种子产量与主要农艺性状的通径分析

对高羊茅的7个农艺性状与单株种子产量进行了相关和通径分析.结果表明,7个农艺性状与单株种子产量均呈极显著正相关,其相关系数大小依次为单株穗数＞每穗粒数＞穗长＞千粒重＞茎重＞株高》叶片重.7个性状与单椿种子产量直接通径系数大小依次为叶片重＞株高＞单株有效穗数＞每穗粒数＞千粒重＞茎重＞穗长.叶片重、单株有效穗数和每穗粒对种子产量的贡献较大,茎重和穗长的效应较小,提高单株种子产量,要增加单株有效穗数和每穗粒数,并兼顾千粒重的提高.     

早籼稻品种更替过程中农艺性状的演变特征

以南方稻区品种更替过程中大面积推广的18个早籼稻代表品种为材料,按高秆品种、矮秆品种、矮抗品种、优超品种4个演变阶段,采用常规栽培方法研究其农艺性状的演变特征。结果表明,随着品种的演变,产量、收获指数、每穗粒数均有提高;有效穗、结实率、千粒重变化不大。进一步分析表明,每穗粒数的增加是着粒密度改良所致。农艺性状与年代的回归分析表明,生物量与株高在1980年后有增加的趋势,生育期有缩短的趋势。相关分析表明,决定早籼稻产量的农艺性状为生物量、株高、收获指数和每穗粒数。     

籼稻粒形及产量性状的加性相关和显性相关分析

以８个粗短粒品种和５个细长粒品种进行不完全双列杂交，采用加显遗传模型，对早籼粒形及产量性状进行多种相关分析。结果表明农艺性状间的加性相关比显性相关更为重要，其中粒形性状间的遗传相关是以加性相关为主，仅粒宽与长宽比性状间同时存在着显著的显性相关。有效穗数与着粒密度、每穗粒数、穗重间具有较高的负向加性相关，与粒重则表现出明显的正向显性相关。着粒密度、每穗粒数、结实率、穗重、粒重以及单株产量性状间的相关     

小麦定向育种中的亲本选配法

本文结合中国部分冬小麦品种的性状资料,提出定向育种中亲本选配的一种方法。从考察的品种数量性状主成分分析结果来看,第一主成分所对应的特征向量决定性状是与产量有关的单株粒重、千粒重、每穗粒数等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以着重探讨以产量为主要目标的育种优势分析;第二、三主成分所对应的特征向量决定性状与株高和穗     

Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran

There is renewed interest in wheat landraces as important sources of genetic variation for agronomic characters. Fifty-three pure lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from seven landraces collected from southeastern Iran were used to estimate genetic variation and heritability for 13 developmental and quantitative characters. Path-analysis was used to partition the genetic correlations between grain yield and six grain yield-related traits. Mean values of landraces were also compared with three improved cultivars from California and Iran. Genotypic differences among the landraces and among the pure lines collected from the landraces were highly significant for all characters considered. Compared with the modern cultivars, the landrace genotypes were, on average, later in days to heading and taller than the cultivars but had lower values for number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Some landrace genotypes were similar to the modern cultivars for grain yield. Moderate to high genetic variation was displayed by number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. The heritability estimates ranged from 59% for grain yield to 99% for days to anthesis. Expected genetic advance (as % of the mean) was ≈34% for number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. Days to heading and to anthesis correlated positively with number of spikes per plant, shoot biomass, and straw biomass but negatively with number of grains per spike and harvest index. The strong direct effect of number of spikes per plant on grain yield was completely counterbalanced by its indirect negative effects via number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. Number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield, and they had large direct effects. These two characters, however, were negatively correlated and exhibited a substantial counterbalance effect via one another and via number of spikes per plant. The landraces could be improved by intercrossing the promising genotypes identified in this study, with simultaneous selection for earliness, fewer number of spikes per plant, greater number of grains per spike and heavier grains. For further improvement, crossing programs between the landraces and introduced germplasm may be necessary. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二棱大麦品种（系）的综合评价

为更精准筛选和选育不同用途二棱大麦品种,对38份不同来源及用途的二棱大麦品种（系）的株高、穗长、千粒重、穗粒数、有效穗数、籽粒产量和不孕粒数等主要农艺性状及籽粒蛋白质含量进行综合评价。结果表明,参试二棱大麦品种（系）有效穗数、产量、穗长、不孕粒数及蛋白质含量变异丰富,株高、千粒重及穗粒数变异相对较小,二棱大麦育种的增产效应主要体现在穗长和有效穗数的适度增加。相关性分析表明,二棱大麦各性状间存在复杂的相关性,且多个性状均可影响产量,有效穗数与产量呈极显著正相关。供试二棱大麦品种（系）在遗传距离10水平上可聚为中秆大粒型和矮秆多穗型两类。主成分分析将38份二棱大麦品种（系）的主要农艺性状分为4个主成分,其累计贡献率达85.5807%;以前4个主成分得分值为指标进行主成分二维排序分析,分析38份二棱大麦品种（系）在特定因子性状上的差异,结果为创制优异种质及亲本选择提供依据。     

