小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对退化沙质草地土壤孔隙特征的影响

以内蒙古太卜寺旗地区退化沙质草地为研究对象,对该地区的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地中的灌丛斑块和草地斑块分别取原状土柱各三个进行CT扫描,利用Fiji软件分析土壤孔隙结构特征的差异。研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对土壤的孔隙结构有较大影响,灌丛斑块土壤的总孔隙数、大孔隙数、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和孔隙等效直径均大于草地斑块土壤,灌丛斑块土壤的平均大孔隙度是草地斑块土壤的3倍。草地斑块土壤的大孔隙主要分布在0~50 mm土层深度,而灌丛斑块土壤的大孔隙在0~400 mm深度都有分布,这与土壤中灌丛的丰富根系分布有关。     

青海湖流域土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性研究

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气和化学物质运移优先流的主要途径。本文以青海湖流域土壤为研究对象,在青海湖沙柳河流域取原状土柱,利用CT扫描与Fiji软件相结合的方法,实现了土壤大孔隙结构的三维可视化,以及断层横截面土壤大孔隙度、大孔隙数量和大孔隙等效直径等的量化;并探讨了样地土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性。结果表明:青海湖流域土壤大孔隙主要分布在土壤表层0~100 mm,100 mm以下大孔隙较少;土壤全磷含量分别与土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙等效直径有显著相关性;土壤全氮、有机质含量分别与土壤大孔隙平均等效直径有显著相关性;土壤体积质量与大孔隙度、大孔隙平均等效直径等有显著相关性;土壤中0.002≤Ф0.02 mm的颗粒含量与大孔隙的分布特征相关性较大。     

基于CT扫描研究青海湖流域高寒草甸不同坡位土壤大孔隙结构特征

以青海湖流域的高寒草甸土壤为研究对象,对该高寒草甸的坡上、坡中和坡下土壤分别取原状土柱进行CT扫描,利用Fiji软件分析土壤大孔隙结构特征的差异。结果表明:坡位对土壤的大孔隙结构有较大影响,坡上土壤的大孔隙数量、大孔隙度和大孔隙等效直径均大于坡中土壤,坡中土壤的大孔隙参数大于坡下土壤,坡上土壤的平均大孔隙度是坡中和坡下土壤的15.5和46.5倍。坡上土壤的大孔隙主要分布在150~400 mm土层深度,而坡中土壤的大孔隙主要分布在0~150 mm深度,坡下土壤的大孔隙主要在0~200 mm深度分布。坡上和坡中土壤的大孔隙形成主要是在土壤团聚体的作用下形成,植物根系在坡下土壤的大孔隙形成中占主导作用。     

基于CT研究冻融对高寒草甸土壤孔隙结构的影响

冻融是影响高寒地区土壤结构的重要物理因素,以青海湖流域高寒草甸作为研究对象,通过野外采集原状土柱、室内冻融循环模拟、CT扫描和图像解译等方法,研究冻融循环对高寒草甸冻胀丘和丘间地的土壤大孔隙结构特征的影响。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,高寒草甸冻胀丘和丘间地土壤大孔隙度均呈现“减小—增加—减小”的趋势,冻融循环对土壤大孔隙度的降低主要在第1次冻融循环内形成的,且大孔隙的平均等效直径、平均体积、平均分枝长度、分枝密度和节点密度的变化规律与大孔隙度变化规律基本一致;冻融循环对高寒草甸冻胀丘土壤大孔隙的影响明显大于丘间地,其土壤大孔隙度随土层深度变化存在2个峰值,受冻融循环的影响,峰值大小和位置有所变动,且30—80 mm土层深度的土壤孔隙结构较草毡层其他位置更为敏感。     

青海湖流域芨芨草斑块对地表水分再分配过程的影响

[目的] 研究芨芨草斑块对降雨再分配和地表径流过程的影响,为揭示植被斑块的形成与水分调控机理提供依据。[方法] 以青海湖流域芨芨草斑块为例,通过对芨芨草斑块冠层降雨再分配和地表径流进行试验观测,计算水平方向芨芨草斑块水分补偿比例。[结果] ①芨芨草斑块穿透雨占降雨量比例为70.58%,穿透雨主要受降雨量、降雨强度和降雨历时的影响,芨芨草斑块冠层对降雨再分配过程的影响和多数干旱区灌木相似;②芨芨草斑块平均径流系数为0.45%±0.33%,明显低于基质区（2.08%±1.46%）,且随着降雨量增加而呈增大趋势;③芨芨草斑块水分补偿比例为1.13%±1.34%,且随着降雨量和降雨强度增加而增大,最高可达到4.94%。[结论] 在生态系统尺度,芨芨草斑块会受到来自基质区的径流补偿,这是斑块植被一种适应干旱的水分调控策略。     

