植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响

生物多样性强烈地影响生态系统的过程,生态系统过程的变化可导致生物多样性衰减并因素导致生态系统功能衰退,植物种丰度和植物功能多样性对土壤细菌群落的代谢活性和代谢多样性有成正比的影响。土壤细菌的代谢活性和代谢多样性随植物种数量的对数和植物功能组的数量而直线上升,其原因可能是由植被流入土壤的物质和能量的多样性和数量的增加,也可能是由土壤动物区系起作用的土壤微生境的多样性的增加造成的,由于植物多样性的丧失所引起的植物生物量的减少对分解者群落有强烈的影响,微生物生物量将可能减少,因为在大多数陆地生态系统中,有机碳源限制着土壤微生物的活性。     

滇中高原不同起源华山松林地土壤质量分析

通过运用野外调查法和实验室分析法对样品进行采集与处理,对玉溪市磨盘山国家森林公园的华山松土壤理化因子和土壤生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)华山松天然次生林在改善土壤紧实度和酸碱度,增加有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全钾,以及提高蔗糖酶活性、细菌数量及真菌数量方面效果优于人工林,分别高出15.12%、1.17%、34.25%、18.37%、8.74%,12.46%,122.23%、6.11%以及11.67%;而人工林在增加全磷、速效钾以及提高土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及放线菌数量方面效果优于天然次生林,分别高出77.94%、27.41%、90.36%、77.78%以及6.99%。(2)主成分分析结果显示,土壤质量含水量、全氮、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾这5个因子能较好的反映土壤理化性质,过氧化氢酶、细菌和真菌这3个因子能较好的反映土壤生物学性质。(3)华山松土壤理化因子与土壤生物学特性存在显著的相关关系,其中影响酶活性的主要因子有质量含水量、全磷、有机质、容重和pH;影响微生物的主要因子有速效钾、碱解氮、全磷、pH、容重以及全钾。因此,通过改变容易控制的土壤理化因子,可以相应地改变土壤生物学特性,从而达到改良土壤的效果。     

珠江三角洲滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性与养分的耦合关系

为了研究珠江三角洲滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性与养分的耦合关系,以2015-2018年珠江三角洲滨海红树林湿地、芦苇湿地、碱蓬湿地和互花米草湿地为对象,采用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法研究了滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤养分含量.结果 表明:土壤pH值基本表现为,互花米草湿地＞碱蓬滩湿地＞芦苇湿地＞红...     

滨海湿地土壤微生物群落多样性及其影响因素

连续3年(2015-2018年)研究了珠江三角洲滨海红树林湿地、芦苇湿地、碱蓬湿地和互花米草湿地土壤微生物群落多样性及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤pH基本表现为互花米草湿地>碱蓬滩湿地>芦苇湿地>红树林湿地,其中不同湿地植物群落土壤pH值差异均不显著(p>0.05);土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾基本表现为互花米草湿地<碱蓬滩湿地<芦苇湿地<红树林湿地。滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物碳源利用(AWCD)总体上呈逐渐增加的趋势,在培养24~72 h内AWCD快速增长,72 h后增长缓慢,192 h后急剧增长;相同时间土壤微生物碳源利用大致表现为互花米草湿地<碱蓬滩湿地<芦苇湿地<红树林湿地,局部有所波动。碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类、酚酸类和聚合物类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、优势度指数(Ds)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)基本表现为互花米草湿地<碱蓬滩湿地<芦苇湿地<红树林湿地,其中优势度指数(Ds)差异均不显著(p>0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,具有较高相关性的碳源有18种,其中羧酸类化合物有5种,多聚化合物有3种,碳水化合物有6种,芳香化合物1种,氨基酸2种,胺类化合物1种,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是胺类和氨基酸类碳源。相关性分析显示,土壤养分和pH与微生物群落功能多样性密切相关,其中pH对土壤微生物群落功能多样性贡献为负,土壤养分对土壤微生物群落功能多样性贡献为正,是滨海湿地不同植物群落土壤微生物群落多样性差异的重要影响因素。     