宁夏粳稻种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

为了解宁夏水稻种质资源遗传多样性水平,对宁夏60份粳稻种质资源材料的16个表型性状进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,60份宁夏水稻种质资源材料16个表型性状间存在极显著的遗传差异,其中株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、经济系数、结实率、秆长这6个表型性状的变异幅度大,方差和标准差较高,具有较大的离散程度;每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度、单株穗数、单穗粒重的变异系数均在14%以上,F测验表明16个表型性状的差异都达到了极显著水平;遗传相关分析表明,不同表型性状间存在显著、极显著相关关系,有些性状间为正相关关系,而有些性状间则为负相关关系,各表型性状间呈复杂的相互关系;遗传多样性分析表明,表型遗传多样性指数变幅为1.644~2.092,平均为1.957;以卡方距离按UPGMA法聚类,在遗传相关系数为0.11处可分为8类,其中‘杨和白皮稻’、‘抚105’、‘田丰302’和‘花86’各为一类,其他引进和宁夏自育的水稻品种分别聚在第Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ类,而57%的种质资源材料都聚在了第Ⅵ类,并且第Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ类在相似系数为0.18处可聚成一大类,亲缘关系很近。‘杨和白皮稻’是宁夏的1个地方品种,与其他种质间亲缘关系最远。研究表明,宁夏粳稻种质资源材料间遗传差异较小,遗传背景比较单一,亲缘关系较近。     

水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传分析

以长中胚轴/短中胚轴杂交组合的两个亲本、F₁、B₁、B₂和F₂为试验材料，在小型人工气候箱黑暗条件下培养幼苗，对水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传规律进行了研究。结果表明，中胚轴伸长特性受两对隐性基因控制。F₂群体中长、短中胚轴植株在节间长度、穗长、株高和剑叶长等性状上均存在较明显的差异，而中胚轴伸长特性与节间粗、剑叶宽、单株穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等性状关系不明显。还对水稻中胚轴伸长特性的遗传改良以及长中胚轴材料在直播稻育种上的利用进行了探讨。     

福建省龙岩市杂交早稻产量相关性状的基因型与环境变异

摘要：基于龙岩市1997-2002年连续6年在新罗、长汀、连城、上杭、武平和漳平6个不同生态条件的杂交早稻联合区域试验数据资料,应用AMMI模型和相应统计分析方法,分析了产量、生育期、有效穗、株高、穗长、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重等9个产量相关性状的基因型与环境变异。结果表明,环境和基因型与环境互作（G×E）效应对考察的9个性状影响较大。其中,株高以基因型效应为主,产量、穗长、穗总粒数和穗实粒数以环境效应为主,生育期、有效穗、结实率和千粒重以基因型与环境间互作效应为主。穗实粒数、穗总粒数和产量的稳定性在多数年份都是最低的,受栽培环境及G×E互作效应影响较大;千粒重、穗长、生育期和有效穗则相对稳定,受栽培环境及G×E互作效应影响较小。今后选育、引种和利用适合龙岩市杂交早稻品种时,需考虑性状的基因型、环境、基因型与环境间互作效应,才可提高效率。     

Genetic variation,heritability and path-analysis in landraces of bread wheat from southwestern Iran

Summary Nine pure lines of bread wheat collected from landraces of southwestern Iran and one local Iranian cultivar from the same area were used to estimate genetic variation and heritability for 12 developmental and yield component characters. Path-analysis was used to partition the genetic correlations between some of the characters into direct and indirect effects. Mean values for these lines were also compared with those of five improved cultivars from Iran and California. The goal of the experiment is to breed improved landraces and/or modern cultivars for areas of low input agriculture in southern California, southwestern Iran, and regions with similar environmental and agronomic conditions.Moderate genetic variation was displayed by the number of effective heads per plant, number of grains per head, and grain weight in the landrace genotypes. The heritability estimates ranged from 43 to 97%. Expected genetic advance with selection of the highest 5%, expressed as percent of the mean, was around 20% for number of heads per plant, number of grains per head, and 1000-grain weight.Days to booting, to heading, and to anthesis were positively correlated but none of them were significantly associated with days to maturity. Plant height had a negative genetic correlation with number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and harvest index. The genetic correlation between number of heads per plant and number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index was also significantly negative. Harvest index had a negative genetic correlation with days to booting, to maturity, plant height, number of heads per plant, and straw yield and a positive correlation with number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield.Days to maturity, plant height, number of heads per plant, number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index each had a positive direct effect on grain yield. The first two characters exhibited the highest and lowest direct effects, respectively. The positive direct effects of days to maturity, plant height, and number of heads per plant, however, were partially or completely counter-balanced by their strong negative indirect effects through number of grains per head, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. Pathanalysis indicated that late and tall landrace genotypes tend to produce more heads per plant, but with fewer number of grains per head, smaller grains, and lower harvest index.Comparisons between the local lines and the improved cultivars revealed that, in general, the former were much taller and produced a larger number of non-effective tillers. Mean number of grains per head, grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield of local lines were smaller than those of improved cultivars.Our observations indicate that the landraces could be improved by selecting for shorter genotypes with smaller numbers of tillers per plant, but with larger numbers of grains per head and heavier grains.     

