Carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and enzymatic activity under different land uses in a tropical,dry ecosystem

We compared total C, N and P, available forms of N and P and dehydrogenase, urease and acid phosphatase activities in soils from primary forests, 26‐year‐old pastures and 26‐year‐old secondary forests in the tropical dry forest region of Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico. We hypothesized that, because of their natural regeneration and greater plant diversity, secondary forest soils would have higher fertility and enzyme activities than pasture soils and would be more similar to primary forest soils. We predicted also that enzymes would be better indicators of land‐use effects on soil fertility than nutrients. Only one nutrient, available phosphorus, and one enzyme, acid phosphatase, were significantly and consistently affected by land use. As expected, these parameters were greater in primary and secondary forests than in pastures. Principal components analysis using all variables placed secondary forests intermediate between primary forests and pastures, as predicted, and total C, N and P, available P, ammonium, phosphatase, urease and the C:P ratio were the variables associated with this spatial arrangement of land uses. We conclude that secondary forest soils showed improved fertility and were overall closer to primary forests than to pastures in most variables measured.     

利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同土地利用类型土壤吸渗率

探讨利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同利用类型土壤吸渗率的适用性,该文选用盘径分别为10和20 cm的圆盘入渗仪对3种利用土壤(菜地、草地和茶园)在0、-3、-6、-9 cm 4个压力水头下的吸渗过程进行测定。研究以Vandervaere法为参考方法,对Philip法、Haverkamp三维吸渗法、Haverkamp三维吸渗改进法的适用性进行比较分析。结果表明:吸渗率的不同计算公式所适应的吸渗过程时间尺度不同,且Haverkamp三维吸渗法所得吸渗率值与参考方法最接近。盘径对吸渗率测定差异的影响不显著。除0 cm压力水头外,不同利用类型土壤吸渗率差异显著,且不同压力水头下测得3种土壤吸渗率大小排序不同。当压力水头为-9和-6 cm时,菜地吸渗率(0.0104和0.0119 cm/s0.5)显著高于茶园(0.0017和0.0025 cm/s0.5)(P0.05);当压力水头为-3 cm时,茶园吸渗率(0.0370 cm/s0.5)显著高于菜地和草地(0.0147和0.0132 cm/s0.5)(P0.05)。该研究可为南方丘陵区土壤水力参数的测定提供理论依据。     

黄土区不同土地利用方式坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性研究

为掌握不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤含水率的空间分布特征及其变异规律，利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性进行了对比研究。结果表明：草地和农地的土壤含水率均值在同一土层深度下差异极显著，但二者在垂直方向、坡长方向的变异程度均为中等变异程度；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的垂直变化特征不同，前者为降低型，后者在100 cm以上为波动型，以下为稳定型；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率均随坡长的增加呈波浪式变化规律，整体上有增加趋势；将坡面划分为5个坡长或将土层划分为4层以后，草地和农地坡面土壤含水率沿垂直方向、坡长方向的总体变化趋势均没有改变，但由于尺度的扩展获得了一些较大尺度上的水分信息。     

黄土高原小流域不同坡地利用方式的水土流失特征

坡地是黄土高原水土流失的主要来源,坡地利用方式与水土流失的关系研究是黄土高原水土流失综合治理与植被恢复中的重要基础科学问题。在陕北神木县六道沟小流域内,选择谷子地、黑豆地、退耕撂荒地、荒草地和柠条地等5种利用方式修建标准径流小区,观测了产流产沙状况,分析比较其水土流失特征。结果表明：观测期内谷子、黑豆、退耕撂荒、荒草和柠条等5个小区的产流量分别为2.1、2.2 、1.5、1.2和0.9 m3,径流系数分别为4.1%、4.6%、2.9%、2.4%和1.9%,产流量大小顺序为黑豆＞谷子＞退耕撂荒＞荒草＞柠条,最大产流量为最小值的2.4倍。谷子、黑豆、退耕撂荒、荒草和柠条等5个小区的侵蚀产沙量分别为196.6、228.6、27.2、23.3和10.4 kg,其大小顺序为黑豆＞谷子＞退耕荒草＞天然荒草＞柠条,最大土壤流失量为最小值的22.0倍,表明草灌木等植被类型在保持水土的作用方面要明显高于坡耕地,为评价流域植被恢复的水土环境效应和水土流失治理模式选择提供了基础数据参考。     

Water-drop stability of PVA-treated natural soil aggregates from different land uses