根系对浅表层土大孔隙分布特征及饱和渗透性的影响

根系的存在对土壤大孔隙的产生及渗透特性有着重要影响,为研究浅表层土体中根系生物量与土壤大孔隙特征之间的数值关系,在缙云山针阔混交林中选取杉木单株植物根际土体为研究对象,进行染色示踪试验及根系生物量测量,取样后在室内采用自制定水头装置进行水分穿透试验和渗透试验。结果表明:(1)不同土壤剖面和不同土层深度的土壤染色面积不同,距离树木主干位置越远的剖面染色面积越大,而距离主干位置越近的剖面染色面积越小,且随着土层深度的增加整体上每个剖面上染色面积比均下降;(2)4个剖面整体表现出随土层深度的增加根系数量减少的趋势,根系直径主要集中在0.2～10 mm,且0.2～1 mm径级的根系较多;(3)染色区较未染色区具有更大的稳定出流速率,4个剖面染色区的出流速率分别为未染色区的1.97,1.81,1.77,1.70倍,且随着土层深度的增加大孔隙数量减少,大孔隙的半径分布范围在0.3～1.7 mm;(4)大孔隙度和根系生物量与渗透系数呈正相关关系,大孔隙度决定了渗透系数94.5%的变异,根系生物量决定了渗透系数87.4%的变异。     

放牧对缓冲带水分特性影响的研究

哥伦比亚土壤学教授S.Kumar等研究了农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带、轮作草地及连续放牧草地的饱和导水率、持水力。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带土壤密度较轮作草地及连续放牧草地低12.6%,0～10cm缓冲带在0、-0.4kPa压力下的土壤含水量较大。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带、轮作草地的0～10cm土壤大孔隙度分别是连续放牧草地的5.7倍、4.5倍、3.9倍。农林缓冲带、草地缓冲带的总孔隙度、大孔隙度、粗孔隙度、毛管孔隙度比草地高,而微孔隙度较草地低。草地缓冲带和农林缓冲带的平均饱和导水率是轮作草地和连续放牧草地的16.7倍,这说明草地缓冲带和农林缓冲带可较好地保持土壤水分。     

青海湖北部近30年不变草地与不变耕地土壤粒度差异及其指示意义

在前期对青海湖流域1987年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年5期遥感图像解译基础上,对受人类活动影响严重和沙漠化趋势加剧的环青海湖北部区域近30年不变草地和不变耕地土壤粒度进行了分析。结果表明:研究区不变草地和不变耕地粒度组成上都属于砂黏壤级,但各组分之间存在明显差异,其中不变草地粉砂和黏粒大于不变耕地,而砂含量小于不变耕地;不变草地和不变耕地粒度参数特征表明不变草地平均粒径较小,分选更好,粒度曲线更为近对称分布,峰度中等,而不变耕地则平均粒径偏大,分选较差,粒度曲线偏正偏;不变草地和不变耕地剖面上表现为土壤粒度以地层深度30—35cm为界存在异同,其中不变草地和不变耕地在30cm以上地层范围内土壤粒度差异非常显著,30cm以下范围内土壤粒度差异很小。     

利用CT扫描技术对太湖地区主要水稻土中大孔隙的研究

采集了太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的原状土柱为供试土样，利用CT扫描技术，在不破坏土体结构的前提下，准确地得出了不同深度土壤剖面上各种大孔隙的数量、面积以及分布状况。结果表明，3种水稻土均以表层的大孔隙度最大，在30～40cm处达到一个最低点，再往下又呈波浪形变化。土柱各截面上大孔隙面积的变异系数随着深度的变化与大孔隙度相似，大孔隙度大的层次其变异系数也较大。等效直径越大的孔隙（〉5mm）在土壤不同深度下数量的变化也越大。表层上大直径（〉5mm）的大孔隙较多，在土壤剖面30～40cm以下其数量急剧减少；而直径较小孔隙（〈1mm）的数量在土壤剖面不同深度下相差不大。     

太湖地区水稻土大孔隙的CT扫描分析与灰色关联评价

利用CT扫描技术分析了太湖地区3种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中大孔隙的孔隙度、大孔隙数量、孔隙平均面积和孔隙等效直径的变异系数在不同深度的分布情况及影响因素.结合灰色关联理论,定量地说明在不同深度下发生大孔隙优先流的难易程度及决定因素.结果表明:表层大孔隙优先流的形成能力最强,并随着深度加大呈波浪式下降趋势且变化平缓.在0～55 cm深度,黄泥土大孔隙优先流的形成能力最强,乌栅土其次,白土最弱;55 cm以下,无法明显区分出3种土壤这种能力的强弱.乌栅土地区地下水受到污染的潜在危险最大.大孔隙度和等效直径的变异系数对优先流的产生影响最大.     