生物炭对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

以一年生“弗雷”葡萄幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,根据生物炭施用方式与炭土质量比,设置 5个处理,研究了生物炭不同施用方式及施用量对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与不施生物炭(CK)相比,生物炭混施(HA、HB)和穴施(JA、JB)增加了土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性,但小幅度降低土壤容重和 pH。同一施用方式下,生物炭施用量越高土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性越高;同一施用量下,混施处理土壤有机质和速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性优于穴施处理,其中 HB(混施 5%生物炭)处理土壤有机质和速效养分含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性增加幅度最大,分别比 CK高73.7%、19.2%、42.3%、20.8%、10.5%、8.6%。土壤细菌 Alpha多样性分析表明 HB处理可以提高细菌丰度,但对细菌群落多样性影响甚微。穴施处理下硝化螺旋菌属菌群数量高于混施处理,而混施处理下节细菌属和假单胞菌属菌群数量高于穴施处理。UPGMA聚类分析及RDA冗余分析表明混施处理引起根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构发生较大变化,土壤碱解氮、有机质、速效钾及pH对细菌群落结构影响较大。综上,生物炭混施对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响优于穴施,其中 HB处理效果较优。     

若尔盖高原湿地植物群落结构特征与土壤微生物群落多样性

[目的]探究若尔盖高原湿地植物群落(乌拉苔草、木里苔草、花葶驴蹄草、藏嵩草)结构特征、土壤微生物群落多样性的长期变化特征及其二者之间的演化关系,为该地区的植被恢复和生态环境保护提供借鉴.[方法]结合室内样品分析,连续4 a(2016-2019年)观测了不同植物群落地上和地下各个指标的动态特征.[结果]①对于a多样性,2...     

蜀南竹海毛竹林土壤生物肥力质量指标与评价

土壤生物肥力处于土壤肥力的中枢和核心地位。以蜀南竹海核心景区毛竹林土壤为研究对象,选择土壤生物因子为评价指标,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析因子的空间分布特性以及土壤呼吸的整体水平。在此基础上应用模糊数学与主成分分析法,建立土壤生物肥力指数模型,综合评价该区土壤生物肥力质量。结果表明:研究区土壤各项生物肥力指标属中度到强度变异,变程范围1 326~2 219 m,在其变程内,各指标具有强烈的空间相关性;研究区土壤呼吸速率平均为3.38μmol/(m2·s),林地干扰较严重;在划分的5个生物肥力等级中,三、四两级所占面积最大,达到总面积的65.01%,一级与五级区域所占面积较小,均不足10%,土壤生物肥力质量总体处于中等水平。     

嘉陵江流域不同土地利用类型土壤微生物功能多样性特征

基于2013—2015年对嘉陵江流域中游（四川段）不同土地利用类型（混交林、草甸、针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛和裸地）土壤生境的调查分析数据,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法（FAMEs）系统研究了土壤微生物多样性群落特征。不同土地利用类型土壤养分和有效养分基本表现为混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林 > 灌丛 > 草甸 > 裸地。不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落代谢平均颜色变化率（AWCD）随培养时间延长而逐渐增加,土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是混交林 > 阔叶林 > 针叶林 > 灌丛 > 草甸 > 裸地。土壤微生物对不同种类碳源的利用强度存在较大差异,碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是不同土地利用类型土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类、酚酸类和聚合物类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度指数（H）、均匀度指数（E）、优势度指数（D_s）和碳源利用丰富度指数（S）总体趋势为混交林最高,针叶林和阔叶林次之,裸地最低,优势度指数在不同土地利用类型差异并不显著（p > 0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,从31个因素中提取的与碳源利用相关的主成分1,主成分2分别能解释变量方差的65.154%和81.047%,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是胺类和氨基酸类碳源;土壤微生物多样性指数与土壤养分之间呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关,而土壤全碳和全氮含量对土壤微生物多样性贡献较大,这是造成土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异的主要原因。H,E和S与土壤养分各指标的相关系数绝对值均高于D_s,说明了土壤养分对土壤微生物群落优势度指数的影响作用较小。     

不同林龄油松根际土壤微生物群落多样性及其影响因子

为了探究不同林龄油松根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性及其与土壤环境因子之间的关系,利用Illumina-MiSeq高通量测序技术对不同林龄油松根际与非根际土壤中细菌的16SrDNA基因V3—V4区片段和真菌18SrDNA基因V4区片段进行测序,为油松的人工培育林提供有益借鉴和参考.结果表明:(1)油松根际土壤pH值显著...     