Soil erodibility is a function of land use as it affects the stability of soil aggregates. The use of soil conditioners like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may help in reducing the soil erodibility, but it is important to economize the use of PVA. A study was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of land use and PVA concentration on the water-drop stability of natural soil aggregates collected from eroded, forest, agricultural and grass lands. The water-drop stability of these aggregates was monitored using single raindrop simulator. The water-drop stability was lowest in eroded soils, followed by soils from agriculture, forest and grass lands. The smaller aggregates were more stable than the bigger ones. The water-drop stability of aggregates of different sizes and from different lands increased with the application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mean water-drop stability increased with the application of PVA at the rate of 0.05% by 40% in 2–5 and 5–10 mm aggregates. Increasing the PVA concentration to 0.1 and 0.2% increased water-drop stability value by 71–73% and 87–88%, respectively. The PVA application at the rate of 0.1% could increase the water-drop stability of soils under eroded land equivalent to that of the untreated grassland soils.     

六道沟流域典型坡面不同土地利用方式下土壤水分动态变化研究

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟小流域典型坡面为研究对象,分析了雨季不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的动态变化。研究结果表明:雨季不同土地利用方式下不同测定时期土壤储水量的变异程度为退耕苜蓿地>荒地>退耕林地>农田,均为弱变异;土壤含水量在垂直剖面方向均存在显著差异,随土层深度的增加都呈现出减小趋势,且变异程度为荒地>退耕林地>退耕苜蓿地>农田;沿坡长方向从坡顶到坡脚土壤含水量和生物量的变化呈波浪状,且生物量波峰基本与土壤水分波谷相对应,这说明较高的植被生产力消耗较多的土壤水分。     

闽北不同土地利用方式与不同降雨强度对水土流失的影响

运用径流小区法研究闽北不同土地利用方式与不同降雨强度对水土流失的影响.结果表明:1)不同土地利用方式年均径流量的大小顺序为裸露地＞柑橘园＞锥栗林＞杉木林,年均土壤流失量的大小顺序为裸露地＞锥栗林＞柑橘园＞杉木林;2)降雨强度对土壤流失量的影响高于对径流量的影响,不同土地利用方式的径流量及土壤流失量与各降雨强度指标呈显著性幂函数关系,但各指标的拟合相关程度不同;3)裸露地(对照)土壤流失量与I10的相关性最高,锥栗林的土壤流失量与Ⅰ30和Ⅰ60的相关性最好,柑橘园的土壤流失量与Ⅰ30的相关性最好,而杉木林的土壤流失量与降雨强度的相关性极弱;4)裸露地、锥栗林和柑橘园的径流量与Ⅰ60和Ⅰ30的相关性较好,杉木林的径流量与降雨强度的相关性极弱;5)各土地利用方式的径流量和土壤流失量与Ⅰave的相关性均很弱.     

Phosphorus pools in soil after land conversion from silvopasture to arable and grassland use

Differences in soil P among silvopasture, grassland, and arable lands have been well established. Nevertheless, most of the reports compare soil properties under long‐term sites. Thus, there exists little information on the effect of the conversion of silvopasture to arable or grassland use on soil P pools. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of converting silvopasture system (SP) into arable cropping and grassland system on the distribution of P pools and potential P bioavailability. We compared the following systems: SP system, SP converted to arable cropland (SP‐AL), SP converted to grassland (SP‐GL), and for comparative purposes, a long‐term arable cropland (AL). The P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, using acid and alkaline extractants on samples collected from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers. It was assumed that the large variations in soil‐P fractionations are caused by the different management practices associated with land conversion. The results of P fractionation showed a dominance of calcium‐bound P, HCl‐extractable Pi constituted up to 36% of the soil total P (TP). However, the type of land use did not affect this P fraction. On the other hand, the reduction in labile‐P_i and NaOH‐P_i fractions observed at the SP‐AL site may have led to the decline in readily available P. The soil total organic P (TP_o) content was 8% and 17% lower at SP‐AL compared to SP and SP‐GL site, respectively. Labile organic‐P (labile‐P_o) content was markedly higher at SP site compared to arable soils, and was ≈ 10% of TP_o. The NaOH‐P_o constituted the highest fraction of the organic‐P pool (55%–79% of TP_o) across all the study systems, and was positively correlated with TP_o (p < 0.01). The study indicates that conversion of SP system in temperate regions to arable cropping with conventional tillage seems to result in the reduction of P availability compared to SP, indicating SP as an important land‐use practice.     

