定西市旱作马铃薯主粮化新品种比较试验

为筛选适应马铃薯主粮化战略需求的高产多抗优质马铃薯新品种,以定西市主栽品种‘新大坪’、‘陇薯6号’为对照,对10个引进品种进行比较试验,综合比较分析了各品种的生物学特性、丰产性、抗逆性、商品性和营养品质等性状。结果表明,‘青薯9号’、‘冀张薯8号’和‘陇薯10号’3个品种产量较高,分别为55774,46904和45982 kg/hm^2,较‘新大坪’分别增产21280,12410和11488 kg/hm^2,增产率分别为61.7%,36.0%和33.3%;较‘陇薯6号’分别增产21042,12172和11250 kg/hm^2,增产率分别为60.6%,35.0%和32.4%。这3个品种抗旱抗病性强,商品性、营养品质较好,符合马铃薯主粮化品种要求,具有良好的主粮化开发前景,可在干旱半干旱地区大面积示范种植。     

张掖市高淀粉马铃薯新品种比较

为筛选出适宜张掖市种植的高产优质高淀粉马铃薯新品种,2014年引进10个马铃薯新品种(系)以‘陇薯3号’为对照进行了品种比较试验。结果表明,‘陇薯9号’、‘青薯10号’田间长势强、商品性好,块茎产量和淀粉产量高。‘陇薯9号’淀粉产量15 328 kg/hm~2,较对照‘陇薯3号’增产49.78%;‘青薯10号’淀粉产量15 188 kg/hm~2,较对照‘陇薯3号’增产48.41%。因此,这2个品种适宜在张掖市推广种植。     

富锌马铃薯锌分布特征及加工方式对锌含量的影响

马铃薯主粮化战略的提出标志着马铃薯已经成为中国第四大主粮,研究不同功能的马铃薯对于马铃薯产品加工具有重要意义。研究的目的是探究总锌和有机锌在两个富锌马铃薯品种‘陇薯7号’‘陇薯14号’和普通品种‘青薯9号’不同部位的分布和熟化方式对总锌含量的影响。在3种供试马铃薯品种中,‘陇薯7号’内髓部和外髓部作为主要可食部分总锌含量最高,达18.7μg/g DW,比‘青薯9号’高20.4%;其内髓部有机锌含量达10.7μg/g DW,比‘青薯9号’和‘陇薯14号’分别高4.8%和57.8%。5种熟化方式中,烤制对富锌马铃薯可食部位的锌含量影响最小,蒸制、水煮、煎制、油炸均使3个马铃薯品种可食部位锌含量大幅损失,损失量排序为水煮>蒸制>煎制>油炸。研究结果表明,‘陇薯7号’内髓部总锌含量以及有机锌含量丰富,可用作富锌马铃薯产品生产的原料,在对富锌马铃薯的加工过程中为降低锌含量的损失应尽可能选择烤制处理。     

陇中干旱区马铃薯新品种的引进和筛选

试验引进5个马铃薯品种,以‘新大坪’为对照,评价马铃薯的农艺性状、产量和抗病性。‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’田间生长势强,单株结薯数分别为7个和8个,芽眼浅,抗病性强,产量表现好,商品率高,较对照增产分别为22.99%和9.64%,差异达到显著水平。建议在种植当家品种‘新大坪’的同时,扩大推广‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’的种植面积。     

陇中干旱区马铃薯新品种的引进和筛选

试验引进5个马铃薯品种,以‘新大坪’为对照,评价马铃薯的农艺性状、产量和抗病性。‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’田间生长势强,单株结薯数分别为7个和8个,芽眼浅,抗病性强,产量表现好,商品率高,较对照增产分别为22.99%和9.64%,差异达到显著水平。建议在种植当家品种‘新大坪’的同时,扩大推广‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’的种植面积。     

华北漏斗区雨养栽培条件下马铃薯品种的筛选

为了探讨在漏斗区雨养种植马铃薯的可行性,2014年在河北省衡水市桃城区试验基地进行了雨养种植技术背景下的马铃薯品种筛选研究。选取‘克新1号’、‘中薯5号’、‘费乌瑞它’、‘红美’、‘青薯9号’、‘大西洋’、‘陇薯3号’和‘陇薯6号’8个不同熟性的马铃薯品种为试验材料,初步筛选结果显示:‘大西洋’、‘费乌瑞它’和‘中薯5号’具有生长势强、丰产性好、适应性强、商品薯率高、品质好等优点,其中以‘大西洋’的表现最好,产量可达38 950 kg/hm2。‘陇薯6号’、‘陇薯3号’和‘青薯9号’综合表现相对较差,‘陇薯6号’田间表现基本不结薯。     