植物多样性对土壤动物影响的研究进展

生物多样性与生态系统功能一直是生态学研究的一个热点。近些年来的研究表明,植物多样性除了影响陆地生态系统地上部分的初级生产力等生态系统功能,还会间接影响地下生物多样性及土壤生态系统过程。本文概述了植物多样性对土壤动物的影响及其主要机制,归纳了植物多样性通过改变输入土壤中的资源数量与资源多样性、微生境结构、土壤环境因子等影响土壤动物的途径。目前关于土壤动物群落对植物多样性的响应仍存在很多问题和争议,本文总结了需要进一步深入研究的方向,特别指出了要加强研究影响植物多样性与土壤动物关系的生物与非生物因子、后续的生态效应和反馈、不同机制和途径的贡献定量化等。     

林分密度对马尾松林下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以退化马尾松林下土壤为对象,通过调查我国红壤丘陵区典型林分密度的马尾松人工林,研究林分密度对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响。3种林分密度中,1 560株/hm2 左右中等林分密度的马尾松土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷、交换性钙和交换性镁等较高,但土壤酸化也较严重;同时,1 560株/hm2 左右马尾松林的土壤转化酶活性、脲酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性均较高,但过氧化氢酶活性表现最低;林分密度对马尾松土壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响不明显。因此,适宜林分密度的马尾松人工林一定程度上可改善该区林下土壤肥力及生化强度。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕年限植被多样性变化及其与土壤养分和酶活性的关系

通过野外植被调查研究黄土丘陵区草原带退耕地植被在自然恢复过程中的演替规律及物种多样性特征,通过室内土壤样品分析土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量及土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性动态变化过程,并对植物多样性指数和土壤养分及酶活性进行相关分析。研究结果表明,黄土丘陵区草原带退耕地在长达75a的自然恢复过程中,植物群落演替以菊科(猪毛蒿)与黎科(虫实)等为主的一年生草本开始,逐步演替为多年生草本群落,最后形成以大针茅+长芒草为优势种的顶级草原群落,植物物种数总体上呈现增加趋势;物种多样性指数随退耕年限延长均呈波动性上升趋势;土壤养分及酶活性均随退耕年限的增长亦呈波动性上升趋势。自然恢复75a,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wienner指数及Pielous指数分别增加83.3%、31.8%、21.4%;土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了185.0%、164.8%、152.9%、109.8%;土壤脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了64.0%、7.8%、51.1%、11.8%。土壤养分及酶活性与Margalef指数、Shannon-Wienner指数之间存在显著正相关关系,与Pielous指数相关性不显著。     

Influence of leaf litter types on microbial functions and nutrient status of soil: Ecological suitability of forest trees for afforestation in tropical laterite wastelands

The impact of forest tree leaf litters on microbial activity and nutrient status of red laterite soil was tested for the ecological suitability of Cassia siamea, Shorea robusta, Acacia auriculiformes and Dalbergia sissoo, which are typically used for afforestation of wastelands in eastern India. The objectives were to compare seasonal variation in soil enzyme activity in 30-years old afforested sites, and to study nutrient status and microbial biomass and function during short-term in-situ incubation of litter in decomposition pits. In afforested soils, enzyme activities significantly varied between litters and seasons. All enzyme activity except invertase dominated in the soils containing Dalbergia and Cassia litters compared to the others. The seasonal effect was enzyme-dependent, with amylase and cellulase reaching peaks during the rainy season but invertase activity showed a reverse trend with lowest values in rainy season, except in Acacia soil, and protease activity was lowest in the soil containing Cassia and Dalbergia during the rainy season. Dehydrogenase activity was negligible in the soils containing Shorea and Acacia, but remained high with respect to Dalbergia and Cassia during all seasons. The decomposition pit study showed significant increase of soil nutrients with respect to litter types and intervals, except with respect to electrical conductivity. Cassia and Dalbergia litters enabled notable increase of soil nutrients than Shorea and Acacia. The soil enzyme activity, in general, increased with duration of litter decay, but microbial biomass C (MBC) decreased over time except in Shorea. Therefore, the enzyme rates normalized to the MBC indicated inverse relations for all enzymes, except in the soil containing Shorea. A positive relationship existed between MBC and soil respiration in Cassia, Acacia and Dalbergia. Analysis of variance revealed main effects of litter types for increasing protease, MBC and CO₂ output, and a main effect of intervals for enhancing enzymes other than cellulase. Rates of soil respiration were greater in soils contain Cassia and Dalbergia, and showed significant differences between litters and between intervals. All enzymes were significantly correlated with electrical conductivity, organic carbon and available phosphorus contents, and all enzymes except invertase were correlated with nitrate concentrations. The acidic soil pH did not affect enzyme activities, and soil nutrients exerted only weak effect on MBC and respiration. Our study showed that leaf litters of Cassia and Dalbergia trees improved the nutrient status and microbial activity in soil more so than Shorea and Acacia litters, and therefore, afforestation using Cassia and Dalbergia trees may be particularly suitable for soil restoration in tropical laterite wastelands.     