The impact of vegetative cover type on runoff and soil erosion under different land uses

The effects of different vegetation types on runoff generation and soil erosion were investigated. The study was conducted at the Southern part of West Bank, about 10 Km north-west of Hebron city, during 2005, 2006 and 2007. Five treatments were implemented; forests planted with P. halepensis (F), natural vegetation dominated by S. spinosum (W.S), natural vegetation where S. spinosum was removed (W/o.S), cultivated land (C), and deforestation (Df). Three types of data were estimated in each plot: runoff after each rainfall event, sedimentation at the end of the rainy season, and chemical and physical soil properties. The obtained results indicate that there are significant and important differences in runoff generation and sediment production with respect to the different types of vegetative cover. Forest and natural vegetation dominated by S. spinosum treatments exhibited the lowest amounts of runoff, with averages of 2.02 and 1.08 mm, respectively, in comparison to other treatments. The removal of S. spinosum significantly increased the total amount of runoff and sedimentation compared to the forest and S. spinosum treatments. In addition, runoff significantly increased (4.03 mm) for the Df treatment compared to that of the forest site. The greatest amount of sedimentation was observed in cultivated land and with deforestation.     

Effect of cultivation on microbial carbon and nitrogen in dry tropical forest soil

Summary Fifteen- and forty-year-old cropfields developed from a dry tropical forest were examined for soil organic C and total N and soil microbial C and N. The 15-year-old field had never been manured while the 40-year-old field had been fertilized with farmyard manure every year. The native forest soil was also examined. The results indicated that the native forest soil lost about 57% and 62% organic C and total N, respectively, in the 0–10 cm layer after 15 years of cultivation. The microbial C and N contents of the forest soil were greater than those of the cultivated soils. Application of farmyard manure increased the biomass-C and -N levels in the cultivated soil but the values were still markedly lower than in the forest soil. There was an appreciable seasonal variation in biomass C and N, the values being highest in summer and lowest in the rainy season. During an annual cycle, biomass-C contents varied from 180 to 727 g g^–1 and N from 20 to 80 g g^–1 dry soil, and both were linearly related. Microbial biomass C represented 1.6%–3.6% of total soil organic C and microbial biomass N represented 1.7% 1–4.4% of soil organic N.     

Impact of profile water status on nitrogen use pattern of dry land barley under varying nitrogen levels

A field trial was carried out during 1993–94 and 1994–95 winter seasons on Udic Ustochrept to evaluate the performance of dryland barley under varying profile moisture status and nitrogen levels. Three levels of initial moisture status of the root zone profile were: wet (100% field capacity), moderately wet (50% field capacity) and dry (rainfed) as the main treatment. The sub treatments were 0, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1. During 15 to 60 days after sowing (DAS) availability of soil nitrogen and its uptake by the crop attained the highest values under wet regime. However, at 105 and 130 DAS dry moisture regime resulted in maximum values of both available soil nitrogen and plant nitrogen contents. In the same tune biomass production attained the higher values under wet regime as compared to the dry regime during 15 to 60 DAS and the trend was reverse at 105 DAS. Grain yield attained the highest value under dry regime followed by wet and moderately wet regimes. Irrespective of the profile moisture status both productivity and nitrogen use efficiency enhanced with the increase in nitrogen doses from 0 to 80 kg ha^?1. Role of nitrogen was more pronounced under wet regime.     

Changes in soil properties related to different land uses in part of the Nigerian semi-arid Savannah

Abstract. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties associated with different land uses including natural savannah were compared in Nigeria. The study was conducted on large unreplicated sites. There was a significant coarsening of texture, depletion of organic matter and nutrients and increase in bulk density under Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Mangifera indica (mango) plantations, and also under arable and fallow conditions compared with under natural vegetation. The soil conditions were slightly better under Mangifera than under Eucalyptus , and in the fallow land than the arable land and tree plantations, but the differences were mostly non-significant. The land uses studied were less efficient than the natural savannah in protecting the soil from loss of organic matter and nutrients by offtake or surface washing. The options open to Nigerian smallholder fanners are discussed in relation to sustaining soil fertility and productivity.     