杂交粳稻产量性状与品质性状相关性分析

为了探明杂交粳稻的产量性状与品质性状间的关系,以5个千粒重介于23.5~27.4 g之间的BT型不育系和40个千粒重介于18.7~31.2 g之间的三系粳稻恢复系,采用5×40 NCⅡ设计方式,配制200个杂交组合为试验材料,对产量性状、品质性状及其相互关系进行了分析,主要结果表明：单株谷重与单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈极显著正相关（r=0.47**,0.63**,0.53**,0.35**）,与穗长呈显著正相关(r=0.15**);对单株产量贡献最大的是每穗实粒数。垩白粒率和垩白度2个性状是杂交粳稻品质改良的重点,其次是精米率和整精米率;糙米率、精米率、整精米率相互间均呈极显著正相关,糙米率与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关（r=0.33**,0.25**）。产量性状对品质性状的影响不大,通过筛选,可以将高产、优质的性状聚合到同一杂交组合中。     

再生稻高产种质资源筛选及高产群体分析

再生稻高产种质资源是选育强再生力水稻品种的物质基础,缺乏具有强再生力的水稻品种是制约再生稻发展的重要因素之一。引进247份早抽穗水稻核心种质在江汉平原作再生稻种植,从中筛选高产再生稻种质资源,并探究高产再生稻产量形成的关键因素,为再生稻种质资源创新及新品种选育提供基础材料和理论依据。结果表明,247份核心种质在江汉平原两季稻均能正常抽穗成熟,各农艺性状变异系数在10.31%~51.83%,从中筛选出27份高产水稻种质资源。其中,4份双季高产种质两季总单株产量均超过60.00g,可作为亲本用于水稻再生力基因挖掘和再生稻高产育种。再生稻高产群体产量构成分析表明,提高再生稻产量的关键是提高其每穗颖花数和有效穗数;再生稻高产种质头季稻产量与再生季稻产量呈极显著负相关,表明再生稻高产育种方向应从追求单季高产转变为追求周年高产。     

巨胚稻的生物学特性研究

对通过辐射诱变获得的巨胚稻品系及它们相应的非巨胚对照的生物学特性进行研究，结果认为，(1)直接辐照诱变获得的巨胚稻品系与相应原非巨胚稻相比，在主要农艺性状和有效穗、穗粒数、结实率3个产量性状上十分相似，差异不显著，但巨胚稻千粒重下降1.90~3.13 g，进而使理论产量和实际产量也相应下降；巨胚稻的粒重和容重均比相应非巨胚稻显著减小，但巨胚稻绝对胚重是非巨胚对照的1.69~2.04倍，相对胚重是非巨胚对照的1.97~2.47倍；（2）通过杂交选育的2个巨胚恢复系同它们相应非巨胚对照的农艺和产量性状则差异较大，绝对胚重和相对胚重也均比相应亲本提高，分别是相应对照的2.06倍和1.75倍（绝对胚重）及2.42倍和2.04倍（相对胚重）。     

新疆冬小麦品种农艺及产量性状遗传多样性分析

Grain yield is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding, and agronomic or yield-related traits can directly reflect the characteristics of varieties. In order to determine the evolution of genetic diversity in agronomic traits of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties and their adaptabilities to different ecological environments, 134 winter wheat landraces and 54 moderns bred varieties from Xinjiang were selected for agronomic trait investigation. They were planted in three different ecological environments (Urumqi and Yining in Xinjiang province, and Tai’an in Shandong province) for two consecutive growth seasons, and nine agronomic and yield-related traits were surveyed and analyzed. The estimated broad sense heritability of nine agronomic and yield traits was in descending order: plant height > grain width > grain length/width ratio > spike length > spikelet number > thousand- kernel weight > grain number per spike > grain length > fertile spikelet number. Correlation analyses of nine agronomic and yield traits showed that these traits were correlated with each other. It was found that the plant height, spike length and grain length/width ratio of landraces were higher than that in modern bred varieties, but the grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain length and grain width in landraces were less than that in modern bred varieties. However, the correlation coefficient of these nine traits was higher in modern bred varieties than that in landraces. These variations reflected the evolution of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties in agronomic traits in recent years. This study may provide important information for breeders to select the breeding parents in different winter wheat regions.