Soil Macropore Structure Characterized by X-Ray Computed Tomography Under Different Land Uses in the Qinghai Lake Watershed, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Quantification of soil macropores is important to enhance our understanding of preferential pathways for water, air, and chemical movement in soils. However, the soil architecture of different land uses is not well understood in elusive alpine regions. The objective of this study was to quantify the architecture of soil macropores in a Kobresia meadow, farmland, and sand in the Qinghai Lake watershed of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using X-ray computed tomography. Nine soil cores at 0–50 cm depth were collected at three sites with three replicates. At each site, the three collected cores were scanned using a GE Hi Speed FX/i medical scanner(General Electric, USA). To analyze soil architecture, the number of macropores, macroporosity, and mean macropore equivalent diameter within the 50 cm soil profile were determined from the X-ray computed tomography. Analysis of variance indicated that land use significantly influenced macroporosity, mean macropore equivalent diameter, and number of macropores. The soils of the Kobresia meadow and farmland had greater macroporosity and developed deeper and longer macropores than that of sand. For the Kobresia meadow, macropores were distributed mainly in the 0–10 cm soil layer, while they were distributed in the 0–20 cm soil layer for the farmland. The large number of macropores observed in the soils of the Kobresia meadow and farmland could be attributed to greater root development. The results of this study provided improved quantitative evaluation of a suite of soil macropore features with significant implications for non-equilibrium flow prediction and chemical transport modeling in soils.     

基于CT扫描的斜坡非饱和带土体大孔隙定量化研究和三维重建

[目的]系统开展植被发育斜坡非饱和带土体中大孔隙定量化和三维重建技术研究,为水分沿大孔隙迅速运移研究提供可靠理论依据,对于降雨型滑坡研究具有基础性意义。[方法]采用CT技术对云南省昭通市盘河乡头寨滑坡滑源区左侧斜坡区两个尺寸为25cm×25cm×50cm的大尺度土柱进行扫描,得到一系列平面和纵向CT切片图像。图像处理并计算得到了土柱中大孔隙随深度的变化情况以及3种物质(砾石、土体基质和大孔隙)的CT值范围;借助VolView 3.4体可视化交互系统实现了三维大孔隙通道系统的重组,研究其在空间内的连通性、分支性和复杂性。[结果]包括根系通道、动物通道、干缩裂缝及团聚体间的结构性孔隙广泛发育于非饱和带土体中,且大孔隙分布异质性明显,波动变异较大,随着深度的增加大孔隙呈逐渐减小的趋势。三维重组清晰可见土柱内含有较多独立分布的大孔隙通道,它们具有较好的连通性。[结论]CT扫描技术作为非破坏性获得技术在斜坡非饱和土体大孔隙定量化和三维重建研究中应用是可行的。     

Soil macropore dynamics affected by tillage and irrigation for a silty loam alluvial soil in southern Portugal

Soil tillage can have a significant effect on soil porosity and water infiltration. This study reports field measurements of near saturated hydraulic conductivity in an undisturbed soil under two tillage treatments, conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT). The objective was to determine effective macro and mesoporosities, porosity dynamics during the irrigation season, and their contribution to water flow. Field observations were performed during the 1998 maize (Zea mays L.) cropping season in an Eutric Fluvisol with a silty loam texture, located in the Sorraia River Watershed in the south of Portugal. Infiltration measurements were done with a tension infiltrometer. At each location an infiltration sequence was performed corresponding to water tensions (φ) of 0, 3, 6 and 15 cm. Five sets of infiltration measurements were taken in both treatments in the top soil layer between May and September. One set of measurements was done at the depth of 30 cm at the bottom of the plowed layer in the CT plot. After 5 years of continuous tillage treatments the results show that regardless of the tillage treatment, saturated conductivity values K(φ₀) were several times larger than near saturation conductivity K(φ₃). This indicates that subsurface networks of water conducting soil pores can exist in both CT and MT maize production systems. In CT, the moldboard plow created macro and mesoporosity in the top soil layer while breaking pore continuity at 30 cm depth. This porosity was partially disrupted by the first irrigation, resulting in a significant decrease of 45% in the macropore contribution to flow. Later in the season, the irrigation effect was overlaid by the root development effect creating new channels or continuity between existing pores. In MT macroporosity contribution to flow did not show significant differences in time, representing 85% of the total flow. In both the treatments, macropores were the main contributing pores to the total flow, in spite of the very low macroporosity volumes.     