基于Meta分析研究毛竹入侵致土壤pH提升及养分和微生物群落结构的变化

诸多研究发现毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH,但未见统计性描述报道。为此,本研究将通过大数据分析证实此现象的普遍性以及探究伴随的土壤养分和微生物变化。本研究收录包含毛竹入侵有关土壤pH变化的42篇文献总计101组数据,采用整合分析方法（Meta-analysis）进行深入探讨。在研究土壤养分变化时,本文还结合了团队采集的12个毛竹入侵带的样地数据总计92个样品18组数据进行分析。结果表明,在所有的数据组中,84.9%的土壤在经过毛竹入侵后其p H有不同幅度的提升,说明毛竹入侵周围林分普遍提高土壤pH;土壤pH增加幅度随入侵阶段、毛竹纯林时间增加而增加,随土层深度增加而降低;入侵针叶林致土壤pH增加的幅度高于阔叶林。入侵的毛竹纯林与原生林相比,总体上显著降低（P<0.05）了土壤全氮（–15.9%）、硝态氮（–21.7%）、全碳（–2.0%）,却增加（P<0.05）了土壤有效磷（+54.9%）、铵态氮（+14.7%）和碱解氮（+8.2%）。对27篇包含微生物数据的文献进行整合分析,结果表明毛竹入侵改变了微生物群落结构,增加（P<0.05）了放线菌门相对丰度（+25.86%）,而降低（P<0.05）了酸杆菌门（–15.49%）、浮霉菌门（–26.66%）、拟杆菌门（–22.58%）的相对丰度。本研究通过Meta分析证明毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH为普遍自然现象,结合土壤硝态氮和铵态氮指标的变化推测了导致土壤pH提升的可能机制,毛竹入侵提高了土壤细菌和真菌多样性,表明入侵对土壤微生物具有正反馈效应。     

Does microbial habitat or community structure drive the functional stability of microbes to stresses following re-vegetation of a severely degraded soil?