南方红壤区不同利用土地产流产沙特征试验研究

研究不同类型降雨下土地利用/覆被对水土流失过程的影响,对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对南方红壤区典型小流域8种不同利用土地的径流、泥沙在不同降雨条件下的流失特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同利用土地的径流和泥沙流失差异明显,且各利用土地的径流和泥沙流失的变化对雨量雨强变化的响应不同;相同降雨条件下径流调控排序为果园>旱平地>油茶>弃土场>水保林>坡耕地>水田>裸地,泥沙调控排序为果园>油茶>旱平地>水田>裸地>水保林>坡耕地>弃土场。因此,具有水土保持措施的果园保水保土最好,而裸地产流最大,坡耕地和弃土场泥沙流失最多,产流和产沙没有完全的对应关系,该研究结果为南方红壤区的水土保持规划与水土流失综合治理提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

不同土地利用方式对棕壤有机氮组分及其剖面分布的影响

研究了典型棕壤不同土地利用方式对有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响。结果表明,三种利用方式对耕层(020.cm)有机氮各组分影响最大。有机氮各组分含量总体趋势为林地柞树林地耕地,林地与柞树林地有机氮组分都是随剖面的加深而降低且基本达显著水平,耕地有机氮各组分在剖面中分布则明显不同。三种利用方式下土壤有机氮组分均以酸解性氮占主体,其占全氮的比例随利用程度的加强和剖面的加深而降低,非酸解性氮则相反。有机氮各组分占酸解氮的比例林地与柞树林地相同,均为氨基酸氮酸解未知态氮酸解氨态氮氨基糖氮;耕地为酸解未知态氮氨基酸态氮酸解氨态氮氨基糖态氮,其中酸解氨态氮的比例在040.cm土层明显高于林地、柞树林地。     

Distribution of nutrient elements within water-stable aggregates of two tropical agro-ecological soils under different land uses

This study evaluated carbon and nutrient distributions within water-stable aggregates (WSA) of soils of two contrasting ecosystems under different land uses. Surface soil samples were collected from uncultivated and cultivated land in rainforest and savannah agro-ecological areas and separated by wet-sieving technique into 4.76–2.0, 2.0–1.0, 1.0–0.50, 0.50–0.25 and <0.25 mm aggregate fractions. The results show that irrespective of the agro-ecological area, cultivation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the macroaggregate fractions (>0.25 mm) to smaller diameters. Distribution of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) within the WSA showed preferential enrichment of these elements in the large macroaggregate fraction (4.76–2.0 mm) for the uncultivated soils and microaggregate fraction (<0.25 mm) for the cultivated soils. The overall pattern indicates higher accumulation of C, N and P in the WSA of the uncultivated soils over the cultivated soils. Average distribution of total exchangeable bases (TEB), i.e., sum of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺, within WSA of the uncultivated soils of the rainforest region were 7.35 and 7.39 cmol/kg for 4.76–2.0 and <0.25 mm fractions, respectively. The distributions of TEB for cultivated soils of the rainforest region were 2.76 cmol/kg (4.76–2.0 mm fraction) and 7.73 cmol/kg for <0.25 mm fraction. This showed that cultivation significantly (p < 0.05) led to 62% reduction in these nutrients in the 4.76–2.0 mm fraction and 5% increase in concentrations of these cations in <0.25 mm fraction. For savannah soils, distributions of TEB were 7.44 and 6.77 cmol/kg for 4.76–2.0 and <0.25 mm fractions, respectively, in uncultivated sites, whereas TEB were 2.19 cmol/kg (4.76–2.0 mm) and 6.35 cmol/kg (<0.25 mm) for cultivated savannah. This indicated that cultivation significantly (p < 0.05) led to 71% and 6% reductions in Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ concentrations within the 4.76–2.0 and <0.25 mm aggregate fractions, respectively. However, there were 18% and 50% increase in these elements in the 2.0–1.0 and 1.0–0.50 mm fractions of the cultivated soils of the savannah region, respectively. The general trend showed that in uncultivated soils, the 4.76–2.0 and <0.25 mm fractions were preferentially enriched with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na ⁺; whereas, cultivation led to redistribution of these elements into the smaller aggregates. Since smaller aggregates are preferentially removed by erosion, this study underscores the need for sustainable soil management practices that would minimize nutrient loss when forest or fallow lands are converted to cropland.     