The impact of soil carbon management on soil macropore structure: a comparison of two apple orchard systems in New Zealand

We analysed the long‐term effect of the addition of organic carbon (C) on the macropore structure of topsoils. For this purpose we compared the top 50 mm in the tree rows of an organic apple orchard with those in an adjacent conventional orchard with the same soil type, texture and previous land‐use history in New Zealand. After 12 years the topsoils of the organic orchard had 32% more soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestered than those of the conventional, integrated orchard because of regular compost applications and grass coverage. We quantified the macropore structure (macropores = pores > 0.3 mm) of nine undisturbed soil columns (43 mm long, 20 × 17 mm in the plane) within each orchard using 3D X‐ray computed tomography. The macroporosity (7.5 ± 2.1%) of the organic orchard soil was significantly greater than that of the integrated orchard (2.4 ± 0.5%). The mean macropore radius was similar in the organic and integrated systems, with 0.41 ± 0.02 mm and 0.39 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The connectivity of macropores tended to be greater in the organic than in the integrated system, but this was not statistically significant. The pronounced soil C management in the organic orchard increased both the formation of macropores by roots and a larger fresh weight of anecic earthworms, and the stabilization of the macropore structure was increased by a larger aggregate stability and microbial biomass compared with those of the integrated orchard. We simulated the diffusion through the measured pore structures of segments of the soil columns. The segments had the length of the mean aggregate size of the soils. The relative diffusion coefficients at this aggregate scale were significantly greater in the organic (0.024 ± 0.0009) than in the integrated (0.0056 ± 0.008) orchard. In a regression analysis with both the porosity and connectivity of macropores as significant variables, 76% of the variability of the relative diffusion coefficients was explained in the integrated, and, with the porosity as the only significant factor, 71% of the variability in the organic orchard. We hypothesize that a greater relative diffusion coefficient at the aggregate scale would reduce nitrous oxide (N₂O) production and emission in a wet soil and suggest that soil C management combats climate change directly by sequestering C and indirectly in the form of a reduction of N₂O emissions, by creating more macropores.     

北京昌平区农地土壤大孔隙特征

研究在利用染色示踪法对北京昌平区农地的优先流发生区进行判断的基础上,采用Photoshop软件和土壤水分穿透曲线对该农地的大孔隙数量与分布特征进行量化分析。结果表明:试验农地的土壤大孔隙半径主要集中在0.5～2.8mm之间,平均半径为0.695～0.711mm,大孔隙率为5.10%～22.06%。随着土壤深度的增加,染色区在土壤剖面上呈现出集中分布的特征,同时,染色面积比例逐渐减小。各土层染色区的稳定出流速率是未染色区的1.39～2.05倍,在大孔隙各孔径范围内,染色区的数量是未染色区的1.33～3.57倍。大孔隙的垂直分布表现出上层多、下层少的特点,其中半径小于1.5mm的孔隙占98%以上。染色区在大孔隙密度、大孔隙连通性上的优势能够使其更快地进行水分运输并更早达到稳定,因而也就更易成为优先流发生区。     

Water movement and macroporosity of an Australian Alfisol under different tillage and pasture conditions

We assessed the effect of different tillage practices (i.e. conventional tillage and direct drilling) and pasture conditions on the infiltration and distribution of infiltrated rain water in an Australian Alfisol. Bromide was used as a tracer for the infiltrated rain under simulated rainfall conditions. The different infiltration patterns were then related to the macroporosity of the soils.

A 25-year-old permanent pasture was found to have the highest density (number per area) of macropores and percentages of transmitting macropores. A 9-year-old pasture phase in a pasture/crop rotation did not fully restore the macroporosity of the soil. Conventional cultivation by scarifying to 0.1 m for 4 years significantly reduced macropore density as well as continuity when compared with the pasture soil. The reduced macroporosity led to increased run-off by reducing preferential flow and altered the pathway of infiltrated water movement. As a consequence, the increase in water content below 0.1 m in the cultivated soil was predominantly from downward displacement of original soil solution, resulting in more leaching. The infiltrated rain water largely remained on the surface 0.1-m layer. In contrast, macroporosity found under direct drilling was similar to that of the pasture soil.     

Mass fractal dimension of soil macropores using computed tomography: from the box-counting to the cube-counting algorithm

Transport phenomena in porous media depend strongly on three‐dimensional pore structures. Macropore networks enable water and solute to move preferentially through the vadose zone. A complete representation of their geometry is important for understanding soil behaviour such as preferential flow. Once we know the geometrical, topological and scaling attributes of preferential flow paths, we can begin computer simulations of water movement in the soil. The box‐counting method is used in three dimensions (i.e. cube‐counting algorithm) to characterize the mass fractal dimension of macropore networks using X‐ray computed tomography (CT) matrices. We developed an algorithm to investigate the mass fractal dimension in three dimensions and to see how it compares with the co‐dimensions obtained using the box‐counting technique in two dimensions. For that purpose, macropore networks in four large undisturbed soil columns (850 mm × 77 mm diameter) were quantified and visualized, in both two and three dimensions, using X‐ray CT. We observed an increasing trend between the fractal dimension and macroporosity for the four columns. Moreover, similar natural logarithm functions were obtained for the four cores by a least squares fit through plots of mass fractal dimension against macroporosity.