Re-vegetation of eroded soil restores organic carbon concentrations and improves the physical stability of the soil, which may then extend the range of microhabitats and influence soil microbial activity and functional stability through its effects on soil bacterial community structure. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the restorative effect of re-vegetation on soil physical stability, microbial activity and bacterial community structure; (ii) to examine the effects of soil physical microhabitats on bacterial community structure and diversity and on soil microbial functional stability. Soil samples were collected from an 18-year-old eroded bare soil restored with either Cinnamomum camphora (“Eroded Cc”) or Lespedeza bicolour (“Eroded Lb”). An uneroded soil planted with Pinus massoniana (“Uneroded Pm”) and an eroded bare soil served as references. The effect of microhabitats was assessed by physical destruction with a wet shaking treatment. Soil bacterial community structure and diversity were measured using a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) approach, while soil microbiological stability (resistance and resilience) was determined by measuring short-term (28 days) decomposition rate of added barley (Hordeum vulgare) powder following copper and heat perturbations. The results demonstrated that re-vegetation treatment affected the recovery of physical and biological stability, microbial decomposition and the bacterial community structure. Although the restored soils overshot the Uneroded Pm sample in physical stability, they had lower microbial decomposition and less resilience to copper and heat perturbations than the Uneroded Pm samples. Soil physical destruction by shaking had the same effect on soil physical stability, but different effects on soil microbial functional stability. There were significant effects of vegetation treatment and perturbation type, and interactive effects among vegetation treatment, shaking and perturbation type on bacterial community structure. The destruction of aggregate structure increased resilience of the Eroded Lb sample and also altered its bacterial community structure. Both copper and heat perturbations resulted in significantly different community structure from the unperturbed controls, with a larger effect of copper than heat perturbation. Bacterial diversity (Shannon index) increased following the perturbations, with a more profound effect in the Uneroded Pm sample than in the restored soils. The interactive effects of vegetation treatment and shaking on microbial community and stability suggest that soil aggregation may contribute to the generation of bacterial community structure and mediation of biological stability via the protection afforded by soil organic carbon. Differential effects of re-vegetation treatment suggest that the long-term effects are mediated through changes in the quality and quantity of C inputs to soil.     

Temporal response of soil biochemical properties in a pastoral soil after cultivation following high application rates of undigested sewage sludge

Soil biochemical properties were measured annually between 1995 and 1999 in soil from an 8-ha site that had received over 1,000 wet tonnes ha^–1 undigested sewage sludge, 1–4 years earlier. Basal respiration generally declined with time and was usually greatest in the untreated control area. This trend was attributed to a similar trend in soil moisture content. In contrast, microbial biomass C increased with time and also generally increased with sludge treatment age. Microbial biomass C, and to a lesser extent sulphatase activity, accurately predicted the order of sludge application to the site. This was perceived as a function of time since tillage and pasture establishment, with activities increasing in parallel to the build up of C residues in the soil, and not an effect of sludge or its composition. Except immediately after sludge application, there was no effect on N mineralisation and nitrification. None of the biochemical properties was strongly correlated with heavy metal concentrations. Our results suggest that there was little effect on soil biochemical properties, either adverse or beneficial, of adding raw sewage sludge to this site. Although a companion study showed considerable mobility and plant uptake of heavy metals, this difference could mainly be attributed to a different sampling strategy and the effects of intensive liming of the site.     

Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities of a Chernozem under different tillage management

 We investigated the influence of tillage (conventional, minimum and reduced) on selected soil microbial properties of a fine-sandy loamy Haplic Chernozem over a period of 8 years. The microbial biomass and soil microbial processes were affected mostly by type of tillage and to a lesser extent by the date of soil sampling. Whereas xylanase activity was significantly higher in the 0 to 10-cm soil layer of the reduced and minimum tillage systems within the first year of the experiment (protease and phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the second year), significant treatment effects on microbial biomass, N mineralisation and potential nitrification were observed after a 4-year period. The slow response of substrate-induced respiration to the change in type of tillage may have been due to the differences in the biomass C turnover rates. After a 4-year period, the stratification of the soil microbial biomass within the profile of reduced and minimum tillage systems was probably responsible for the more intensive soil microbial processes near the soil surface compared with conventional tillage. In the 20 to 30-cm layer, N mineralisation, potential nitrification and xylanase activity in the conventional treatment were significantly higher than in the minimum and reduced tillage plots due to buried organic materials. Discriminant analysis underlined the similarity of the enzyme activity patterns in the top layer of the reduced and minimum tillage treatments, and in both layers of the conventional tillage system. The trend towards a significant increase in functional diversity caused by reduced tillage became obvious within the first year of the experiment, and this effect was still manifest after 8 years. All relationships suggested that there were differences in available resources (e.g. organic matter) along the sequence of different tillage systems; this was reflected in part by enhanced enzymatic and microbial activities in the soil layers. In conclusion, this study showed that soils affected by tillage may be classified on the basis of their functional diversity. Therefore, the soil microbial properties chosen for microbiological soil monitoring (microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycling) provide a reliable tool with which to estimate early changes in the dynamics and distribution of soil microbial processes within soil profiles. Received: 3 February 1998