不同利用方式对棕壤有机碳垂直分布的影响

采用野外采样和室内分析的方法研究了林地、园地、耕地3种利用方式对典型棕壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)在0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm 3层次中垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与林地相比,园地和耕地各层次的TOC含量和储量均显著下降;其分布份额和分布比则为园地中、下层略向上层转移,耕地则明显向中、下层转移。3种利用方式下POC的相对数量均随土层加深而递减,林地开垦为园地和耕地后,POC的相对数量仅在园地上、中层显著降低,分别减少6.67和1.70个百分点,而耕地则各层次均显著降低,其相对数量分别减少13.65、5.43和3.03个百分点;HFOC的相对数量随干预强度和土层深度增加而增大,耕地和园地比林地分别高出:上层5.77和4.00个百分点、中层10.44和6.40个百分点、下层7.35和3.92个百分点,且差异均显著。因此,将林地棕壤开垦为园地或耕地后应注重有机物料的投入,以减缓因开垦对有机碳所造成的损失和不尽合理的分布状况。     

三峡库区不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蚀时空变化及其分布规律

土壤侵蚀是影响三峡库区土壤养分流失、河道淤积等一系列生态环境问题的重要原因,本文基于GIS技术,采用通用土壤流失方程,对三峡库区1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年的土壤侵蚀进行计算,并对研究区1990-2010年不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化和分布规律进行定量分析.结果表明:1990-2010年,三峡库区平均土壤侵蚀模数与土壤侵蚀量呈减少的趋势,多年平均土壤侵蚀量为18 356.450 7万t,属于中度侵蚀;从空间上看,研究区微度、轻度侵蚀等级分布面积最广.在同一年分内,6种不同土地利用下土壤侵蚀模数依次为:旱地＞草地＞林地＞未利用地＞水田＞建设用地;不同土地利用下的土壤侵蚀差异显著,不同土地利用对土壤侵蚀的贡献率相差很大;各土地利用类型中,微度侵蚀的面积逐渐增加,中度侵蚀及以上侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积,都不同程度的向低等级转移;随着退耕还林还草及大量农村劳动力的外出,库区的土壤侵蚀总体上呈现转好的趋势,但是局部地区的治理工作仍需加强.     

耕地不同利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

以山东青州市为例,在对耕地土壤养分状况进行全面的调查分析,获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,以数理统计方法对5种耕地利用方式下17种土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,进而系统地探讨了耕地不同利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响。研究结果表明：耕地不同利用方式对土壤有机质及大量元素、交换性钙、镁、有效硅、锌、硼、土壤pH值和全盐含量有显著影响。由于菜地高施肥量及高产出的影响,大部分菜地土壤养分的含量明显高于粮田,但有效硅含量粮田则远高于菜地。粮田土壤pH值高于菜地,全盐含量菜地高于粮田。在旱地、水浇地粮田和露天菜地中有效磷含量变异最大,但设施菜地中全氮、有效硫含量的变异最大。研究结果对于探明耕地利用对土壤的养分状况的影响,对研究区耕地资源的合理利用与保护将具有积极意义。     

密云水库上游地区不同土地利用方式面源污染试验

为了更合理地利用土地、减少面源污染,利用密云水库上游石匣坡地径流场不同土地利用试验小区的5年观测数据,分析不同土地利用方式对面源污染的影响。研究表明:不同土地利用方式多年平均次径流系数差异明显,依次为清耕休闲地>坡耕地玉米>荒草坡>鱼鳞坑刺槐>水平条山楂,多年平均土壤侵蚀量与径流中TP、TN和CODMn流失量随径流系数的增大而增加,流失量与径流系数呈显著的正相关关系;径流中养分含量与径流系数之间没有显著相关关系。因此,通过增加植被覆盖或改变土地利用方式可大大减轻水土流失及其造成的面源污染。     

Changes of soil ecological stoichiometric ratios under different land uses in a small catchment of subtropical China

The role of soil elemental ecological stoichiometry in evaluation of nutrient cycling and limitation was not clear in local spatial scale. Thus, characteristic of soil C, N and P stoichiometric ratios and their relationships to land-use and soil properties were analyzed in a small catchment of subtropical China. Results showed that there were constrained soil C:N ratios in a small catchment. Soil C:P and N:P ratios were also constrained at the beginning; but they became variable after 10 years of different land uses. Soil C:N ratios in the small catchment were similar to those at national scale, but soil C:P and N:P ratios were remarkably lower at the local scale. Soil C:P ratios in paddy fields were 5.1–76.9% and 16.0–80.4% higher than those for other land uses in 2000 and 2010, respectively; the corresponding soil N:P ratios were also 3.8–66.7% and 19.1–75.0% higher. Over time, soil C:N ratios increased approximately 19.7–29.6% for all land uses after 10 years of utilization. Soil C:P and N:P ratios also increased for most land uses. Clay content was an important factor influencing soil C:P and N:P ratios. Except for paddy fields, N was still the limiting nutrient in most land uses, evaluating by elemental stoichiometry. Future work should focus on determining direct evidence of C and N limitations and their relationships to elemental stoichiometry in a small catchment.