陇中温寒半湿润区马铃薯高产抗黑痣病品种的引进筛选

为筛选出在甘肃陇中温寒半湿润区适宜种植的高产抗黑痣病马铃薯优良品种,对引进的19个马铃薯品种(系)进行了产量和抗黑痣病比较试验。结果表明,‘陇薯7号’、‘庄薯3号’、‘青薯9号’、‘心里美’、‘丽薯6号’、‘丽薯7号’和‘陇薯8号’7个品种的马铃薯产量高,产量在37 500~62 100 kg/hm2之间;黑痣病病薯率在0~10.64%之间、病情指数在0~3.83之间,是适宜在陇中温寒半湿润区种植的马铃薯品种。     

陇中黄土高原丘陵区马铃薯适栽品种选择试验

为了筛选出适合陇中黄土高原丘陵区种植的优良马铃薯品种,研究以‘陇薯6号’为对照,对12个国内育成马铃薯品种在通渭县(温带半干旱区)和岷县(温带半湿润区)2个试验点的抗病性、生育期、产量和品质进行评价。在抗晚疫病水平上,‘定薯3号’、‘陇薯7号’和‘青薯9号’为抗病,‘冀张薯8号’和‘冀张薯12号’为感病,‘定薯1号’、‘定薯4号’、‘陇薯6号’、‘陇薯10号’、‘天薯11号’、‘天薯12号’和‘冀张薯14号’为中抗。在通渭县,‘青薯9号’、‘天薯12号’、‘定薯4号’、‘定薯3号’、‘天薯11号’、‘陇薯10号’和‘陇薯7号’较‘陇薯6号’(CK)增产2.56%~28.55%,其他品种则减产0.37%~5.76%;在岷县,除‘冀张薯12号’其他品种较‘陇薯6号’(CK)增产1.48%~37.98%,‘冀张薯12号’减产0.85%。因此,建议在温带半干旱区可选择种植的淀粉加工型品种有‘定薯3号’和‘陇薯6号’,鲜薯食用型品种有‘定薯4号’、‘陇薯7号’、‘陇薯10号’、‘天薯12号’、‘天薯11号’、‘冀张薯8号’、‘冀张薯12号’和‘冀张薯14号’;温带半湿润区需在马铃薯生育期根据气候的变化采取有效的晚疫病防治措施,可选择种植的淀粉加工型品种有‘定薯3号’和‘陇薯6号’,鲜薯食用型品种有‘定薯4号’、‘陇薯7号’、‘陇薯10号’、‘天薯12号’、‘天薯11号’、‘冀张薯8号’、‘冀张薯12号’和‘冀张薯14号’;在陇中黄土高原丘陵区土壤肥力差或无灌溉条件的山区可适量种植‘定薯1号’和‘青薯9号’。     

干旱区不同覆膜方式对‘青薯9号’集雨保墒效果及产量的影响

地膜覆盖是干旱区作物种植的有效方法。马铃薯‘青薯9号’是定西市广泛种植的新品种,然而不同地膜覆盖方式对‘青薯9号’产量的影响目前仍不明确。试验研究不同地膜覆盖方式下土壤保水性以及‘青薯9号’的物候性状、经济性状和产量特性。结果表明,全膜大垄侧播+膜上覆土处理下土壤保水性最好,双垄全膜覆盖侧播方式下马铃薯‘青薯9号’平均块茎重和产量最高。研究可以为该地区马铃薯‘青薯9号’大面积推广中适宜种植方法的选择提供科学依据。     

干旱半干旱区马铃薯新品种(系)对比试验

为筛选适宜定西市安定区生产种植的高产、优质、抗病的马铃薯新品种,试验引进了9个马铃薯品种(系),以‘陇薯6号’为对照,进行了对比试验。结果表明,‘青薯9号’产量最高,为42 305 kg/hm~2,较对照‘陇薯6号’高7 162 kg/hm~2,增产20.38%,其次是‘冀张薯8号’,产量为37 394 kg/hm~2,较对照增产6.41%。‘农天2号’产量最低,为24 579 kg/hm~2,较对照减产30.06%。参试的9个马铃薯品种(系)中,‘青薯9号’田间长势、抗病性和产量表现突出,其次是‘冀张薯8号’,可在定西市安定区大面积试种。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。